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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2020

Norbert Götz
Affiliation:
Södertörns Högskola, Sweden
Georgina Brewis
Affiliation:
University College London
Steffen Werther
Affiliation:
Södertörns Högskola, Sweden
Type
Chapter
Information
Humanitarianism in the Modern World
The Moral Economy of Famine Relief
, pp. 342 - 356
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Abdulmejid I (Ottoman Sultan), 34
absence of humanitarian action, 13
abuse of aid, see misappropriation of aid
academics, aid appeals by, 114
accountability of aid, 219224, 291294
Ethiopian famine relief, 266291
Irish famine relief, 224245
moral economy of, 221224
Soviet famine relief, 245266
ad hoc humanitarianism, 4, 24, 28, 33, 302
accountability of aid in, 293294
limitations of, 170
Addis Ababa, 192
adoption of children, symbolic, 48, 112
adult feeding programmes, 180181
advertisements, use of, 116, 121
in accountability of aid, 123, 231, 263
criticism on costs of, 250253
Africa, Western conceptions of, 129, 137
Aftonbladet (newspaper, Sweden), 120
AFSC (American Friends Service Committee, USA), 49
Soviet famine relief by, 51, 96
conflicts with ARA, 188, 190, 248
aggression, famines resulting from, 304
agricultural machinery, as famine relief, 186187
aid workers
expatriate
in Ethiopian famine relief, 193
in Soviet famine relief, 249250
on gratitude of aid beneficiaries, 262
idealism of, 218
in-group solidarity of, 15
local, hiring of, 246
on misappropriation of aid, 287
sexual abuse by, 167, 175, 218, 306
working conditions of, 171
aid-in-kind, see in-kind relief
airlifting of aid, for Ethiopian Famine, 191192, 201
allocation of aid, 144145
decision-making on, 145147, 213215
earmarking, 217
Ethiopian famine relief, 133, 191213
Irish famine relief, 149170
priority regimes in, 1922
Soviet famine relief, 170191
American Philanthropy Abroad (Curti), 25
Amin, Mohamed, 63, 116118, 137
AMR (American Mennonite Relief), 189
Anglican Church humanitarianism, 77
anonymity of aid beneficiaries, 295296
anti-communism, Soviet famine relief affected by, 50, 9698, 214
anti-famine contracts, 11
ARA (American Relief Administration), 29, 51
child-focused charity by, 48
professionalisation of, 5556
Soviet famine relief by, 5253, 56, 9597, 109, 179, 265
accountability of, 245250, 256257, 261265
allocation of aid, 172173, 177, 183184
conflicts with other organisations, 188190
food remittance programme, 46, 113116, 173175, 180, 183, 185, 249
fundraising strategies, 100102, 105
medical aid, 182
overhead costs, 253254
Special Funds for the Relief of Individual Cases of Suffering, 185
ARC (American Red Cross), 28, 121
fundraising campaigns by, 125
Soviet famine relief by, 182
archives of relief organisations, 308
Article 19 (human rights organisation), 207
Assab (Ethiopia), 191
asymmetric power relations, between donors and beneficiaries of aid, 222224, 300301
attacks on aid convoys, in famine relief for Tigray and Eritrea, 201
‘Austria für Afrika’ (song), 132
authoritarian regimes, and famine, 9
Baker, George B. (ARA head of public relations), 253
Band Aid (Trust), 59
accountability of aid by, 266, 276, 278282, 286, 290, 294
allocation of aid by, 133, 195196, 199, 211213
and resettlement programme, 210
underspending accusations, 284
fundraising by, 270, 283
launching of, 65
success of, 67, 127130, 134136
banks, role of
in Irish famine relief, 165
Barder, Sir Brian, 135
