Ahmed, A.H. and Arai, S. (2002). Unexpectedly high-PGE chromitite from the deeper mantle section of the northern Oman ophiolite and its tectonic implications. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 143, 263–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aird, H.M. and Boudreau, A.E. (2013). High-temperature carbonate minerals in the Stillwater Complex, Montana, USA. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 166, 1143–1160.Google Scholar

Aird, H.M., Ferguson, K.M., Lehrer, M.L. and Boudreau, A.E. (2017). A study of the trace sulfide mineral assemblages in the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Mineralium Deposita, 52(3), 361–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Algar, C.K., Boudreau, B.P. and Barry, M.A. (2011). Initial rise of bubbles in cohesive sediments by a process of viscoelastic fracture. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, B04207. DOI:10.1029/2010JB008133.Google Scholar

Almeev, R.R., Holtz, F., Koepke, J., Parat, F. and Botcharnikov, R.E. (2007). The effect of H2O on olivine crystallization in MORB: Experimental calibration at 200 MPa. American Mineralogist, 92, 670–674.Google Scholar

Almeev, R.R., Holtz, F., Koepke, J. and Parat, F. (2012). Experimental calibration of the effect of H2O on plagioclase crystallization in basaltic melt at 200 MPa. American Mineralogist, 97, 1234–1240.Google Scholar

Anderson, A.T. Jr, (1974). Chlorine, sulfur and water in magmas and oceans. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 85, 1485–1492.Google Scholar

Andersen, J.C.Ø. (2006). Postmagmatic sulphur loss in the Skaergaard Intrusion: Implications for the formation of the Platinova Reef. Lithos, 92, 198–221.Google Scholar

Andersen, J.C.Ø., Rasmussen, H., Nielsen, T.F.D. and Ronsbo, J.G. (1998). The triple group and the Platinova gold and palladium reefs in the Skaergaard intrusion: Stratigraphic and petrographic relations. Economic Geology, 93, 488–509.Google Scholar

Appold, M.S. and Nunn, J.A. (2002). Numerical models of petroleum migration via buoyancy porosity waves in viscously deformable sediments. Geofluids, 2, 233–247.Google Scholar

Arai, S. and Akizawa, N. (2014). Precipitation and dissolution of chromite by hydrothermal solutions in the Oman ophiolite, New behavior of Cr and chromite. American Mineralogist, 99, 28–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arai, S., Prichard, H.M., Matsumoto, I. and Fisher, P.C. (1999). Platinum-group minerals in podiform chromitite from the Kamuikotan zone, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Resource Geology, 49, 39–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aranovich, L.Ya., Zakirov, I.V., Sretenskaya, N.G. and Gerya, T.V. (2010). Ternary system H2O–CO2–NaCl at high T–P parameters: An empirical mixing model. Geochemistry International, 48(5), 446–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Armienti, P., Francalanci, L. and Landi, P. (2007). Textural effects of steady state behaviour of the Stromboli feeding system. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 160, 86–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Armitage, G.J. (1992). The petrogenesis of potholes in the UG2 chromitite layer, Crocodile River Mine, Western Bushveld complex. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.Google Scholar

Armstrong, R. and Wilson, A.H. (2000). A SHRIMP U-Pb study of zircons from the layered sequence of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe, and a granitoid anatectic dyke. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 180, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Atkins, F.B. (1969). Pyroxenes of the Bushveld Intrusion, South Africa. Journal of Petrology, 10(2), 222–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Augé, T. (1988). Platinum-group minerals in the Tiébaghi and Vourinos ophiolitic complexes: Genetic implications. Canadian Mineralogist, 26, 177–192.Google Scholar

Azimov, P.Ya. and Bushmin, S.A. (2007). Solubility of minerals of metamorphic and metasomatic rocks in hydrothermal solutions of varying acidity: Thermodynamic modeling at 400–800 °C and 1–5 kbar. Geochemistry International, 45(12), 1210–1234.Google Scholar

Bachmann, O. and Bergantz, G.W. (2006). Gas percolation in upper-crustal silicic crystal mushes as a mechanism for upward heat advection and rejuvenation of near-solidus magma bodies. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 149, 85–102.Google Scholar

Bagdassarov, N., Dorfman, A. and Dingwell, D.B. (2000). Effect of alkalis, phosphorus, and water on the surface tension of haplogranite melt. American Mineralogist, 85, 33–40.Google Scholar

Baker, D.R. and Moretti, R. (2011). Modeling the Solubility of Sulfur in Magmas: A 50-Year Old Geochemical Challenge. In Sulfur in Magmas and Melts: Its Importance for Natural and Technical Processes (Behrens, H. and Websater, J.D., eds.). Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 73, 167–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ballhaus, C.G. (1988). Potholes of the Merensky Reef at Brakspruit Shaft, Rustenburg Platinum Mines: Primary disturbances in the magmatic stratigraphy. Economic Geology, 83, 1140–1158.Google Scholar

Ballhaus, C.G. and Stumpfl, E.F. (1985). Occurrence and petrological significance of graphite in the Upper Critical Zone, Western Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 74, 58–68.Google Scholar

Ballhaus, C.G. and Stumpfl, E.F. (1986). Sulphide and platinum mineralization in the Merensky Reef: Evidence from hydrous silicates and fluid inclusions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 94, 193–204.Google Scholar

Ballhaus, C.G. and Ulmer, P. (1995). Platinum-group elements in the Merensky Reef: II. Experimental solubilities of platinum and palladium in Fe1-XS from 950 to 450°C under controlled f(S2) and f(H2). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(23), 4881–4888.Google Scholar

Ballhaus, C.G., Ryan, C.G., Mernagh, T.P. and Green, D.H. (1994). The partitioning of Fe, Ni, Cu, Pt, and Au between sulfide, metal, and fluid phases: A pilot study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58(2), 811–826.Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J. (1986). The effect of trapped liquid crystallization on cumulus mineral compositions in layered intrusions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 93(4), 524–531.Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J. (1993). Partitioning of the platinum group elements and gold between silicate and sulphide magmas in the Munni Munni Complex, Western Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 1277–1290.Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J. and Campbell, I.H. (1988). Role of late magmatic fluids in Merensky-type platinum deposits: A discussion. Geology, 16, 488–491.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barnes, S.J. and Fiorentini, M.L. (2008). Iridium, ruthenium and rhodium in komatiites: Evidence for iridium alloy saturation. Chemical Geology, 257, 44–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barnes, S.J. and Hoatson, D.M. (1994). The Munni Munni Complex, Western Australia: Stratigraphy, structure, and petrogenesis. Journal of Petrology, 35, 715–751.Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J. and Naldrett, A.J. (1986). Geochemistry of the J-M Reef of the Stillwater Complex, Minneapolis Adit Area II. Silicate Mineral Chemistry and Petrogenesis. Journal of Petrology, 27(4), 791–825.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barnes, S.J., McIntyre, J.R., Nisbet, B.W. and Williams, C.R. (1990). Platinum group element mineralisation in the Munni Munni Complex, Western Australia. Mineralogy and Petrology, 42, 141–164.Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J., Keays, R.R. and Hoatson, D.M. (1992). Distribution of sulphides and PGE within the porphyritic websterite zone of the Munni Munni Complex, Western Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39(3), 289–302.Google Scholar

Barnes, S.-J. and Fiorentini, M.L. (2008). Iridium, ruthenium and rhodium in komatiites: Evidence for iridium alloy saturation. Chemical Geology, 257, 44–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barnes, S.-J. and Gomwe, T.S. (2011). The Pd deposit of the Lac des Iles Complex, Northwestern Ontario. Reviews in Economic Geology, 17, 351–370.Google Scholar

Barnes, S-J. and Maier, W.D. (1999). The fractionation of Ni, Cu and the noble metals in silicate and sulfide liquids. In Dynamic Processes in Magmatic Ore Deposits and Their Application in Mineral Exploration (Keays, R.R., Lesher, C.M. Lightfoot, P.C. and Farrow, C.E.G., eds). Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Volume 13, 69–106.Google Scholar

Barnes, S.-J. and Maier, W.D. (2002a). Platinum-group element distributions in the Rustenberg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. In The Geology, Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Beneficiation of Platinum-Group Elements (Cabri, L.J., ed). Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Special Volume, 54, 431–458.Google Scholar

Barnes, S.-J. and Maier, W.D. (2002b). Platinum-group elements and microstructures of Normal Merensky Reef from Impala Platinum Mines, Bushveld Complex. Journal of Petrology, 43, 103–128.Google Scholar

Barnes, S.-J., Naldrett, A.J. and Gorton, M.P. (1985). The origin of the fractionation of platinum-group elements in terrestrial magmas. Chemical Geology, 53, 303–323.Google Scholar

Barnes, S.-J., Savard, D., Bédard, L.P. and Maier, W.D. (2009). Selenium and sulfur concentrations in the Bushveld Complex of South Africa and implications for formation of the platinum-group element deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 44, 647–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barnes, S.-J., Maier, W.D. and Curl, E.A. (2010). Composition of the marginal rocks and sills of the Rustenburg Layered Suite, Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Implications for the formation of the platinum-group element deposits. Economic Geology, 105, 1491–1511.Google Scholar

Barnes, S.-J., Pagé, P., Prichard, H.M., Zientek, M.L. and Fisher, P.C. (2016). Chalcophile and platinum-group element distribution in the Ultramafic series of the Stillwater Complex, MT, USA—Implications for processes enriching chromite layers in Os, Ir, Ru, and Rh. Mineralium Deposita, 51(1), 25–47.Google Scholar

Barry, M.A., Boudreau, B.P., Johnson, B.D. and Reed, A.H. (2010). First‐order description of the mechanical fracture behavior of fine‐grained surficial marine sediments during gas bubble growth. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, F04029, doi:10.1029/2010JF001833.Google Scholar

Batanova, V.G. and Savelieva, G.N (2009). Melt migration in the mantle beneath spreading zones and formation of replacive dunites: A review. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 50, 763–778.Google Scholar

Bazarkina, E.F., Pokrovski, G.S. and Hazemann, J.-L. (2014). Structure, stability and geochemical role of palladium chloride complexes in hydrothermal fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 146, 107–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bédard, J.H. (1994). A procedure for calculating the equilibrium distribution of trace elements among the minerals of cumulate rocks, and the concentration of trace elements in the coexisting liquids. Chemical Geology, 118, 143–153.Google Scholar

