Panjabi Khattris, Pushtuns or Afghans and Marwaris were the principal merchant groups from Mughul territories who conducted business in Iran or Turan in the seventeenth and eighteenth century. Given the size, complexity and sophistication of the Indian economy they or other merchants from India's western and northwestern provinces are likely to have visited or resided in marketing centers of these contiguous regions for centuries or even millennia prior to Akbar's reign. Inclusion of the Kabul region in many powerful Indian states from as early as the reign of the Mauryas of Magadha (324–183 BC) to the Hindu Shahi dynasty of the ninth and tenth centuries AD make such commercial migration even more likely. Cities such as Balkh probably functioned as commercial outworks of these north Indian states, as is suggested by the report of the Arab geographer al-Maqdisi, who wrote in the twilight of Hindu Shahi rule that one of the city's gates was known as the bab-i Hinduwan, the gate of the Indians. In records of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries the largely allusive references to Indian mercantile activity outside of South Asia which are the commonplace of earlier sources give way to eyewitness accounts and documentary evidence.