Barnes, Julius H., 110
Barnes, Nicoll, 104
Barnett, Michael, 25
BBC television broadcasts on Ethiopian Famine, 116118
Belafonte, Harry, 130, 210
Benedict XV (pope), 48
beneficiaries of aid
accountability towards, 290
agency of, 309
anonymity of, 295296
asymmetric power relations with donors of aid, 222224, 300301
direct contact with donors, 113, 262264
gratitude of, 110, 220, 295, 300
evidence in accounting reports of, 246248, 261266
repayment offers, 115116
use in fundraising campaigns of, 259
registration of, 217
selection of, 2021, 184185
suspicions of donor motivations of, 214, 306
symbolic empowerment of, 73
voices of, 245, 301, 303
Biafra crisis (1960s), 5960
international relief effort for, 31
origins of expressive humanitarianism in, 58
bills of exchange, use for monetary donations, 164165
biscuits, Oxfam, 202
Bitter Harvest (film, Gill), 118
Blue Peter Appeal (UK), 133, 280
Boltanski, Luc, 18
bookkeeping, moral, 221
Borton, John, 309
Boston, Irish famine relief from
accountability of, 235238
fundraising for, 9192
Boston Repeal Association, 90
BRA (British Relief Association), 40
founding of, 75
Irish famine relief by
accountability of aid, 226228, 231232, 244
allocation of aid, 149155
fundraising campaigns, 78
Scottish famine relief by, 226
Bradish, David, 127
Brand Aid, 136
Brandt, Willy, 199
Braskén, Kasper, 113
Brauman, Rony, 286, 290
Brewis, Georgina, 29
Bruch, Ricky, 129
Buerk, Michael, 63, 116118, 137
Bulletin de la Société de Saint-Vincent de Paul, 241
Burritt, Elihu, 93
businesslike humanitarianism, 302
criticism of, 101, 251
in Ethiopian famine relief, 276, 291
in fundraising, 48, 60, 72
in Soviet famine relief, 104, 142, 183, 251252
Caffin, James Crawford, 150
Calcutta, Irish Relief Fund in, 78
Callaghan, Luc, 165
Canada
Ethiopian famine relief by
accountability of, 278
fundraising, 119, 131, 270
resettlement programme support, 205
famine-related Irish emigration to, 169
Irish diaspora in, 88
capitalism
and humanitarianism, 299300
rise of, 26
CARE, 118119, 286
Ethiopian famine relief by, 194, 199, 203, 281
accountability of, 277
and celebrity humanitarianism, 212
fundraising for, 125, 272, 277
and resettlement programme, 209
cash donations
versus in-kind relief, 146, 215216, 306
in Irish famine relief, 153155, 160166
Catholic Church
Irish famine relief by, 4043, 8288
accountability of, 235244, 293
allocation of aid, 161163
fundraising for, 78, 8088
Soviet famine relief by, 51
Caulfield, Charles, 7576
causal contribution appeals, 69, 142
causes of famine, 79
Sen’s theory of, 714
criticism on, 1014
Soviet Famine of 1920s, 97
targeting of relief towards, 185
CDAA (Churches Drought Action for Africa/Ethiopia), 194, 201
Cecil, Lord Robert, 105
celebrity humanitarianism, 65, 138
in fundraising
for Ethiopian famine relief, 127136, 210213
for Soviet famine relief, 112
persistence of, 306
reduced impact of, 303
Chanteurs sans Frontières, 131
Chapin, Harry, 130
charity, 1, 26, 298
child-focused, 4748
Christian obligation of, 81
consumerism in, 136, 143
humanitarianism based on, 73
influence through use of, 141
social psychology of, 73
‘charity begins at home’ slogan, 70, 95, 139
charity shops, 126, 277
children
charity/aid focused on, 4748, 216
in Ethiopian famine relief, 122, 202
in Irish famine relief, 232
in Soviet famine relief, 97101, 106, 112, 176177, 179181, 186
fundraising activities aimed at, 133134
images of suffering of, used in fundraising, 30, 100
