Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T15:48:19.184Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - Phenomenology and Standard Evidence-Based Care of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents

from Part I - Anxiety Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 April 2019

Lara J. Farrell
Affiliation:
Griffith University, Queensland
Thomas H. Ollendick
Affiliation:
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Peter Muris
Affiliation:
Universiteit Maastricht, Netherlands
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Innovations in CBT for Childhood Anxiety, OCD, and PTSD
Improving Access and Outcomes
, pp. 3 - 27
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Arch, J. J., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Eifert, G. H., & Craske, M. G. (2012). Longitudinal treatment mediation of traditional cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(7–8), 469478. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.04.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barlow, D. H. (ed.) (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H., Vermilyea, J., Blanchard, E. B., Vermilyea, B. B., Di Nardo, P. A., & Cerny, J. A. (1985). The phenomenon of panic. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94(3), 320328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, P. M., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (1996). Family treatment of childhood anxiety: A controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 333342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrett, P. M., Duffy, A. L., Dadds, M. R., & Rapee, R. M. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders in children: Long-term (6-year) follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 135141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baxter, A. J., Vos, T., Scott, K. M., Ferrari, A.J., & Whiteford, H.A. (2014). The global burden of anxiety disorders in 2010. Psychological Medicine, 44(11), 23632374. doi:10.1017/s0033291713003243CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A.T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Beesdo, K., Knappe, S., & Pine, D.S. (2009). Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 32(3), 483524. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beesdo, K., Pine, D.S., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H. (2010). Incidence and risk patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders and categorization of generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(1), 4757. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.177CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, K., Manassis, K., Duda, S., Bagnell, A., Bernstein, G.A., Garland, E.J., … Wilansky, P. (2016). Treating child and adolescent anxiety effectively: Overview of systematic reviews. Clinical Psychology Review, 50, 8094.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, K., Manassis, K., Walter, S.D., Cheung, A., Wilansky-Traynor, P., Diaz-Granados, N., … Wood, J.J. (2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy age effects in child and adolescent anxiety: An individual patient data metaanalysis. Depression and Anxiety, 30(9), 829-841. doi:10.1002/da.22099CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birrell, L., Newton, N.C., Teesson, M., Tonks, Z., & Slade, T. (2015). Anxiety disorders and first alcohol use in the general population: Findings from a nationally representative sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 31(Supplement C), 108113. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.02.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, B. (1996). Social anxiety and selective mutism. In Dickstein, L.J., Riba, M.B., & Oldham, J.M. (eds.), Review of psychiatry (Vol. 15, pp. 469495). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.Google Scholar
Bouton, M.E. (1993). Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of Pavlovian learning. Psychological Bulletin, 114(1), 8099. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brand, S., Wilhelm, F.H., Kossowsky, J., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Schneider, S. (2011). Children suffering from separation anxiety disorder (SAD) show increased HPA axis activity compared to healthy controls. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(4), 452459. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.08.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cartwright-Hatton, S., Roberts, C., Chitsabesan, P., Fothergill, C., & Harrington, R. (2004). Systematic review of the efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapies for childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(4), 421436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, D.M., Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Grey, N., Waddington, L., & Wild, J. (2006). Cognitive therapy versus exposure and applied relaxation in social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 568–578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cobham, V.E., Dadds, M.R., & Spence, S.H. (1998). The role of parental anxiety in the treatment of childhood anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(6), 893905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cobham, V.E., Dadds, M.R., Spence, S.H., & McDermott, B. (2010). Parental anxiety in the treatment of childhood anxiety: A different story three years later. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39(3), 410420. doi:10.1080/15374411003691719CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, P., Cohen, J., & Brook, J. (1993). An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescence: II. Persistence of disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(6), 869877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Compton, S.N., Peris, T.S., Almirall, D., Birmaher, B., Sherrill, J., Kendall, P.C., … Albano, A.M. (2014). Predictors and moderators of treatment response in childhood anxiety disorders: Results from the CAMS trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(2), 212224. doi:10.1037/a0035458CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connolly, S.D., & Bernstein, G.A. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(2), 267283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cornacchio, D., Chou, T., Sacks, H., Pincus, D., & Comer, J. (2015). Clinical consequences of the revised DSM‐5 definition of agoraphobia in treatment‐seeking anxious youth. Depression and Anxiety, 32(7), 502508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costello, E.J., Copeland, W., & Angold, A. (2011). Trends in psychopathology across the adolescent years: What changes when children become adolescents, and when adolescents become adults? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(10), 10151025.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costello, E., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(8), 837844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craske, M., Treanor, M., Conway, C.C., Zbozinek, T., & Vervliet, B. (2014). Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 58, 1023. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.04.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craske, M.G., Stein, M.B., Eley, T.C., Milad, M.R., Holmes, A., Rapee, R.M., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2017). Anxiety disorders. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3, 17024. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.24CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davey, G.C.L. (1992). Classical conditioning and the acquisition of human fears and phobias: A review and synthesis of the literature. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14(1), 2966. doi:10.1016/0146-6402(92)90010-LCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erskine, H.E., Moffitt, T.E., Copeland, W.E., Costello, E.J., Ferrari, A.J., Patton, G., … Scott, J.G. (2015). A heavy burden on young minds: The global burden of mental and substance use disorders in children and youth. Psychological Medicine, 45(07), 15511563. doi:doi:10.1017/S0033291714002888CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foa, E.B., & Kozak, M.J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99(1), 2035. doi:10.1037/0033–2909.99.1.20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, T., Goodman, R., & Meltzer, H. (2003). The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: The prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(10), 12031211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Groves, P.M., & Thompson, R.F. (1970). Habituation: A dual-process theory. Psychological Review, 77(5), 419450. doi:10.1037/h0029810CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gullone, E. (2000). The development of normal fear: A century of research. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(4), 429451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heyne, D., King, N.J., & Tonge, B.J. (2004). School refusal. In Ollendick, T.H. & March, J.S. (eds.), Phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A clinician’s guide to effective psychosocial and pharmacological interventions (pp. 236–271). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R.M.A. (2001). The comorbidity of major depression and anxiety disorders: Recognition and management in primary care. Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 3(6), 244254.Google ScholarPubMed
Højgaard, D.R.M.A., Mortensen, E.L., Ivarsson, T., Hybel, K., Skarphedinsson, G., Nissen, J.B., … Thomsen, P.H. (2017). Structure and clinical correlates of obsessive–compulsive symptoms in a large sample of children and adolescents: A factor analytic study across five nations. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(3), 281291. doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0887-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, J.L., Creswell, C., & McLellan, L. (2014). A clinician’s quick guide of evidence‐based approaches: Childhood anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychologist, 18(1), 5253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, J. L., Keers, R., Roberts, S., Coleman, J. R., Breen, G., Arendt, K., … Eley, T. C. (2015). Clinical predictors of response to cognitive-behavioral therapy in pediatric anxiety disorders: The Genes for Treatment (GxT) study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(6), 454463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, J.L., Kendall, P.C. & Davis, J.P. (in press). Homework in CBT with children. In N. Kazantzis, F. (Ed.). Using Homework Assignments in Cognitive Behavior Therapy. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hudson, J.L., Lester, K.J., Lewis, C.M., Tropeano, M., Creswell, C., Collier, C., … Eley, T.C. (2013). Predicting outcomes following cognitive behaviour therapy in child anxiety disorders: The influence of genetic, demographic and clinical information. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(10), 10861094.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, J.L., Newall, C., Rapee, R.M., Lyneham, H.J., Schniering, C.C., Wuthrich, V.M., … Gar, N.S. (2014). The impact of brief parental anxiety management on child anxiety treatment outcomes: A controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43(3), 370380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, J.L., Rapee, R.M., Deveney, C., Schniering, C.A., Lyneham, H.J., & Bovopoulos, N. (2009). Cognitive-behavioral treatment versus an active control for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(5), 533544. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819c2401CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, J.L., Rapee, R.M., Lyneham, H.J., McLellan, L.F., Wuthrich, V.M., & Schniering, C.A. (2015). Comparing outcomes for children with different anxiety disorders following cognitive behavioural therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 72, 3037.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ingul, J.M., Aune, T., & Nordahl, H.M. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of individual cognitive therapy, group cognitive behaviour therapy and attentional placebo for adolescent social phobia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 5461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, A.C., James, G., Cowdrey, F.A., Soler, A., & Choke, A. (2015). Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD004690. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004690.pub4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keers, R., Coleman, J.R., Lester, K.J., Roberts, S., Breen, G., Thastum, M., … Eley, T.C. (2016). A genome-wide test of the differential susceptibility hypothesis reveals a genetic predictor of differential response to psychological treatments for child anxiety disorders. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(3), 146158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendall, P.C., Compton, S.N., Walkup, J.T., Birmaher, B., Albano, A.M., Sherrill, J., … Piacentini, J. (2010). Clinical characteristics of anxiety disordered youth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(3), 360365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendall, P.C., Hudson, J.L., Gosch, E., Flannery-Schroeder, E., & Suveg, C. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disordered youth: A randomized clinical trial evaluating child and family modalities. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 282297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendall, P.C., Safford, S., Flannery-Schroeder, E., & Webb, A. (2004). Child anxiety treatment: Outcomes in adolescence and impact on substance use and depression at 7.4-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(2), 276287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Harrington, H., Milne, B.J., & Poulton, R. (2003). Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: Developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(7), 709717. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.709CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kossowsky, J., Wilhelm, F.H., Roth, W.T., & Schneider, S. (2012). Separation anxiety disorder in children: Disorder-specific responses to experimental separation from the mother. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(2), 178187. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02465.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrence, D., Johnson, S., Hafekost, J., de Haan, Boterhoven, Sawyer, K., Ainley, M., J., & Zubrick, S.R. (2015). The mental health of children and adolescents: Report on the second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing.Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P.M., Hops, H., Roberts, R.E., Seeley, J.R., & Andrews, J.A. (1993). Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(1), 133144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manassis, K., Lee, T.C., Bennett, K., Zhao, X.Y., Mendlowitz., S., Duda, S., … Wood, J. J. (2014). Types of parental involvement in CBT with anxious youth: A preliminary meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(6), 11631172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merikangas, K.R., He, J.-p., Burstein, M., Swanson, S.A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., … Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980989. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meuret, A.E., Wolitzky-Taylor, K.B., Twohig, M.P., & Craske, M. (2012). Coping skills and exposure therapy in panic disorder and agoraphobia: Latest advances and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 43(2), 271284. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.08.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., de Jong, P.J., & Ollendick, T.H. (2002). The etiology of specific fears and phobias in children: A critique of the non-associative account. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(2), 185195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muris, P., & Ollendick, T.H. (2015). Children who are anxious in silence: A review on selective mutism, the new anxiety disorder in DSM-5. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 18(2), 151169. doi:10.1007/s10567-015-0181-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2013). Social anxiety disorder: recognition, assessment and treatment. Clinical Guideline [CG159].Google Scholar
Ollendick, T. H., & Cerny, J. A. (1981). Clinical behavior therapy with children. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Ollendick, T.H., Mattis, S.G., & King, N.J. (1994). Panic in children and adolescents: A review. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 35(1), 113134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Öst, L.-G. (1987). Applied relaxation: Description of a coping technique and review of controlled studies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25(5), 397409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Otto, M.W., Pollack, M.H., Maki, K.M., Gould, R.A., Worthington, J.J., Smoller, J.W., & Rosenbaum, J.F. (2001). Childhood history of anxiety disorders among adults with social phobia: Rates, correlates, and comparisons with patients with panic disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 14, 209213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Payne, S., Bolton, D., & Perrin, S. (2011). A pilot investigation of cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in children aged 7–17 years. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35(2), 171178. doi:10.1007/s10608-010-9341-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peris, T.S., Piacentini, J., Bergman, R.L., Caporino, N.E., O’Rourke, S., Kendall, P.C., … Compton, S. (2017). Therapist-reported features of exposure tasks that predict differential treatment outcome for youth with anxiety. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(12), 1043-1052.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piacentini, J., Bergman, R.L., Keller, M., & McCracken, J. (2003). Functional impairment in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13(2, Supplement 1), 6169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pine, D.S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998). The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 5664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polanczyk, G.V., Salum, G.A., Sugaya, L.S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L.A. (2015). Annual Research Review: A meta‐analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(3), 345365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Queen, A.H., Ehrenreich-May, J., & Hershorin, E.R. (2012). Preliminary validation of a screening tool for adolescent panic disorder in pediatric primary care clinics. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 43, 171183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramsawh, H.J., Chavira, D.A., & Stein, M.B. (2010). Burden of anxiety disorders in pediatric medical settings: Prevalence, phenomenology, and a research agenda. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 164(10), 965972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapee, R.M., Gaston, J.E., & Abbott, M.J. (2009). Testing the efficacy of theoretically derived improvements in the treatment of social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(2), 317327. //doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014800CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapee, R.M., Lyneham, H.J., Hudson, J.L., Kangas, M., Wuthrich, V.M., & Schniering, C.A. (2013). Effect of comorbidity on treatment of anxious children and adolescents: Results from a large, combined sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(1), 4756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapee, R.M., Lyneham, H.J., Schniering, C.A., Wuthrich, V.M., Abbott, M.J., Hudson, J.L., & Wignall, A. (2006). The Cool Kids Anxiety Treatment Program. Sydney, Australia: Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University.Google Scholar
Rapee, R.M., Schniering, C.A., & Hudson, J.L. (2009). Anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence: Origins and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 335365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, S., Wilson, C., Austin, J., & Hooper, L. (2012). Effects of psychotherapy for anxiety in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(4), 251262. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.01.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, C., & Hudson, J.L. (2016). Alliance, child involvement and therapist flexibility in the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders: The impact of primary anxiety diagnosis and comorbidity. Sydney, Australia: Macquarie University.Google Scholar
Seligman, L.D., & Ollendick, T.H. (1998). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: An integrative review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1(2), 125144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Southam-Gerow, M.A., Weisz, J.R., Chu, B.C., McLeod, B.D., Gordis, E.B., & Connor-Smith, J.K. (2010). Does CBT for youth anxiety outperform usual care in community clinics? An initial effectiveness test. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 10431052. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spence, S.H., Donovan, C.L., March, S., Kenardy, J.A., & Hearn, C.S. (2017). Generic versus disorder specific cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder in youth: A randomized controlled trial using internet delivery. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 90, 4157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stangier, U., Heidenreich, T., Peitz, M., Lauterbach, W., & Clark, D.M. (2003). Cognitive therapy for social phobia: Individual versus group treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(9), 9911007. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00176–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, M.B., Fuetsch, M., Müller, N., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H. (2001). Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression: A prospective community study of adolescents and young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(3), 251256. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.251CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strauss, C.C., & Last, C.G. (1993). Social and simple phobias in children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 7, 141152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, S. (2001). Breathing retraining in the treatment of panic disorder: Efficacy, caveats and indications. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy, 30(2), 4956. doi:10.1080/02845710118895CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viana, A.G., Beidel, D.C., & Rabian, B. (2009). Selective mutism: A review and integration of the last 15 years. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(1), 5767.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walkup, J.T., Albano, A.M., Piacentini, J., Birmaher, B., Compton, S.N., Sherrill, J.T., … Kendall, P.C. (2008). Cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, or a combination in childhood anxiety. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(26), 27532766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, A. (2005). The metacognitive model of GAD: Assessment of meta-worry and relationship with DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(1), 107121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittchen, H.-U., Nelson, C.B., & Lachner, G. (1998). Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychological Medicine, 28(1), 109126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolk, C.B., Kendall, P.C., & Beidas, R.S. (2015). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for child anxiety confers long-term protection from suicidality. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(3), 175179. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.12.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolpe, J. (1973). The practice of behavior therapy (2nd edn.). New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Yonkers, K.A., Dyck, I.R., & Keller, M.B. (2001). An eight-year longitudinal comparison of clinical course and characteristics of social phobia among men and women. Psychiatric Services, 52(5), 637643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×