Bédard, J.H., Sparks, R.S.J., Renner, R., Cheadle, M.J. and Hallworth, M.A. (1988). Peridotite sills and metasomatic gabbros in the Eastern Layered Series of the Rhum Complex. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 145, 207–224.Google Scholar

Bédard, J.H., Marsh, B.D., Hershum, T.G., Naslund, H.R. and Musaka, S.B. (2007). Large scale mechanical redistribution of orthopyroxene and plagioclase in the Basement Sill, Ferrar Dolerites, Antarctica. Journal of Petrology, 48, 2289–2326.Google Scholar

Behrens, H. and Webster, J.D., eds. (2011). Sulfur in magmas and melts: Its importance for natural and technical processes. Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy, 30.Google Scholar

Belien, I.B., Cashman, K.V. and Rempel, A.W. (2010). Gas accumulation in particle-rich suspensions and implications for bubble populations in crystal-rich magma. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 297, 133–140.Google Scholar

Bell, A.S., Siman, A. and Guilling, M. (2009). Experimental constraints on Pt, Pd and Au partitioning and fractionation in silicate melt–sulfide–oxide–aqueous fluid systems at 800 C, 150 MPa and variable sulfur fugacity. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, 5778–5792.Google Scholar

Berkowitz, B. and Ewing, R.P. (1998). Percolation theory and network modeling applications in soil physics. Surveys in Geophysics, 19, 23–72.Google Scholar

Bezman, N.I., Gorbachev, P.N., Shalynin, A.I., Asif, M. and Naldrett, A.J. (2008). Solubility of platinum and palladium in silicate melts under high water pressure as a function of redox conditions. Petrology, 16(2), 161–176.Google Scholar

Bezos, A., Lorand, J.-P., Humler, E. and Gros, M. (2005). Platinum-group element systematics in Mid-Oceanic Ridge basaltic glasses from the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69, 2613–2627.Google Scholar

Bird, D.K., Arnason, J.G., Brandriss, M.E., Nevle, R.J, Radford, G., Bernstein, S., Gannicott, R.A. and Kelemen, P.B. (1995). A gold-bearing horizon in the Kap Edvard Holm Complex, East Greenland. Economic Geology, 90(5), 1288–1300.Google Scholar

Bird, D.K., Brooks, C.K., Gannicott, R.A. and Turner, P.A. (1991). A gold-bearing horizon in the Skaergaard intrusion. Economic Geology, 56, 157–166.Google Scholar

Blander, M. and Katz, J.L (1975). Bubble nucleation in liquids. American Institute of Chemical Engineering Journal, 21(5), 833–848.Google Scholar

Blaine, F.A. (2010). The effect of volatiles (H2O, Cl and CO2) on the solubility and partitioning of platinum and iridium in fluid-melt systems. Ph.D. Disseration, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar

Blaine, F.A., Linnen, R.L., Holtz, F. and Brügmann, G.E. (2005). Platinum solubility in a haplobasaltic melt at 1250°C and 0.2 GPa: The effect of water content and oxygen fugacity. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69(5), 1265–1273.Google Scholar

Blaine, F.A., Linnen, R.L., Holtz, F. and Brügmann, G.E. (2011). The effect of Cl on Pt solubility in haplobasaltic melt: Implications for micronugget formation and evidence for fluid transport of PGEs. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75, 7792–7805.Google Scholar

Bodnar, R. J. (1994). Synthetic fluid inclusions; XII, The system H2O-NaCl; experimental determination of the halite liquidus and isochores for a 40 wt. % NaCl solution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 725–733.Google Scholar

Bodnar, R.J., Burnham, C.W. and Sterner, S.M. (1985). Synthetic fluid inclusions in natural quartz. III. Determination of phase equilibrium properties in the system H2O-NaCl to 1000 C and 1500 bars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49(9), 1861–1873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boorman, S.L., McGuire, J.B., Boudreau, A.E. and Kruger, F.J. (2003). Fluid overpressure in layered intrusions: Formation of a breccia pipe in the Eastern Bushveld Complex, Republic of South Africa. Mineralium Deposita, 38, 356–369.Google Scholar

Boorman, S., Boudreau, A.E. and Kruger, F.J. (2004). The Lower Zone – Critical Zone transition of the Bushveld Complex: A quantitative textural study. Journal of Petrology, 45, 1209–1235.Google Scholar

Borisov, A. and Danyushevsky, L. (2011). The effect of silica contents on Pd, Pt and Rh solubilities in silicate melts: An experimental study. European Journal of Mineralogy, 23(3), 355–367.Google Scholar

Borisov, S. and Palme, H. (1995). The solubility of iridium in silicate melts: New data from experiments with lr10Pt90 alloys. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(3), 481–485.Google Scholar

Borisov, S. and Palme, H. (2000). Solubilities of noble metals in Fe-containing silicate melts as derived from experiments in Fe-free systems. American Mineralogist, 85(11–12), 1665–1673.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. (1988). Investigations of the Stillwater Complex; IV, The role of volatiles in the petrogenesis of the J-M Reef, Minneapolis adit section. Canadian Mineralogist, 26, 193–208.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. (1992). Volatile fluid overpressure in layered intrusions and the formation of potholes. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39, 277–287.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. (1993). Chlorine as an exploration guide for the Platinum-group elements in layered intrusions. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 48, 21–37.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. (1994). Pattern formation during crystallization in two crystal, two component systems. South African Journal of Geology, 97, 473–485.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. (1995). Crystal aging and the formation of fine-scale layering. Mineralogy and Petrology, 54, 55–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. (1999a). Fluid fluxing of cumulates: The J-M Reef and associated rocks of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Journal of Petrology, 40(5), 755–772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. (1999b). PELE – A version of the MELTS software program for the PC platform. Computers and Geosciences, 25, 201–203.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. (2004). PALLADIUM – A program to model the chromatographic separation of the platinum-group elements, base metals and sulfur in a solidifying igneous crystal pile. Canadian Mineralogist, 42, 393–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. (2008). Modeling the Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 156, 431–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. (2009). Transport of the platinum-group elements by igneous fluids in layered intrusions. In New Developments in Magmatic Ni-Cu and PGE Deposits (Li, C. and Ripley, E.M., eds.). Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 229–249.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. (2011). The evolution of texture and layering in layered intrusions. International Geology Review, 53(3–4), 330–353.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. (2016a). Bubble migration in a compacting crystal-liquid mush. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 171, 32. doi: 10.1007/s00410-016-1237-9.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. (2016b). The Stillwater Complex, Montana – Overview and the significance of volatiles. Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 585–637.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. (2016c). The Bushveld complex as an analog to subduction zone hydrothermal systems. Penrose Conference on Layered Intrusions, Red Lodge Montana, 6–10 August, 2016 (abstract).Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. and Hoatson, D.M. (2004). Halogen variations in the paleoProterozoic layered mafic-ultramafic Intrusions of the East Kimberly, Western Australia: Implications for platinum-group element mineralization. Economic Geology, 99, 1015–1026.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. and Kruger, F.J. (1990). Variations in the composition of apatite through the Merensky cyclic unit on the Western Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology, 85, 737–745.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. and McBirney, A.R. (1997). The Skaergaard Layered Series. Part III. In Situ Layering. Journal of Petrology, 38, 1003–1020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. and McCallum, I.S. (1985). Features of the Picket Pin Pt-Pd deposit). In Stillwater Complex, Montana: Geology and Guide (Czamanske, C.K. and Zientek, M.L., eds.). Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Special Publication 92, 346–357.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. and McCallum, I.S. (1986). Investigations of the Stillwater Complex. Part III. The Picket Pin Pt-Pd deposit. Economic Geology, 81, 1953–1975.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. and McCallum, I.S. (1989). Investigations of the Stillwater Complex: Part V. Apatites as indicators of evolving fluid composition. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 102, 138–153.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. and McCallum, I.S. (1990). Low temperature alteration of REE-rich chlorapatite from the Stillwater Complex Montana. American Mineralogist, 75, 87–693.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. and McCallum, I.S. (1992a). Concentration of platinum-group elements by magmatic fluids in layered intrusions. Economic Geology, 87, 1830–1848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. and McCallum, I.S. (1992b). Infiltration metasomatism in layered intrusions—an example from the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 52, 171–183.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. and Meurer, W.P. (1999). Chromatographic separation of the platinum-group elements, gold, base metals and sulfur during degassing of a compacting and solidifying igneous crystal pile. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 134, 174–185.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. and Philpotts, A.J. (2002). Quantitative modeling of compaction in the Holyoke flood basalt flow, Hartford Basin, Connecticut. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 144, 176–184.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E. and Simon, A. (2007). Halogen variations and degassing in the Basement Ferrar sill, Antarctica. Journal of Petrology, 48, 1369–1386. DOI:10.1093/petrology/egm022.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E., Mathez, E.A. and McCallum, I.S. (1986). Halogen geochemistry of the Stillwater and Bushveld Complexes: Evidence for t transport of the platinum-group elements by Cl-rich Fluids. Journal of Petrology, 27, 967–986.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E., Love, C. and Hoatson, D. (1993). Halogen geochemistry of the Munni Munni Complex and associated intrusions of the Pilbara Block, W. Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 4467–4477.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E., Love, C. and Prendergast, M.D. (1995). Halogen geochemistry of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 122, 289–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boudreau, A.E., Stewart, M.A. and Spivack, A.J. (1997). Stable Cl isotopes and origin of high-Cl magmas of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Geology, 25(9), 791–794.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E., Djon, L., Ychalikian, A. and Corkery, J. (2014). The Lac Des Iles Palladium Deposit, Ontario, Canada. Part I. The effect of variable alteration on the Offset Zone. Mineralium Deposita, 49, 625–654.Google Scholar

Boudreau, A.E., Butak, K.C., Geraghty, E.P., Holick, P.A. and Koski, M.S. (2019). Mineral Deposits of the Stillwater Complex. In Geology of Montana). Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology (In press).Google Scholar

Boudreau, B.P. (2012). The physics of bubbles in surficial, soft cohesive sediments. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 38, 1–18.Google Scholar

Boudreau, B.P., Algar, C., Johnson, B.D., Croudace, I., Reed, A., Furukawa, Y., Dorgan, K.M., Jumar, P.A., Grader, A.S. and Gardiner, B.S. (2005). Bubble growth and rise in soft sediments. Geology, 33, 517–520.Google Scholar