symbolic adoption of, 48, 112
Chouliaraki, Lilie, 32, 307
Christian Aid, 124, 135
Ethiopian famine relief by
and relief for Tigray and Eritrea, 198, 274
and resettlement programme, 207
Christmas, charity appeals linked to, 124
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), on misappropriation of Ethiopian famine relief, 287
civil war in Ethiopia
famine relief causing prolongation of, 289
silence in fundraising for Ethiopian famine relief on, 122
Clay, Henry, 89
clothing
charitable donations of, 161
as in-kind relief, 216
Cold War
humanitarianism after, 3132
humanitarianism in, 12, 59, 214
Comic Relief, 135
Comité de secours pour l’Irlande (France), 41, 88, 163
Commercial Bank, 165
committees for humanitarian aid, 33
in Irish Famine, 37, 4243
in USA, 233
in Soviet Famine, 176177
communication strategies
in accountability of aid, 273274, 277, 293294
in fundraising campaigns, 71, 138141
for Soviet famine relief, 100102
social media use, 305
communist relief organisations, 53
in-group solidarity appeals by, 110113
Soviet famine relief by, 185188
compassion, 1718
conditionality of, 15
obstacles to, 299
Concern Worldwide, 209
conditionality of compassion, 15
consortia of aid organisations, emergence of, 194
constraints
supply-side, 1820
constraints of humanitarian aid, 15
consumerism, in charity, 136, 143
conversion, relief conditional upon, 80
Cork
famine relief in, 243244
famine-related migration to, 166
Cork Examiner (journal), 241
corn, as famine relief
in Irish Famine, 234
in Soviet Famine, 179
costs
of fundraising, 109, 277
of humanitarian aid, see overhead costs, accounting for
in Irish Famine, 38, 234
logistics, 148
transaction costs, 165
of live saving, 5, 142, 255256
countries of origin statements on relief goods, 247248
CRB (Commission for Relief in Belgium), 46, 220
CRC (Central Relief Committee, Ireland), 156157, 160
CRDA (Christian Relief and Development Association), 61
Ethiopian famine relief by, 62, 66, 195
rehabilitation programme, 210
and resettlement programme, 206207
credits for delivery of aid, claiming of, 216
Crolly, William (Archbishop of Armagh), 162, 237
CRS (Catholic Relief Services, USA), 123
Ethiopian famine relief by, 192, 209
fundraising for, 272
Cullen, Paul, 41, 8485, 162
Cultural Survival (research organisation, USA), 206, 267, 289
Curti, Merle, 25, 28, 33
Curtis, Richard, 135
Curzon, Lord George, 172
Daily Express (newspaper, UK), criticism on costs of SCF by, 251253, 256
Daily Mirror (newspaper, UK), 120
Davey, Eleanor, 208
death tolls, see victims of famine
DEC (Disasters Emergency Committee, UK), 62, 116, 119, 278
democracy, and famine, 9
Denmark, Soviet famine relief by, 53
depoliticisation of famine, 140
Ethiopian Famine, 122, 129
development aid versus emergency aid dilemma, 142, 160
Devereux, Stephen, 1213
de Waal, Alex, 11, 288, 290
diasporas, aid and fundraising by, 8890, 137
Irish diaspora, 42, 80, 225
Jewish diaspora, 107, 124, 175, 189, 264
Dibango, Manu, 202
Dickens, Charles, 19
digital humanitarians, 307
Dimbleby, Jonathan, 61
Dingle (Ireland), famine relief in, 164
diseases, famine-related, 158, 169, 181
distribution of famine relief
in Ethiopian Famine, 191, 201
in Irish Famine, 237, 241
in Soviet Famine, 171, 173, 175, 178
diversion of aid, see misappropriation of aid
diversity of humanitarianism, 302
‘Do They Know It’s Christmas?’ (song, Geldof and Ure), 128, 303
donations, humanitarian
Ethiopian famine relief
magnitude of, 269273, 291
underspending accusations, 283285
in kind, see in-kind relief
Irish famine relief, 224228, 233
Catholic Church, 238, 240241
markets for, 144
moral value of, 296297
Soviet famine relief, 254, 257258
donor community, 301
donor-driven aid, 17, 104, 125, 254, 309
food aid, 215
donors of aid
accountability focus on, 289, 291
assessments of aid by, 145
asymmetric power relations with aid beneficiaries of, 222224, 300301
backgrounds of, 227, 296297
direct contact with aid beneficiaries of, 113, 262264
fundraising focus on, 125127, 140, 142
emotional relief of giving emphasis, 258261
obligation to give emphasis, 107110
hierarchies of, 228230
motivations/interests of, 2, 6972, 103107, 144, 300, 307
suspicions by aid beneficiaries of, 214
public listing of, 221, 294
research focus on, 309
self-centredness of, 296, 307
Donovan, Daniel, 158, 167168
Dublin, soup kitchen in, 159160
Dufferin, Lord, 155
Duffield, Mark, 32, 307
Dutch Interchurch Aid, 198
dystopian horror scenarios, in denial of aid narratives, 107
earmarking of aid, 217
Ebrahim, Alnoor, 221, 292
economic reasoning
in fundraising campaigns, 104
economics
of humanitarian aid, 16
and morality, 300, see also moral economy
EEC (European Economic Community)
Ethiopian famine relief of, 6364, 66
criticism of, 198
food surpluses of, 63, 202
effective altruism movement, 146
effectiveness
of fundraising campaigns, 7273, 277
of humanitarian aid, 5, 155160, 246
efficiency, 302
accountability of aid based on, 291
allocation of aid based on, 144, 183185
elites
European
and Irish Famine, 35
obligation to provide relief felt by, 23
Soviet, 177
emergencies
complex, 13
gendered perceptions of, 74
scale of, 33
emergency structures
disruptive nature of, 14
emigration/resettlement
resulting from famine, 167170, 173
as solution for famine, 64, 92
emotional relief of giving, 121, 258261
Empire of Humanity (Barnett), 25
empowerment, fundraising emphasis on, 130
encyclicals, papal
on Irish famine relief, 8284
entitlements, see rights
to aid/famine relief, 72, 302
doubts about, 138141
in Irish Famine, 74, 93
to food, 1213
Sen on, 10
to subsistence, 23, 36
ERA (Eritrean Relief Association), 124, 198
ERC (European Relief Council, USA), 50, 171
ERD (Emergency Relief Desk), 124, 198, 200, 278
Eritrean Famine, 124
public awareness of, 137
relief for, 191192, 197201
accountability of, 274, 288, 294
ethics
of fundraising, 72, 141143
humanitarian, 14, 16
Ethiopian Famine of 1980s, 5657
domestic relief efforts
accountability of, 268
resettlement programme, 64
fundraising for, 65, 121127, 276277
and resettlement programme, 206
celebrity activism in, 127136
media coverage of, 6163, 116121
transnational famine relief, 4, 6367, 129136
accountability of, 266291
allocation of aid, 133, 191214
and gratitude of beneficiaries, 295
media coverage of, 202, 204, 207, 269, 274, 284, 286, 289, 296
‘Ethiopie’ (song, Chanteur sans Frontières), 131
ethnicity, fundraising focus in kinship in, 107
Europe
abundance of food in, 118
guilt feelings over, 120, 142
Irish Famine from, 34
evangelical movement, in Great Britain
moralist attitude towards Great Irish Famine by, 36
exchange rates, manipulation of, 292
by Ethiopian government, 289
by Russian government, 245
expenditures on aid
in Ethiopian famine relief, 274275, 282
in Irish famine relief, 38
in Soviet famine relief, 247, 254
expressive humanitarianism, 4, 2425, 32, 5761, 121, 303
accountability of aid in, 294
businesslike practices in, 276