Boyce, J.W., Tomlinson, S.M., McCubbin, F.M., Greenwood, J.P. and Treiman, A.H. (2014). The lunar apatite paradox. Science, 344, 400–402.Google Scholar

Bragagni, A., Luguet, A., Fonseca, R.O.C., Pearson, D.G., Lorand, J.-P.,Nowell, G.M. and Kjarsgaard, B.A. (2017). The geological record of base metal sulfides in the cratonic mantle: A microscale 187Os/188Os study of peridotite xenoliths from Somerset Island, Rae Craton (Canada). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 216, 264–285.Google Scholar

Brandeis, G. and Jaupart, C. (1986). On the interaction between convection and crystallization in cooling magma chambers. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 77, 345–361.Google Scholar

Braun, K., Meurer, W. and Boudreau, A.E. (1994). Compositions of pegmatoids beneath the J-M Reef of the Stillwater Complex, Montana, U.S.A. Chemical Geology, 113, 245–257.Google Scholar

Brearley, M. and Scarfe, C.M. (1986). Dissolution rates of upper mantle minerals in an alkali basalt melt at high pressure—An experimental study and implications for ultramafic xenolith survival. Journal of Petrology, 27, 1157–1182.Google Scholar

Brenan, J.M. (1993). Partitioning of fluorine and chlorine between apatite and aqueous fluids at high pressure and temperature: Implications for the F and Cl content of high P-T fluids. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 117, 251–263.Google Scholar

Brenan, J.M. (1994). Kinetics of fluorine, chlorine and hydroxyl exchange in fluorapatite. Chemical Geology, 110, 195–210.Google Scholar

Brenan, J.M. and Andrews, D. (2001). High temperature stability of laurite and Ru-Os-Ir alloy and their role in PGE fractionation in mafic magmas. Canadian Mineralogist, 39, 341–360.Google Scholar

Brenan, J.M., McDonough, W.F. and Dalpé, C. (2003). Experimental constraints on the partitioning of rhenium and some platinum-group elements between olivine and silicate melt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 212, 135–150.Google Scholar

Brenan, J.M., McDonough, W.F., and Ash, R. (2005). An experimental study of the solubility and partitioning of iridium, osmium and gold between olivine and silicate melt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 237, 855–872.Google Scholar

Brenan, J.M., Finnigan, C.S., McDonough, W.F. and Homolova, V., (2012). Experimental constraints on the partitioning of Ru, Rh, Ir, Pt and Pd between chromite and silicate melt: The importance of ferric iron. Chemical Geology, 302–303, 16–32.Google Scholar

Broek, D. (1982). Elementary Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Fourth Edition. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar

Brown, G. M. and Peckett, A. (1977). Fluorapatites from the Skaergaard intrusion, East Greenland. Mineralogy Magazine 41, 227–232.Google Scholar

Büchl, A., Brügmann, G. and Batanov, V.G. (2004). Formation of podiform chromitite deposits: Implications from PGE abundances and Os isotopic compositions of chromites from the Troodos complex, Cyprus. Chemical Geology, 208, 217–232.Google Scholar

Buick, I.S., Gibson, R.L., Cartwright, I., Maas, R., Wallmach, T. and Uken, R. (2000) Fluid flow in metacarbonates associated with emplacement of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 69–70, 391–395.Google Scholar

Buntin, T.J., Grandstaff, D.E., Ulmer, G.C. and Gold, D.P. (1985). A pilot study of geochemical and redox relationships between potholes and adjacent normal Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology, 80, 975–987.Google Scholar

Burnham, C.W. (1979). Magmas and hydrothermal fluids. In Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, 2nd Edition (Barnes, H.L., ed.). New York: Wiley, 71–136.Google Scholar

Burton, K.W., Schiano, P., Birck, J.-L. and Allègre, C. J. (1999) Osmium isotope disequilibrium between mantle minerals in a spinel-lherzolite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 172, 311–322.Google Scholar

Cabri, L.J. (1981). The platinum-group minerals. In Platinum-Group Elements: Mineralogy, Geology, Recovery (Cabri, L.J., ed.). Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Special Volume 23, 13–129.Google Scholar

Caltabiano, T., Burton, M., Giammanov, S., Allard, P., Bruno, N., Murè, F. and Romano, R. (2004). Volcanic gas emissions from the summit craters and flanks of Mt. Etna, 1987–2000. American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph doi:10.1029/143GM08.Google Scholar

Cameron, E.N. (1978). The Lower Zone of the Eastern Bushveld Complex in the Olifants River Trough. Journal of Petrology, 19(3), 437–462.Google Scholar

Cameron, E.N. and Desborough, G.A. (1964). Origin of certain magnetite-bearing pegmatites in the eastern part of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Economic Geology, 59, 197–225.Google Scholar

Campbell, I.H. (1978). Some problems with the cumulus theory. Lithos, 11, 311–323.Google Scholar

Campbell, I.H. (1986). A fluid dynamic model for the potholes of the Merensky reef. Economic Geology, 81, 1118–1125.Google Scholar

Campbell, I.H. (1987). Distribution of orthocumulate textures in the Jimberlana intrusion. Journal of Geology, 95, 35–54.Google Scholar

Campbell, I.H. and Murck, B.W. (1993). Petrology of the G and H Chromitite Zones in the Mountain View Area of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Journal of Petrology, 34(2), 291–316.Google Scholar

Campbell, I.H. and Naldrett, A.J. (1979). The influence of silicate: Sulfide ratios on the geochemistry of magmatic sulfides. Economic Geology, 74(6), 1503–1506.Google Scholar

Campbell, I.H., Roeder, P.L. and Dixon, J.M. (1978). Plagioclase buoyancy in basaltic liquids as determined with a centrifuge furnace. Contributions to Mineralogy Petrology, 67, 369–377.Google Scholar

Campbell, I.H., Naldrett, A.J. and Barnes, S.J. (1983). A model for the origin of the platinum-rich sulphide horizons in the Bushveld and Stillwater complexes. Journal of Petrology, 24, 33–165.Google Scholar

Candela, P.A. (1986). Toward a thermodynamic model for the halogens in magmatic systems: An application to melt-vapor-apatite equilibria. Chemical Geology, 57, 289–301.Google Scholar

Candela, P.A. (1991). Physics of aqueous phase evolution in plutonic environments. American Mineralogist, 76, 1081–1091.Google Scholar

Capobianco, C.H. and Drake, M. (1990). Partitioning of ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium between spinel and silicate melt and implications for platinum-group element fractionation trends. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 869–874.Google Scholar

Carr, H.W., Groves, D.I. and Cawthorn, R.G. (1994). The importance of synmagmatic deformation in the formation of Merensky Reef potholes in the Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology, 89, 1398–1410.Google Scholar

Cashman, K.V. (1993). Relationship between plagioclase crystallization and cooling rate in basaltic melts. Contributions to Mineralogy Petrology, 113, 126–142.Google Scholar

Cashman, K.V. and Ferry, J.M. (1988). Crystal size distribution (CSD) in rocks and the kinetics and dynamics of crystallization. III. Metamorphic crystallization. Contributions to Mineralogy Petrology, 99, 401–415.Google Scholar

Cawthorn, R.G. (1976). Some chemical controls in igneous amphibole compositions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 40, 1319–1328.Google Scholar

Cawthorn, R.G. (1982). An origin for the small scale fluctuations in orthopyroxene composition in the lower and critical zones of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Chemical Geology, 36, 227–236.Google Scholar

Cawthorn, R.G. (1994). Formation of chlor- and fluor-apatite in layered intrusions. Mineralogical Magazine, 58, 299–306.Google Scholar

Cawthorn, R.G. (2002). Delayed accumulation of plagioclase in the Bushveld Complex. Mineralogical Magazine, 66(6), 881–893.Google Scholar

Cawthorn, R.G. and Poulton, K.L. (1988). Evidence for fluid in the footwall beneath potholes in the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex. In Geo-Platinum 87 (Prichard, H.M., Potts, P.J., Bowles, J.F.W. and Cribbs, S.J., eds.), London: Elsevier, 343–356.Google Scholar

Cawthorn, R.G. and Walsh, K.L. (1988). The use of phosphorus contents in yielding estimates of the proportion of trapped liquid in cumulates of the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex. Mineralogical Magazine, 52, 81–89.Google Scholar

Cawthorn, R.G. and Lee, C. (1998). Field Excursion Guide to the Bushveld Complex. 8th International Platinum Symposium. The Geological Society of South Africa and The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.Google Scholar

Cawthorn, R.G. and Boerst, K. (2006). Origin of the pegmatitic pyroxenite in the Merensky Unit, Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Journal of Petrology, 47, 1509–1530.Google Scholar

Cawthorn, R.G. and Webb, S.J. (2013). Cooling of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Implications for paleomagnetic reversals. Geology, 41(6), 687–690.Google Scholar

Cawthorn, R.G., Harris, C. and Kruger, F.J. (2000). Discordant ultramafic pegmatoidal pipes in the Bushveld Complex. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 140, 119–133.Google Scholar

Cawthorn, R.G., Lee, C., Schouwstra, R.P. and Mellowship, P. (2002). Relationship between PGE and PGM in the Bushveld Complex. The Canadian Mineralogist, 40, 311–328.Google Scholar

Cawthorn, R.G., Latipov, R., Klemd, R. and Vuthuza, A. (2017). Origin of discordant ultramafic pegmatites in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (In review).Google Scholar

Chauveau, B. and Kaminski, E. (2008). Porous compaction in transient creep regime and implications for melt, petroleum, and CO2 circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research – Solid Earth, 113, B09406. doi:10.1029/2007JB005088CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chitiyo, G., Schweitzer, J., de Waal, S., Lambert, P. and Olgilvie, P. (2008). Predictability of pothole characteristics and their spatial distribution at Rustenburg Platinum Mine. The Journal of The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 108, 733–740.Google Scholar

Chou, I.-M. (1987). Phase relations in the system NaCl-KCl-H2O. III: Solubilities of halite in vapor-saturated liquids above 445°C and redetermination of phase equilibrium properties in the system NaCl-H2O to 1000°C and 1500 bars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51(7), 1965–1975.Google Scholar

Chutas, N.I., Bates, E., Prevec, S.A., Coleman, D.S. and Boudreau, A.E. (2012). Sr and Pb isotopic disequilibrium between coexisting plagioclase and orthopyroxene in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Microdrilling and progressive leaching evidence for sub-liquidus contamination within a crystal mush. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 163(4), 653–668.Google Scholar

Clennell, M.B., Judd, A. and Hovland, M., (2000). Movement and accumulation of methane in marine sediments: Relation to gas hydrate systems. In Natural Gas Hydrate in Oceanic and Permafrost Environments, (Max, M.D., ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 105–122.Google Scholar

Connolly, J.A.D. (2010). The mechanics of metamorphic fluid expulsion. Elements, 6(3), 165–172. doi:10.2113/gselements.6.3.165Google Scholar

Connolly, J.A.D. and Podladchikov, Y.Y. (1998). Compaction – Driven fluid flow in viscoelastic rock. Geodinamica Acta, 11(2/3), 55–84.Google Scholar

Connolly, J.A.D. and Podladchikov, Y.Y. (2007). Decompaction weakening and channeling instability in ductile porous media: Implications for asthenospheric melt segregation. Journal of Geophysical Research – Solid Earth, 112(B10), 15. doi:10.1029/2005jb004213Google Scholar

Coombs, M.L., Sisson, T.W. and Kimura, J.-I. (2004). Ultra-high chlorine in submarine Kilauea glasses: Evidence for direct assimilation of brine by magma. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 217, 297–313.Google Scholar

Crawford, A.J., Fallon, T.J. and Green, D.H. (1989). Classification, petrogenesis and tectonic setting of boninites. In Boninites and Related Rocks (Crawford, A.J., ed.). London: Unwin Hyman, 1–49.Google Scholar

Criscenti, L.J. (1984). The Origin of Macrorhythmic Units in the Stillwater Complex. M.S. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.Google Scholar

Czamanske, G.K., Zientek, M.L. and Manning, C.E. (1991). Low-K granophyres of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. American Mineralogist, 76, 1646–1661.Google Scholar

Damian, S. Smith, D.S., Bassson, I.J. and Reid, D.L. (2003). Normal reef subfacies of the Merensky Reef at Northam Platinum Mine, Zwartklip Facies, Western Bushveld complex, Sourth Africa. The Canadian Mineralogist, 42, 243–260.Google Scholar

Davidson, J.P. and Tepley, F.J. (1997). Recharge in volcanic systems: Evidence from isotope profiles of phenocrysts. Science, 275, 826–829.Google Scholar

Davies, G. and Tredoux, M. (1985). The platinum-group element and gold contents of the marginal rocks and sills of the Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology, 80, 838–848.Google Scholar

Davydov, M.N. (2012). Nucleation and growth of a gas bubble in magma. Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics, 53(3), 324–332.Google Scholar

DePaolo, D.J. and Wasserburg, G.J. (1979). Sm-Nd age of the Stillwater complex and the mantle evolution curve for neodymium. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43(7), 999–1008.Google Scholar

De Vivo, B., Torok, K., Ayuso, R.A., Lima, A. and Lirer, L. (1995). Fluid inclusion evidence for magmatic silicate/saline/CO2 immiscibility and geochemistry of alkaline xenoliths from Ventotene Island, Italy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(14), 2941–2953.Google Scholar

De Waal, S.A. (1977). Carbon dioxide and water from metamorphic reactions as agents for sulphide and spinel precipitation in mafic magmas. Geological Society of South Africa Transactions, 80, 198–196.Google Scholar

Dixon, J. E., Clague, D.A. and Stolper, E.M. (1991). Degassing history of water, sulfur and carbon in submarine lavas from Kilaueau Volcano, Hawaii. Journal of Geology, 99, 371–394.Google Scholar

Doherty, A.L., Webster, J.D., Goldoff, B.A. and Piccoli, P.M. (2014). Partitioning behavior of chlorine and fluorine in felsic melt–fluid(s)–apatite systems at 50 MPa and 850–950 °C. Chemical Geology, 384, 94–109.Google Scholar

Donaldson, M.J. (1974). Petrology of the Munni Munni Complex, Roebourne, Western Australia. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 21, 1–16.Google Scholar

Dreibus, G., Palme, H., Spettel, B., Zipfel, J. and Wanke, H. (1995). Sulphur and selenium in chondritic meteorites. Meteoritics, 30, 439–445.Google Scholar

Drinkwater, J.L., Czamanske, G.K. and Ford, A.B. (1990). Apatite of the Dufek intrusion: Disribution, paragenesis, and chemistry. Canadian Mineralogist, 28, 835–854.Google Scholar

Duran, C.J., Barnes, S.-J. and Corkery, J.T. (2015). Chalcophile and platinum-group element distribution in pyrites from the sulfide-rich pods of the Lac des Iles Pd deposits, Western Ontario, Canada: Implications for post-cumulus re-equilibration of the ore and the use of pyrite compositions in exploration. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 158, 223–242.Google Scholar

Duran, C.J., Barnes, S.-J. and Corkery, J.T. (2016). Geology, petrography, geochemistry, and genesis of sulfide-rich pods in the Lac des Iles palladium deposits, western Ontario, Canada. Mineralium Deposita, 51(4), 509–532.Google Scholar

Eales, H.V. and Cawthorn, R.G. (1996). The Bushveld Complex. In Layered Intrusions (Cawthorn, R.G., ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier, 181–229.Google Scholar

Eales, H.V., De Klerk, W.J. and Teigler, B. (1990). Evidence for magma mixing processes within the Critical and Lower Zones of the northwestern Bushveld Complex. Chemical Geology, 88, 261–278.Google Scholar

Eales, H.V., De Klerk, W.J., Teigler, B. and Maier, W.D. (1994) Nature and origin of orthopyroxenites in the western Bushveld Complex, in the light of compositional data. South African Journal of Geology, 97(4), 399–407.Google Scholar

Eales, H.V., Field, M., de Klerk, W.J. and Scoon, R.N. (1988). Regional trends of chemical variation and thermal erosion in the Upper Critical Zone, western Bushveld Complex. Mineralogical Magazine, 52: 63–79.Google Scholar

Economou, M.I. (1986). Platinum group elements (PGE) in chromite and sulphide ores within the ultramafic zone of some Greek ophiolite complexes. In Metallogeny of Basic and Ultrabasic Rocks (Gallagher, M.J., Ixer, R.A., Neary, C.R. and Prichard, H.M., eds.). London: The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 441–453.Google Scholar

Eggler, D.H. and Burnham, C.W. (1973). Crystallization and fractionation trends in the system andesite-H2O-CO2-O2 at pressures to 10 kilobars. Geological Society of America Bulletin 84, 2517–2532.Google Scholar

Elliot, W.C., Grandstaff, D.E., Ulmer, G.C. and Gold, D.P. (1982). An intrinsic oxygen fugacity study of platinum-carbon associations in layered intrusions. Economic Geology, 77, 1493–1510.Google Scholar

Eriksson, P.G., Hattingh, P.J. and Altermann, W. (1995). An overview of the geology of the Transvaal Sequence and Bushveld Complex. Mineralium Deposita, 30, 98–111.Google Scholar

Eriksson, P.G., Schweitzer, K., Bosch, P.J.A., Schereiber, U.M., Van Deventer, J. and Hatton, C.J. (1993). The Transvaal Sequence: an overview. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 16(1/2), 25–51.Google Scholar

Ertel, W., O’Neill, H.St.C., Sylvester, P.J. and Dingwell, D.B. (1999). Solubilities of Pt and Rh in a haplobasaltic silicate melt at 1300°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63(16), 2439–2449.Google Scholar

Fahlquist, L.S. and Popp, R.K. (1989). The effect of NaCl on bunsenite solubility and Ni complexing in supercritical aqueous fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 989–995.Google Scholar

Fehlhaber, K. and Bird, D. K. (1991). Oxygen-isotope and mineral alteration in gabbros of the Lower Layered Series, Kap Edvard Holm Complex, East Greenland. Geology, 19, 819–822.Google Scholar

Feig, S.T, Koepke, J. and Snow, J.E. (2010). Effect of oxygen fugacity and water on phase equilibria of a hydrous tholeiitic basalt. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 160, 551–568Google Scholar

Ferguson, J. and McCarthy, T.S. (1970). Origin of an ultramafic pegmatoid in the eastern part of the Bushveld Complex. Geological Society of South Africa Special Pub, 1, 74–79.Google Scholar

Ferris, J., Johnson, A. and Strey, B. (1998). Form and extent of the Dufek intrusion, Antarctica, from newly compiled aeromagnetic data. Science Letters, 154, 185–202.Google Scholar

Fiege, A., Behrens, H., Holtz, F. and Adams, F. (2014). Kinetic vs. thermodynamic control of degassing of H2O-S ± Cl-bearing andesitic melts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 125, 241–264Google Scholar

Finnigan, C.S., Brenan, J.M., Mungall, J.E. and McDonough, W.F. (2008). Experiments and models bearing on the role of chromite as a collector of platinum group minerals by local reduction. Journal of Petrology, 49, 1647–1665.Google Scholar

Fiorentini, M.L, Stone, W.E., Beresford, S.W. and Barley, M.E. (2004). Platinum-group element alloy inclusions in chromites from Archaean mafic-ultramafic units: Evidence from the Abitibi and the Agnew-Wiluna Greenstone Belts. Mineralogy and Petrology, 82, 341–355.Google Scholar

Fleet, M.E. and Wu, T.-W. (1993). Volatile transport of platinum-group elements in sulfide-chloride assemblages at 1000 °C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 3519–3531.Google Scholar

Fleet, M.E. and Wu, T.-W. (1995). Volatile transport of precious metals at 1000 °C: Speciation, fractionation, and effect of base metal sulfide. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 487–495.Google Scholar

Fleet, M.E., Crocket, J.H. and Stone, W.E. (1996). Partitioning of platinum-group elements (Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Pd) and gold between sulfide liquid and basalt melt. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 2397–2412.Google Scholar

Fonseca, R.O.C., Campbell, I.H., O’Neill, H.S.C. and Allen, C.M. (2009). Solubility of Pt in sulfide mattes: Implications for the genesis of PGE-rich horizons in layered intrusions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73(19), 5764–5777.Google Scholar

Font, L., Davidson, J.P., Pearson, D.G., Nowell, G.M., Jerram, D.A. and Ottley, C.J. (2008). Sr and Pb isotope micro-analysis of Plagioclase Crystals from Skye Lavas: An insight into open-system processes in a Flood Basalt Province. Journal of Petrology, 49(8), 1449–1471.Google Scholar