and celebrity activism, 136
and Ethiopian Famine, 6163, 67
and media coverage of humanitarian aid, 215
persistence of, 303307
FAI (Fondo Aiuti Italani), 284
‘Famine, Affluence, and Morality’ (article, Singer), 5
‘famine shock’, 171
famine studies, 13
famines, 299
contemporary, 1213
governmental responsibilities for, 140141
media coverage of, 32, 140
scale of, 33
war-induced, 304
Fassin, Didier, 2021
fasting, as fundraising effort, 129, 134
feeding programmes
in Ethiopian famine relief, 202203
in Soviet famine relief, 180181
feminisation, of humanitarianism, 29
FEWVRC (Friends’ Emergency and War Victims Relief Committee, Great Britain), 49, 101
Soviet famine relief by, 184
films
of famines, as fundraising tool, 101, 118
of humanitarian aid, 55
as accountability tools, 274, 280, 294
Finkielkraut, Alain, 32, 303
Finucane, Jack, 207
First World War, humanitarian aid in, 46
Fisher, Harold Henry, 247, 254, 257, 265
Fitzpatrick, John Bernard, 88
Fizsbin, Michel, 207
Flynn, Jeffrey, 69, 142
Fonda, Jane, 131
food
abundance in West of, 120, 142
aid in form of, 215, see also in-kind relief
child-focused, 216
in Ethiopian Famine, 201204, 268269
in Irish Famine, 151153, 158
misappropriation of, 287
in Soviet Famine, 215
distribution of
in Ethiopian Famine, 66, 191, 201
in Soviet Famine, 171, 173, 175, 178
entitlements to, 12
high energy/fortified, 216
as power tool, 12
‘Food for the North’ agreement (USA–Ethiopia), 200
Food for Peace programme (USA), 12
food riots, in Ireland, 35
Food and Trucks and Rock ‘n’ Roll (film, Band Aid), 280
Foot, Isaac, 106, 110
‘For a Million Years’ (Za milion godina, song, YU Rock Misija), 132
Forbes, Captain Robert Bennet, 235
France
fundraising for Ethiopian famine relief in, 131
Irish famine relief by, 35, 41, 8688, 163
accountability of, 238
Soviet famine relief by, 261
communist, 110
Fry, Ruth, 101, 184, 252, 258
FSR (Friends of Soviet Russia), 53
fundraising for Soviet famine relief by, 95, 102, 106
accountability of, 260
communication/public relations strategies, 107, 109112, 256
Soviet famine relief by, 186
accountability of, 185, 254
Agricultural Relief Unit, 186187
FUJ (Federation of Ukrainian Jews), 100
fundraising for Soviet famine relief by, 108, 256
fundraising, 136143
and accountability of aid, 250253, 292
and donor motivation, 6972
ethics of, 7273, 141143
for Ethiopian famine relief, 65, 121127, 276277
celebrity activism in, 127136
and resettlement programme, 206
for Irish famine relief, 4243
by Catholic Church, 41, 8088, 242
criticism of, 159
in Great Britain, 40, 7479
in USA, 8893
photographs used in, 30
for Soviet famine relief, 49, 54, 9496, 100, 114
and anti-communism in West, 9698
communication strategies, 98110
by communist relief organisations, 110113
individual appeals by Russians, 113116
success of, 6872, 139141
Galloway, George, 197
GCRC (General Central Relief Committee for All Ireland), 162, 168
Geldof, Bob, 61, 67, 196
on accountability of aid, 280
control over disbursement of funds by, 133, 195196
fundraising by, 65, 128, 135
personal motivation of, 127129
renewed efforts of, 303
in Sahel region, 211
gender, and perceptions of emergencies, 74
Germany
fundraising for Ethiopian famine relief in, 130131
fundraising for Irish famine relief in, 78
Soviet famine relief by, 182
fundraising strategies, 105
Gibson, Lydia, 187
Giddens, Anthony, 222
gifts-in-kind, see in-kind relief
Gill, Peter, 62, 118, 204
Giorgis, Dawit Wolde, 193