Ford, C.E., Biggar, G.M., Humphries, D.J., Wilson, G., Dixon, D. and O’Hara, M.J. (1972). Role of water in the evolution of the lunar crust; an experimental study of sample 14310; an indication of lunar calc-alkaline volcanism. Proceedings of the Third Lunar Science Conference. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Suppl. 3, 207–229.Google Scholar

Frost, B.R. and Touret, J.L.R. (1989). Magmatic CO2 and saline melts from the Sybille monzosyenite, Laramie anorthosite complex, Wyoming. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 103, 178–186.Google Scholar

Fowler, A.C., Rust, A.C. and Vynnycky, M. (2015). The formation of vesicular cylinders in pahoehoe lava flows. Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics, 109, 39–61.Google Scholar

Gaetani, G.A. and Grove, T.L. (1998). The influence of water on melting of mantle peridotite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 131, 323–346.Google Scholar

Gaetani, G.A., Grove, T.L. and Bryan, E.B. (1994). Experimental phase relations of basaltic andesite from Hole 839B under hydrous and anhydrous conditions). In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 135 (Hawkins, J., et al., eds). College Station, Ocean Drilling Program, 557–564.Google Scholar

Gafeira, J., Dolan, M.F.J. and Monteys, X. (2018). Geomorphic characterization of pockmarks by using a GIS-based semi-automatic toolbox. Geosciences, 8. doi:10.3390/geosciences8050154Google Scholar

Gain, S.B. (1985). The geologic setting of the platiniferous UG2 chromitite layer on the Farm Maandagshoek, eastern Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology, 80, 925–943.Google Scholar

Gammons, C.H., Bloom, M.S. and Yu, Y. (1992). Experimental investigation of the hydrothermal geochemistry of platinum and palladium: I. Solubility of platinum and palladium sulfide minerals in NaCl/H2SO4 solutions at 300°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 3881–3894.Google Scholar

Gardner, J.E., Hilton, M., M. and Carroll, M.R. (1999). Experimental constraints on degassing of magma: Isothermal bubble growth during continuous decompression from high pressure. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 168, 201–218.Google Scholar

Garuti, G., Bea, F., Zaccarini, F. and Montero, P. (2001). Age, geochemistry and petrogenesis of the ultramafic pipes in the Ivrea Zone, NW Italy. Journal of Petrology, 42, 433–457.Google Scholar

Garuti, G., Zaccarini, F., Cabella, R., Fershtater, G., (1997). Occurrence of unknown Ru–Os–Ir–Fe oxides in the chromitites of the Nurali ultramafic complex, Southern Urals, Russia. Canadian Mineralogist, 35, 1431–1439.Google Scholar

Garuti, G., Zaccarini, F., Moiloshaq, V. and Alimov, V. (1999). Platinum-group minerals as indicators of sulfur fugacity in ophiolitic upper mantle; an example from chromitites of the Ray-Iz ultramafic complex, Polar Urals, Russia. Canadian Mineralogist, 37, 1099–1115.Google Scholar

Gee, J.S., Cheadle, M.J., Meurer, W.P. and Grimes, C.B. (2016). Magnetic Constraints on the Thermal History of the Dufek Intrusion. Geological Society of America Penrose Conference on Layered Mafic Intrusions and Associated Economic Deposits, Red Lodge, Montana, August 8–12, 2016 (Abstract).Google Scholar

Gerlach, T.M. and Graber, E.J. (1985). Volatile budget of Kilauea volcano. Nature, 313, 273–277.Google Scholar

Ghiorso, M.S. and Sack, R.O. (1995). Chemical mass transfer in magmatic processes. IV. A revised and internally consistent thermodynamic model for the interpretation and extrapolation of liquid-solid equilibria in magmatic systems at elevated temperatures and pressures. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 119, 197–212.Google Scholar

Ghiorso, M.S., Hirschman, M. and Sack, R.O. (1994). MELTS: Software for thermodynamic modeling of magmatic systems. EOS, 75, 571.Google Scholar

Gijbels, R.H., Millard, H.T. Jr., Desborough, G.A. and Bartel, A.J. (1974). Osmium, ruthenium, iridium and uranium in silicates and chromite from the eastern Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 38, 319–337.Google Scholar

Gleason, J.D., Gutzmer, J., Kesler, S.E. and Zwingmann, H. (2011). 2.05-Ga Isotopic Ages for Transvaal Mississippi Valley–Type Deposits: Evidence for Large-Scale Hydrothermal Circulation around the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa. Journal of Geology, 119, 69–80.Google Scholar

Glebovitsky, V.A., Semenov, V.S., Belyatsky, B.V., Koptev-Dvornikov, E.V., Pchelintseva, N.F., Kireev, B.S. and Koltsov, A.B. (2001). The structure of the Lukkulaisvaara Intrusion, Oulanka Group, Northern Karelia: Petrological Implications. Canadian Mineralogist, 39, 607–637.Google Scholar

Godard, M., Bodinier, J.-L. and Vasseur, G. (1995). Effects of mineralogical reactions on trace element redistributions in mantle rocks during percolation processes: A chromatographic approach. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 133, 449–461.Google Scholar

Godel, B. (2015). Platinum-Group Element Deposits. In Layered Intrusions: Recent Advances in the Understanding of the Ore Forming Processes (Charlier, B., Namur, O., Latypov, R. and Tegner, C., eds.). Dordrecht: Springer Geology, 379–432.Google Scholar

Godel, B., Barnes, S.-J. and Maier, W.D. (2006). 3-D distribution of sulphide minerals in the Merensky Reef (Bushveld Complex, South Africa) and the J-M Reef (Stillwater Complex, USA) and their relationship to microstrucures using X-ray computed tomography. Journal of Petrology, 47, 1853–1872.Google Scholar

González-Jiménez, J.M., Griffin, W.L., Gervilla, F., Proenza, J.A., O’Reilly, S.Y. and Pearson, N.J. (2013). Chromitites in ophiolites: How, where, when, why? Part I. A review and new ideas on the origin and significance of platinum-group minerals. Lithos, 189, 127–139.Google Scholar

Graham, C.M., Valley, J.W., Eiler, J.M. and Wada, H. (1998). Timescales and mechanisms of fluid infiltration in a marble: An ion microprobe study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 132, 371-389.Google Scholar

Grant, N.K. and Moiling, P.A. (1981). A strontium isotope and trace element profile through the Partridge River tractolite, Duluth Complex, Minnesota. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 77, 296–305.Google Scholar

Green, D.H., Schmidt, M.W. and Hibberson, W.O. (2004). Island-arc Ankaramites: Primitive Melts from Fluxed Refractory Lherzolitic Mantle. Journal of Petrology, 45, 392–403.Google Scholar

Grove, T.L., Till, C.B. and Krawczynski, M.J. (2012). The role of H2O in subduction zone magmatism. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 40, 413–439.Google Scholar

Gurioli, L., Harris, A.J.L., Houghton, B.F., Polacci, M. and Ripepe, M. (2008). Textural and geophysical characterization of explosive basaltic activity at Villarrica volcano. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, B08206. doi:10.1029/2007JB005328.Google Scholar

Halkoaho, T.A. and Alapieti, T.T. (1993). Variation in F and Cl-contents of apatite in the Penikat layered intrusion, Northern Finland. In Symposium on layering in igneous complexes, September, 1993, Johannesburg, South Africa, Abstracts Volume, 18–19.Google Scholar

Hamilton, D.L. and Anderson, G.M. (1967). Effects of water and oxygen pressure on the crystallization of basaltic magmas, In Basalts (Hess, H.H. and Poldervaart, A., eds.). New York: Wiley Interscience, 445–482.Google Scholar

Hamilton, J. (1977). Sr isotope and trace element studies of the Great Dyke and Bushveld mafic phase and their relation to early Proterozoic magma genesis in southern Africa. Journal of Petrology, 18, 24–52.Google Scholar

Hamlyn, P.R. and Keays, R.R. (1986). Sulfur saturation and second-stage melts: Application to the Bushveld platinum metal deposits. Economic Geology, 81, 1431–1445.Google Scholar

Hanley, J.J. and Gladney, E.R. (2011). The presence of carbonic-dominant volatiles during the crystallization of sulfide-bearing mafic pegmatites in the North Roby Zone, Lac des Iles Complex, Ontario. Economic Geology, 106, 33–54.Google Scholar

Hanley, J., Pettke, T., Mungall, J. and Spooner, E.T.C. (2005a) Fluid and melt inclusion evidence for platinum-group element transport by high salinity fluids and halide melts below the J-M Reef, Stillwater Complex, Montana, U.S.A., 10th Platinum Symposium (abstract)Google Scholar

Hanley, J.J., Mungall, J.E., Pettke, T., Spooner, E.T.C. and Bray, C.J. (2005b). Ore metal redistribution by hydrocarbon–brine and hydrocarbon–halide melt phases, North Range footwall of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario, Canada. Mineralium Deposita, 40, 237–256.Google Scholar

Hanley, J.J., Pettke, T., Mungall, J.E. and Spooner, E.T.C. (2005c). The solubility of platinum and gold in NaCl brines at 1.5 kbar, 600 to 800°C: A laser ablation ICP-MS pilot study of synthetic fluid inclusions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69(10), 2593–2611.Google Scholar

Hanley, J.J., Mungall, J.E., Pettke, T., Spooner, E.T.C. and Bray, C.J. (2008). Fluid and halide melt inclusions of magmatic origin in the Ultramafic and Lower Banded series, Stillwater Complex, Montana, USA. Journal of Petrology, 49(6), 1133–1160.Google Scholar

Hanley, J.J., Ames, D., Barnes, J., Sharp, Z. and Guillong, M. (2011). Interaction of magmatic fluids and silicate melt residues with saline groundwater in the footwall of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario, Canada: New evidence from bulk rock geochemistry, fluid inclusions and stable isotopes. Chemical Geology, 281, 1–25.Google Scholar

Hardy, S.C. and Voorhees, P.W. (1988). Ostwald ripening in a system with a high volume fraction of coarsening phase. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 19A, 2713–2721.Google Scholar

Harper, M.P. (2004). Platinum Group Element Mineralization in “Ballrooms” of the J-M Reef of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. M.S. thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo.Google Scholar

Harmer, R.E. and Sharpe, M.R. (1985). Field relations and Sr isotope systematics of the marginal rocks of the eastern Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology, 80, 813–837.Google Scholar

Harmer, R.E., Auret, J.M. and Eglington, B.M. (1995). Lead isotope variations within the Bushveld complex, Southern Africa: A reconnaissance study. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 21(4), 595–606.Google Scholar

Harris, C. and Chaumba, J.B. (2001). Crustal contamination and the fluid-rock interaction during the formation of the Platreef, Northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Journal of Petrology, 42, 1321–1347.Google Scholar

Harris, C., Pronost, J.J.M., Ashwal, L.D. and Cawthorn, R.G. (2005). Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Stratigraphy of the Rustenburg Layered Suite, Bushveld Complex: Constraints on Crustal Contamination. Journal of Petrology, 46(3), 579–601.Google Scholar

Harris, N., McMillan, A., Holness, M., Uken, R., Watkeys, M., Rogers, N. and Fallick, A. (2003). Melt generation and fluid flow in the thermal aureole of the Bushveld Complex. Journal of Petrology, 44(6), 1031–1054.Google Scholar

Hart, S.R. and Ravizza, G.E. (1996). Os partitioning between phases in lherzolite and basalt. Geophysical Monographs, 95, 123–134.Google Scholar

Hart, S.R. and Kinloch, E.D. (1989). Osmium isotope systematics in Witwatersrand and Bushveld ore deposits. Economic Geology, 84, 1651–1655.Google Scholar

Harvey, J., Warren, J.M. and Shirey, S.B. (2016). Mantle sulfides and their role in Re–Os and Pb isotope geochronology. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 81, 579–649.Google Scholar

Haskin, L.A. and Salpas, P.A. (1992). Genesis of compositional characteristics of Stillwater AN-I and AN-II thick anorthosite units. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 1187–1212.Google Scholar

Hatch, F.H., Wells, A.K. and Wells, M.K. (1974). Petrology of the Igneous Rocks. London: Thomas Murphy and Company.Google Scholar

Hauri, E.H., Gaetani, G.A. and Green, T.H. (2006). Partitioning of water during melting of the Earth’s upper mantle at H2O-undersaturated conditions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 248, 715–734.Google Scholar

Haughton, D.R., Roeder, P.L. and Skinner, B.J. (1974). Solubility of sulfur in mafic magmas. Economic Geology, 69, 451–467.Google Scholar

Hawkesworth, C.j., Gallagher, K., Hergt, J.M. and McDermott, F. (1993). Manlte and slab contributions in arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 21, 175–204.Google Scholar

Helz, R.T. (1976). Phase relations of basalts in their melting ranges at PH2O = 5 kb. Part II. Melt compositions. Journal of Petrology, 17(2), 139–193.Google Scholar

Helz, R.T. (1985). Compositions of fine-grained mafic rocks from sills and dikes associated with the Stillwater complex. In Stillwater complex, Geology and Guide (Czamanske, G.K. and Zientek, M.L., eds.). Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 92, pp.97–117.Google Scholar

Henderson, P. (1970). The significance of mesostasis of basic layered igneous rocks. Journal of Petrology, 11(3), 463–473.Google Scholar

Hermann, J., Spandler, C. Hack, A. and Korsakov, A.V. (2006). Aqueous fluids and hydrous melts in high-pressure and ultra-high pressure rocks: Implications for element transfer in subduction zones. Lithos, 92, 399–417.Google Scholar

Hess, H.H. (1960). Stillwater igneous complex, Montana – A quantitative mineralogical study. Geological Society of America, Memoir 80.Google Scholar

Hiemstra, S. (1979). The role of collectors in the formation of the platinum deposits in the Bushveld Complex. Canadian Mineralogist, 17, 469–482.Google Scholar

Higgins, M.D. (1991). The origin of laminated and massive anorthosite, Sept Iles Layered Intrusion, Québec, Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 106, 340–354.Google Scholar

Higgins, M.D. (1998). Origin of anorthosite by textural coarsening: Quantitative measurements of a natural sequence of textural development. Journal of Petrology, 39, 1307–1325.Google Scholar

Higgins, M.D. (2002). The role of textural coarsening in the development of the Kiglapait layered mafic intrusion, Labrador, Canada: A crystal size distribution study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 144, 314–330.Google Scholar

Higgins, M.D. (2006). Quantitative Textural Measurements in Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 275 p.Google Scholar

Higgins, M.D. (2011). Textural coarsening in igneous rocks: International Geology Review, 53(3–4), 354–376.Google Scholar

Hoatson, D.M. (1991). The petrology and platinum-group element geochemistry of the Munni Munni and Mount Sholl layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions of the West Pilbara Block, Western Australia. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Melbourne.Google Scholar

Hoatson, D.M. and Keays, R.R., (1989). Formation of platiniferous sulfide horizons by crystal fractionation and magma mixing in the Munni Munni layered intrusion, West Pilbara Block, Western Australia. Economic Geology, 84, 1775–1804.Google Scholar

Hoatson, D.M., Sun, S.-S. and Keays, R.R. (1992). Petrogenesis of the west Pilbara layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions. In Petrology and Platinum-Group-Element Geochemistry of Archaean Layered Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusions, West Pilbara Block, Western Australia (Hoatson, D.M. et al., eds.). Australian Geological Survey Organization Bulletin, 242, 150–66.Google Scholar

Holland, H.D. (1972). Granites, solutions, and base metal deposits. Economic Geology, 67, 281–301.Google Scholar

Holland, T. and Blundy, J. (1994). Non-ideal interactions in calcic amphiboles and their bearing on amphibole-plagioclase thermometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 116, 433–447.Google Scholar

Holloway, J.R. and Burham, C.W. (1972). Melting relations of basalt with equilibrium water pressure less than total pressure. Journal of Petrology, 13, 1–29.Google Scholar

Holness, M.B., Hallworth, M.A., Woods, A. and Sides, R.E. (2007). Infiltration Metasomatism of Cumulates by Intrusive Magma Replenishment: The Wavy Horizon, Isle of Rum, Scotland. Journal of Petrology, 48, 563–587.Google Scholar

Holtz, F., Pichavant, M., Barbey, P. and Johannes, W. (1992). Effects of H2O on liquidus phase relations in the haplogranite system at 2 and 5 kbar. American Mineralogist, 77, 1223–1241.Google Scholar

Holzheid, A. and Grove, T.L. (2002) Sulfur saturation limits in silicate melts and their implications for core formation scenarios for terrestrial planets. American Mineralogist, 87, 227–237.Google Scholar

Hoshide, T. and Obata, M. (2010). Zoning and resorption of plagioclase in a layered gabbro, as a petrographic indicator of magmatic differentiation. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 100, 235–249.Google Scholar

Hovis, G.L. and Harlov, D.E. (2010). Solution calorimetric investigation of fluor-chlorapatite crystalline solutions. American Mineralogist, 95, 946–952.Google Scholar

Hovland, M. and Judd, A.G. (1988). Seabed Pockmarks and Seepages: Impact on Geology, Biology and the Marine Environment. London: Graham and Trotman (Kluwer).Google Scholar

Hsu, L.C., Lechler, P.J. and Nelson, J.H. (1991). Hydrothermal solubility of palladium in chloride solutions from 300° to 700°C: Preliminary results. Economic Geology, 86, 422–427.Google Scholar

Huber, C., Bachmann, O., Vigneresse, J.L., Dufek, J. and Parmigiani, A. (2012). A physical model for metal extraction and transport in shallow magmatic systems. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 13, Q08003. doi:10.1029/2012GC004042.Google Scholar

Huber, C. and Parmigiani, A. (2018). A physical model for three-phase compaction in Silicic Magma Reservoirs. Journal of Geophysical research: Solid Earth, 123. doi.org/10.1002/2017JB015224Google Scholar

Hulbert, L.J., Carne, R.C., Gregoire, C.D. and Paktunc, D. (1992). Sedimentary nickel, zinc and platinum-group-element mineralization in Devonian black shales at the Nick Property, Yukon, Canada: A new deposit type. Exploration and Mining Geology, 1, 39–62.Google Scholar

Hulbert, L.J. and Von Gruenewaldt, G. (1985) Textural and compositional features of chromite in the Lower and Critical zones of the Bushveld complex south of Potgietersrus. Economic Geology, 80, 872–895.Google Scholar

Hunter, R.H., (1987). Textural equilibrium in layered igneous rocks. In Origins of Igneous Layering (Parsons, I., ed.). NATO ASI Series C, 196, 473–503.Google Scholar

Huntington, H. D. (1979). Kiglapait mineralogy I: apatite, biotite, and volatiles. Journal of Petrology, 20, 625–652.Google Scholar

Hurwitz, S. and Navon, O. (1994). Bubble nucleation in rhyolitic melts: Experiments at high pressure, temperature, and water content. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 122, 267–280.Google Scholar

Ireland, R.H.P. and Penniston-Dorland, S.C. (2015). Chemical interactions between a sedimentary diapir and surrounding mafic magma: Evidence from the Phepane Dome and Bushveld Complex, South Africa. American Mineralogist, 100, 1985–2000.Google Scholar

Irvine, T.N. (1965). Chromian spinel as a petrogenetic indicator. Part I: Theory. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2(6), 648–672.Google Scholar

Irvine, T.N. (1967). Chromian spinel as a petrogenetic indicator. Part II: Petrologic implications. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 4, 71–103.Google Scholar

Irvine, T.N. (1974). Petrology of the Duke Island Ultramafic Complex, Southeastern Alaska. Geological Society of America Memoir 128, 240 p.Google Scholar

Irvine, T.N. (1975). Crystallization sequences in the Muskox intrusion and other layered intrusions. II. Origin of chromite layers and similar deposits of other magmatic ores. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 39, 991–1020.Google Scholar

Irvine, T.N. (1977). Origin of chromite layers in the Muskox intrusion and other stratiform intrusions: A new interpretation. Geology, 5, 273–277.Google Scholar

Irvine, T.N. (1980). Magmatic infiltration metasomatism, double diffusive fractional crystallization and adcumulus growth in the Muskox Intrusion and other layered intrusions. In Physics of Magmatic Processes (Hargraves, R.B., ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 325–384.Google Scholar