global aid regime, formation of, 59
Golden, L.B., 190
Gorky, Maxim, Soviet famine relief appeal by, 9394, 137138, 142
Gossin, Jules, 41, 8286
governance, mass starvation as failure of, 89
governments
dependence of relief organisations on, 292
of Ethiopia
and famine relief for rebel areas, 200
misappropriation of famine relief by, 287288
side-stepping by foreign donors of, 191
humanitarianism by, 214
in Ethiopia Famine, 266
in Irish Famine, 232
in Soviet Famine, 55
of Soviet Union
anti-capitalism of, 265
famine relief accounting by, 261
responsibilities for famines of, 140141
gratitude of aid beneficiaries, 110, 220, 295, 300
evidence in accounting reports of, 246248, 261266
fundraising use of, 259
repayment offers, 115116
Great Britain
humanitarianism in
ad hoc humanitarianism, 33
charity shops, 126
emergence of, 27
Ethiopian famine relief, 119, 126, 133136, 270, 278
governmental, 214
and imperialism, 29
Irish famine relief, 4, 3440, 43, 7479, 82, 149155, 225232, 238241, 244, 301
nationalism motive in, 106
organised humanitarianism, 4750
Soviet famine relief, 110, 172
Irish famine-related migration to, 167169
media coverage of famine in
Ethiopian Famine, 119
Protestant revival in, 26
Greatest Good Donation Calculator, 146
Greece, international aid for independence struggle of, 33
Groom, Simon, 280
Gurney, Samuel, 229
Haenning, Gitte, 131
Hall, Stuart, 135
Hamburg, fundraising for Irish famine relief in, 78
Hancke, Edith, 131
Hands across America event, 136
Harding, Warren, 103
Harrison, George, 128, 276
Harston, Henry Cooke, 152
Harvey, Jacob, 92
Haskell, Thomas L. (author), 27, 299
Haskell, William (ARA director in Moscow), 114, 250, 254
Help the Aged, 125
Hibernian Society (Charleston), 90
Hibernian Society (Philadelphia), 90
Hilferding, Rudolf, 25
historical analysis of humanitarianism, 24, 2433, 301
fresh look at, 1
research on, 4, 307310
A History of Humanitarianism (Salvatici), 26
Hoover, Herbert, 4647, 50, 52, 54, 142
on accountability of aid, 220
leadership of ARA by, 55, 95
role in Soviet famine relief by, 96, 171, 179
accountability of aid, 248
and self-interest motive, 103104
united relief front aspirations, 190
human rights
and Ethiopian resettlement programme, 205206
to subsistence, 23
humanitarian studies, 24
in South, 308
humanity, 15
common, theme of, 128, 130, 307
principle of humanitarianism, 1416, 20
‘Hungry for Change’ campaign (Oxfam), 126
hyperbolic language, use of, 121
Ibenat relief camp (Ethiopia), closing of, 204
ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross), 50
access to resettlers in Ethiopia demanded by, 205
humanitarian aid by, 56
Eritrea and Tigray famine relief, 200
in Ethiopian Famine, 194, 274
in Soviet Famine, 53
on misappropriation of Ethiopian famine relief, 197
ICRR (International Committee for Russian Relief), 53
Soviet famine relief by, 52, 54, 257, 266
criticism of, 190191
ideals of humanitarianism, 5, 1416, 20
identifiable victim effect, 70
IFTU (International Federation of Trade Unions), 53
impartiality, 14
of humanitarianism, 5, 1416, 217
imperialism, British
and humanitarianism, 29
in Ireland, 3637
in-group effects for charitable donations, 114
creation of, 71, 138139
exploitation of, 108
persistence of, 303
in-group solidarity
of humanitarian aid workers, 15
in-kind relief
appeals for, 134
in Ethiopian famine relief, 201204
in Irish famine relief, 160, 234
in Soviet famine relief, 178179, 183184
accountability of, 256257