Irvine, T.N., Keith, D.W. and Todd, S.G. (1983). The J-M platinum-palladium reef of the Stillwater Complex, Montana: II. Origin by double-diffusive convective magma mixing and implications for the Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology, 78, 1287–1334.Google Scholar

Jackson, E.D. (1961). Primary Textures and Mineral Associations in the Ultramafic Zone of the Stillwater Complex: Montana. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 358.Google Scholar

Jackson, E.D. (1963) Stratigraphic and lateral variation of chromite composition in the Stillwater Complex). Mineralogical Society of America Special Paper, 1, 46–54.Google Scholar

Jain, A. and Juanes, R. (2009). Preferential mode of gas invasion in sediments: Grain-scale mechanistic model of coupled multiphase fluid flow and sediment mechanics. Journal of Geophysical Research – Solid Earth, 114, B08101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006002.Google Scholar

Jaupart, C. and Brandeis, G. (1986). The stagnant bottom layer of convecting magma chambers. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters, 80, 183–199.Google Scholar

Joachim, B., Pawley, A., Lyon, I.C., Marquardt (neé Hartmann), K., Henkel, T., Clay, P.L., Ruzié, L., Burgess, R. and Ballentine, C.J. (2015). Experimental partitioning of F and Cl between olivine, orthopyroxene and silicate melt at Earth’s mantle conditions. Chemical Geology, 416, 65–78.Google Scholar

Johnson, J.W., Oelkers, E.H. and Helgeson, H.C. (1992). SUPCRT92: A software package for calculating the standard molal thermodynamic properties of minerals, gases, aqueous species and reactions from 1 to 5000 bars and 0° to 1000 °C. Computers and Geosciences, 18, 899–947.Google Scholar

Johnson, B.D., Boudreau, B.P., Gardiner, B.S. and Maass, R. (2002). Mechanical response of sediments to bubble growth. Marine Geology, 187, 347–363.Google Scholar

Jones, M. (1994). Mechanical principles of sediment deformation. In The Geological Deformation of Sediments (Maltman, A., ed.). London: Chapman and Hall, 37–71.Google Scholar

Kamenetsky, V.S. (2006). Melt inclusion record of magmatic immiscibility in crustal and mantle magmas. In Melt Inclusions in Plutonic Rocks (Webster, J.D., ed.). Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, 36, 81–98.Google Scholar

Kanitpanyacharoen, W. and Boudreau, A. (2013). Sulfide-associated mineral assemblages in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Platinum-group element enrichment by vapor refining by chloride–carbonate fluids. Mineralium Deposita, 48, 193–210.Google Scholar

Keays, R.R. (1982). Palladium and iridium in komatiites and associated rocks: Application to petrogenetic problems. In Komatiites (Arndt, N.T. and Nisbet, E.G., eds.). Berlin: Springer, 435–457.Google Scholar

Keays, R.R. (1989). Formation of platiniferous sulfide horizons by crystal fractionation and magma mixing in the Munni Munni layered intrusion, West Pilbara Block, Western Australia. Economic Geology, 84, 1775–1804.Google Scholar

Keays, R.R. (1995). The role of komatiitic and picritic magmatism and S-saturation in the formation of ore deposits. Lithos, 43(1), 1–18.Google Scholar

Keays, R.R. and Lightfoot, P.C. (2010). Crustal sulfur is required to form magmatic Ni–Cu sulfide deposits: Evidence from chalcophile element signatures of Siberian and Deccan Trap basalts. Mineralium Deposita, 45(3), 241–257.Google Scholar

Keays, R.R. and Tegner, C. (2016). Magma Chamber Processes in the Formation of the Low-sulphide Magmatic Au–PGE Mineralization of the Platinova Reef in the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland. Journal of Petrology, 56, 2319–2340.Google Scholar

Keays, R.R., Lightfoot, P.C. and Hamlyn, P.R. (2012). Sulfide saturation history of the Stillwater Complex, Montana: Chemostratigraphic variation in platinum group elements. Mineralium Deposita, 47, 151–173.Google Scholar

Kelemen, P.B., Dick, H.J.B. and Quick, J.E. (1992). Formation of harzburgite by pervasive melt/rock reaction in the upper mantle. Nature, 358, 635–641.Google Scholar

Kelemen, P., Hirth, G., Shimizu, N., Spiegelman, M. and Dick, H. (1997). A review of melt migration processes in the adiabatically upwelling mantle beneath oceanic spreading ridges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 355, 283–318.Google Scholar

Kelemen, P.B., Shimizu, N. and Salters, V.J.M. (1995). Extraction of mid-ocean-ridge basalt from the upwelling mantle by focused flow of melt in dunite channels. Nature, 375, 747–753.Google Scholar

Keller, T. and Katz, R.F. (2016). The role of volatiles in reactive melt transport in the asthenosphere. Journal of Petrology, 57(6), 1073–1108.Google Scholar

Keller, T., Katz, R.F. and Hirschmann, M.M. (2017). Volatiles beneath mid-ocean ridges: Deep melting, channelised transport, focusing, and metasomatism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 464, 55–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Khitarov, N.I., Lebedev, Ye.B., Dorfman, A.M. and Bagdasarov, N.Sh. (1979). Effects of temperature, pressure, and volatiles on the surface tension of molten basalt. Geochemistry International, 16(5), 78–86.Google Scholar

Kinloch, E.D. (1982). Regional trends in the platinum-group mineralogy of the Critical zone of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Economic Geology, 77, 1328–1347.Google Scholar

Kinloch, E.D. and Peyerl, W. (1990). Platinum-group minerals in various rock types of the Merensky Reef: Genetic implications. Economic Geology, 85, 537–555.Google Scholar

Konnerup-Madsen, J. and Rosew-Hansen, J. (1982). Volatiles associated with alkaline igneous rift activity: Fluid inclusions in the Ilimaussaq intrusion and Gardar granite complexes (South Greenland). Chemical Geology, 37, 79–93.Google Scholar

Korzhinskii, D.S. (1959). Physicochemical Basis of the Analysis of the Paragenesis of Minerals. London, Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar

Korzhinskii, D.S. (1968). The theory of metasomatic zoning. Mineralium Deposita, 3, 222–231.Google Scholar

Kruger, F.J. (1990). The stratigraphy of the Bushveld Complex: A reappraisal and the relocation of the Main Zone boundaries. South African Journal of Geology, 93, 376–381.Google Scholar

Kruger, F.J. (1994). The Sr-isotopic stratigraphy of the western Bushveld Complex. South African Journal of Geology, 97, 393–398.Google Scholar

Kruger, F.J. and Marsh, J.S. (1982). Significance of 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the Merensky cyclic unit of the Bushveld Complex. Nature, 298, 53–55.Google Scholar

Kusebauch, C., John, T., Whitehouse, M.J., Klemme, S. and Putnis, A. (2015). Distribution of halogens between fluid and apatite during fluid-mediated replacement processes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 170, 225–246.Google Scholar

Kushiro, I. (1975). On the nature of silicate melt and its significance in magma genesis: Regularities in the shift of the liquidus boundaries involving olivine, pyroxene, and silica minerals. American Journal of Science, 275, 411–431.Google Scholar

Kushiro, I., Yoder, H.S. and Nishikawa, M. (1968). Effect of water on the melting of enstatite. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 79, 1685–1692.Google Scholar

Labotka, T.C. and Kath, R.L. (2001). Petrogenesis of the contact-metamorphic rocks beneath the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 113, 1312–1323.Google Scholar

Lackey, J.S. and Valley, J.W. (2004). Complex patterns of fluid flow during wollastonite formation in calcareous sandstones at Laurel Mountain, Mt. Morrison Pendant, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 116(1/2), 76–93.Google Scholar

Lake, E.T. (2013). Crystallization and saturation front propagation in silicic magma chambers. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 383, 182–193.Google Scholar

Lambert, D.D. and Simmons, E.C. (1988). Magma evolution in the Stillwater Complex, Montana: II. Rare earth element evidence for the formation of the J-M Reef. Economic Geology, 83, 1109–1126.Google Scholar

Langmuire, C.H. (1989). Geochemical consequences of in situ crystallization. Nature, 340, 199–205.Google Scholar

Larsen, R.B., Brooks, C.K. and Bird, D. K. (1992). Methane-bearing, aqueous, saline solutions in the Skaergaard intrusion, east Greenland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 112, 428–437.Google Scholar

Latypov, R., O’Driscoll, B. and Lavrenchuk, A. (2013). Towards a model for the in situ origin of PGE reefs in layered intrusions: Insights from chromitite seams of the Rum Eastern Layered Intrusion, Scotland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 166, 309–327.Google Scholar

Latypov, R. and 16 others (2015). A fundamental dispute: A discussion of “On some fundamentals of igneous petrology” by Bruce D. Marsh, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (2013) 166: 665–690. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 169, DOI 10.1007/s00410-015-1108-9Google Scholar

Latypov, R., Costin, G., Chistyakova, S., Hunt, E.J., Mukherjee, R. and Naldrett, A. (2018). Platinum-bearing chromite layers are caused by pressure reduction during magma ascent. Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02773-wGoogle Scholar

Laurenz, V., Fonseca, R.O.C., Ballhaus, C. and Sylvester, P.J. (2010). The solubility of palladium in picritic melts: 1. The effect of iron. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, 2989–2998.Google Scholar

Laurenz, V., Fonseca, R.O.C., Ballhaus, C., Jochum, K.P., Heuser, A. and Sylvester, P.J. (2013). The solubility of palladium and ruthenium in picritic melts: 2. The effect of sulfur. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 108, 172–183.Google Scholar

Le Guen, Y., Renard, F., Hellmann, R., Brosse, E., Collombet, M., Tisserand, D. and Gratier, J.P. (2007). Enhanced deformation of limestone and sandstone in the presence of high PCO2 fluids. Journal of Geophysical Research – Solid Earth, 112(B5), B05421.Google Scholar

Le Roux, V., Bodinier, J.-L. Alard, O., O;Reilly, S.Y. and Griffin, W.L. (2009). Isotopic decoupling during porous melt flow: A case-study in the Lherz peridotite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 279, 76–85.Google Scholar

Lee, C.A. and Butcher, A.R. (1990). Cyclicity in the Sr isotope stratigraphy through the Merensky and Bastard Reef units, Atok section, eastern Bushveld Complex. Economic Geology, 85, 877–883.Google Scholar

Lee, C.-T.A. and Morton, D.M. (2015). High silica granites: Terminal porosity and crystal settling in shallow mama chambers. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 409, 23–31.Google Scholar

Leeman, W.P. and Dasch, E.J. (1978). Strontium, lead, and oxygen isotopic investigation of the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 41, 47–59.Google Scholar

Lenormand, R., Touboul, E. and Zarcone, C. (1988). Numerical models and experiments on immiscible displacements in porous media. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 189, 165–187.Google Scholar

Li, C. and Boudreau, A.E. (2017). The origin of high Cu/S sulfides by shallow level degassing in the Skaergaard Intrusion, East Greenland. Geology, 45(12), 1075–1078.Google Scholar

Li, C. and Ripley, E.M. (2005). Empirical equations to predict the sulfur content of mafic magmas at sulfide saturation and applications to magmatic sulfide deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 40, 218–230.Google Scholar

Li, C. and Ripley, E.M. (2009). Sulfur contents at sulfide-liquid or anhydrite saturation in silicate melts: Empirical equations and example applications. Economic Geology, 104, 405–412.Google Scholar

Li, C., Ripley, E.M., Oberthür, T, Miller, J.D. and Joslin, G.D. (2008). Textural, mineralogical and stable isotope studies of hydrothermal alteration in the main sulfide zone of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe and the precious metals zone of the Sonju Lake Intrusion, Minnesota, USA. Mineralium Deposita, 43, 97–110.Google Scholar

Li, C., Ripley, E.M., Sarkar, A., Shin, D. and Maier, W.D. (2005). Origin of phlogopite-orthopyroxene inclusions in chromites from the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Contributions to Mineralogy Petrology. 150, 119–130.Google Scholar

Li, H. and Hermann, J. (2015). Apatite as an indicator of fluid salinity: An experimental study of chlorine and fluorine partitioning in subducted sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 166, 267–297.Google Scholar

Liebscher, A., Barnes, J.D. and Sharp, Z.D. (2006). Chlorine isotope vapor-liquid fractionation during experimental fluid-phase separation at 400 °C/23 MPa to 450 °C/42 MPa. Chemical Geology 234, 340–345.Google Scholar

Lin, S. and Popp, R.K. (1984). Solubility and complexing of Ni in the system NiO-H2O-HCl. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48, 2713–2722.Google Scholar

Lindsley, D.H. (1983). Pyroxene thermometry. American Mineralogist, 68, 477–493.Google Scholar

Lipin, B.R. (1993) Pressure increases, the formation of chromite seams, and the development of the Ultramafic series in the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Journal of Petrology, 34, 955–976.Google Scholar

Lipman, P.W., Banks, N.G. and Rhodes, J.M. (1985). Degassing-induced crystallization of basaltic magma and effects on lava rheology. Nature, 317, 604–607Google Scholar

Liu, Y., Samaha, N.-T. and Baker, D.R. (2007). Sulfur concentration at sulfide saturation (SCSS) in magmatic silicate melts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 1783–1799.Google Scholar

Locmelis, M., Pearson, N.J., Barnes, S.J. and Fiorentini, M.L. (2011). Ruthenium in komatiitic chromite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75 (13), 3645–3661.Google Scholar

Locmelis, M., Fiorentini, M.L., Barnes, S.J. and Pearson, N.J. (2013). Ruthenium variation in chromite from komatiites and komatiitic basalts – A potential mineralogical indicator for nickel sulfide mineralization. Economic Geology, 108, 355–364.Google Scholar

Locmelis, M., Fiorentini, M.L., Rushmer, T., Arevalo, R. Jr., Adamc, J. and Denyszyn, S.W. (2016). Sulfur and metal fertilization of the lower continental crust. Lithos, 244, 74–93.Google Scholar

Loferski, P.J. and Arculus, R.J. (1993). Multiphase inclusions in plagioclase from anorthosites in the Stillwater Complex, Montana: Implications for the origin of the anorthosites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 114, 63–78.Google Scholar

Lofersky, P.J., Lipin, B.R. and Cooper, R.W. (1990). Petrology of chromite-bearing rocks from the lowermost cyclic units in the Stillwater Complex, Montana. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1674E, E1–E25.Google Scholar

Longhi, J. (1982). Effects of fractional crystallization and cumulus processes on mineral composition trends of some lunar and terrestrial rock series. Proceedings of the 13th Lunar Planet Science Conference, Journal of Geophysical Research 87, A54–A64.Google Scholar

Lorand, J.-P. and Alard, O. (2001). Platinum-group element abundances in the upper mantle: New constraints from in situ and whole-rock analyses of massif central xenoliths (France). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 2789–2805.Google Scholar

Lorenz, V. (1975). Formation of phreatomagmatic maar-diatreme volcanoes and its relevance to kimberlite diatremes. Physical Chemistry of the Earth, 9, 17–27.Google Scholar

Løseth, H., Wensaas, L., Arntsen, B., Hanken, N.-M., Basire, C. and Graue, K. (2011). 1000 m long gas blow-out pipes. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 28, 1047–1060.Google Scholar

Løvoll, G., Méheust, Y., Toussaint, R., Schmittbuhl, J. and Måløy, K.J. (2004). Growth activity during fingering in a porous Hele-Shaw cell. Physical Review E, 70, 02630–1. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.70.026301Google Scholar

Lowenstein, J.B. (1995). Application of silicate-melt inclusions to the study of magmatic volatiles. In Magmas, Fluids, and Ore Deposits (Thompson, J.F.H., ed.). Mineralogical Association of Canada, Short Course Series 23, 71–99.Google Scholar

Lubetkin, S.D. (2003). Why is it much easier to nucleate gas bubbles than theory predicts? Langmuir, 19, 2575–2587.Google Scholar

Luguet, A., Lorand, J.-P., Alard, O. and Cottin, J.-Y. (2004). A multi-technique study of platinum-group elements systematic in some ligurian ophiolitic peridotites, Italy. Chemical Geology, 208, 175–194.Google Scholar

Luguet, A., Shirey, S.B., Lorand, J.-P., Horan, M.F. and Carlson, R.W. (2007). Residual platinum-group minerals from highly depleted harzburgites of the Lherz massif (France) and their role in HSE fractionation of the mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 3082–3097.Google Scholar

Maier, D.W., Arndt, N.T. and Curl, E.A. (2000). Progressive crustal contamination of the Bushveld Complex: Evidence from Nd isotopic analyses of the cumulate rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 140(3), 316–327.Google Scholar

Maier, W.D. and Barnes, S.-J. (1998). Concentrations of rare earth elements in silicate rocks of the Lower, Critical and Main Zones of the Bushveld Complex. Chemical Geology, 150, 85–103.Google Scholar

Maier, W.D. and Barnes, S.-J. (2004). Pt/Pd and Pt/Ir Ratios in mantle-derived magmas: A possible role for mantle metasomatism. South African Journal of Geology, 107, 333–340.Google Scholar

Maier, W.D. and Barnes, S.-J. (2008). Platinum-group elements in the UG1 and UG2 chromitites, and the Bastard reef, at Impala platinum mine, western Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Evidence for late magmatic cumulate instability and reef constitution. South African Journal of Geology, 111, 159–176.Google Scholar

Maier, W.D., Barnes, S.-J. and Groves, D.I. (2013). The Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Formation of platinum-palladium, chrome and vanadium-rich layers via hydrodynamic sorting of a mobilized cumulate slurry in a large, relatively slowly cooling, subsiding magma chamber. Mineralium Deposita, 48, 1–56.Google Scholar

Maier, W.D., Karykowski, B.T. and Yang, S.-H. (2016). Formation of transgressive anorthosite seams in the Bushveld Complex via tectonically induced mobilisation of plagioclase-rich crystal mushes. Geoscience Frontiers, 7, 875–889.Google Scholar

Maier, W.D., Prichard, H.M., Barnes, S.J. and Fisher, P.C. (1999). Compositional variation of laurite at Union Section in the western Bushveld Complex. South African Journal of Geology, 102, 286–292.Google Scholar

Makovicky, E. and Karup-Møller, S. (2000). Phase relations in the metal-rich portions of the phase system Pt-Ir-Fe-S at 1000°C and 1100°C. Mineralogical Magazine, 64(6), 1047–1056.Google Scholar

Mangan, M. and Sisson, T. (2004). Delayed, disequilibrium degassing in rhyolite magma: Decompression experiments and implications for explosive volcanism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 183, 441–455.Google Scholar

Mangan, M. and Sisson, T. (2005). Evolution of melt-vapor surface tension in silicic volcanic systems: Experiments with hydrous melts. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, B01202. doi:10.1029/2004JB003215.Google Scholar

Mangan, M., Mastin, L. and Sisson, T. (2004). Gas evolution in eruptive conduits: Combining insights from high temperature and pressure decompression experiments with steady-state flow modeling. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 129, 23–36.Google Scholar

Magenheima, A., Spivack, A.J., Michael, P.J. and Gieskes, J.M. (1995). Chlorine stable isotope composition of the oceanic crust: Implications for Earth’s distribution of chlorine. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 131(3–4), 427–432.Google Scholar

Manning, C. E. (1994). The solubility of quartz in the lower crust and upper mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58(22), 4831–4839.Google Scholar

Marsh, B.D. (2004). A magmatic mush column Rosetta stone: The McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. EOS, 85, 497–502.Google Scholar

Marsh, B.D. (2013). On some fundamentals of igneous petrology. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 166(3), 665–690.Google Scholar

Mather, T.A., Witt, M.L.I., Pyle, D.M., Quayle, B.M., Aiuppa, A., Bagnato, E., Martin, R.S., Sims, K.W.W., Edmonds, M., Sutton, A.J. and Ilyinskaya, E. (2012). Halogens and trace metal emissions from the ongoing 2008 summit eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Hawai`i. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 83, 292–323.Google Scholar

Mathez, E.A. (1995). Magmatic metasomatism and formation of the Merensky reef, Bushveld Complex. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 119, 277–286.Google Scholar

Mathez, E.A. and Marcantonio, F. (1995). Sr isotopes and magma mixing in the Bushveld Complex. EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 76, F641.Google Scholar

Mathez, E.A. and Waight, T.E. (2003). Lead isotopic disequilibrium between sulfide and plagioclase in the Bushveld Complex and the chemical evolution of large layered intrusions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, 1875–1888.Google Scholar