versus cash donations, 146, 160166, 215216, 306
India
famine in, 9
fundraising for Irish famine relief in, 78
humanitarianism in, 29
Indian Relief Fund, 165
individuals
appeals for aid by, 109, 113116
moral motivations of, 1
responses to media coverage of famine by, 120121
information sharing, 217
inspections of aid, 176, 190
intelligentsia, Soviet famine relief aimed for, 114
InterAction (USA), 123, 209, 270, 277
The Irish Crisis (Trevelyan), 230231
Irish diaspora
fundraising for Irish famine relief by, 80, 8890, 225
remittances by, 42
Irish Famine (Great Irish Famine, 1840s), 36
British denial of existence of, 230232
British relief efforts in, 4, 34, 301
accountability of, 225232
allocation of aid, 149155
fundraising campaigns, 7479
and racial stereotyping, 214
deaths in Great Britain resulting from, 169
domestic relief, 224
media coverage of, 73
migrations resulting from, 167170
transnational relief, 3435, 4044, 8093, 161163
accountability of, 224245, 293
aid-in-kind versus monetary aid, 160166
regional distribution of, 162164
soup kitchens, 155160
Irish Relief Committee (Charleston), 90
Irish Relief Committee (New York), 9293
Irish Relief Committee (Philadelphia), 90
ISCU (International Save the Children Union), 48, see also SCF (Save the Children Fund)
Soviet famine relief by, 248, 257
Italy
Ethiopian famine relief by
accountability of, 267, 284
fundraising for, 64, 129130
fundraising for Irish Famine in, 86, 238
IWRF (Imperial War Relief Fund), 50, 105
Jackson, Michael, 130
James, John W., 90
Jamestown (ship), 42, 166, 234235
Jansson, Kurt, 63, 203
on accountability of Ethiopian famine relief, 288
on Band Aid, 196
on Ethiopian government role in famine relief, 196, 208
on private donations for Ethiopian famine relief, 270
on voluntary organisations in Ethiopian famine relief, role of, 65, 192
JDC (Joint Distribution Committee), Soviet famine relief by
accountability of, 264
conflicts with ARA, 188
fundraising for, 94, 107
Jebb, Eglantyne, 4748, 97, 261, 292
Jenden, Kevin, 195, 211
Jenden, Penny, 195, 212, 286
Jewish diaspora
airlifting of Ethiopian Jews fundraising by, 124
Soviet famine relief by, 175
accountability of, 264
criticism on, 189
fundraising for, 107
Jewish Life Here and There – Some Pictures and a Few Facts (pamphlet, Federation of Ukrainian Jews), 100
JRO (Joint Relief Operation), 194, 201
justice, 18
distributive, 221
humanitarianism based on, 73
Kim Jong-il, 305
Kollwitz, Käthe, 111
Korem relief camp (Ethiopia), media coverage of, 116, 129
Kouchner, Bernard, 60
Kragen, Ken, 130
Krause, Monika, 32
labour movement, humanitarianism of, 53
Laurent, Henri, 242
League of Nations
ambitions of, 56
Nansen's work for, 54
life-saving
costs of, 5, 142
public relations/communication strategies on, 255256
Live Aid concerts, 32, 65, 67, 128129, 133, 136, 280
Liverpool, Irish Famine refugees in, 168
logistics of aid, 147149, 217
in Ethiopian famine relief, 66, 191197
in Irish famine relief, 157
in Soviet famine relief, 170171, 173, 185187, 248249
London
fundraising for Irish famine relief in, 80, 239
long-term aid, see development aid versus emergency aid dilemma
Los Angeles Times (newspaper), 269
Louisiana, fund for rebuilding of black churches in, 301
Lousley, Cheryl, 121, 128
Lucas, Frederic, 81, 239240
lyrics of fundraising songs, 132, 143
MacHale, John (archbishop of Tuam), 162, 237
Mahony, James, 151
Malthus, Thomas Robert, 8
Mansion House Committee (Ireland), 37
markets for donations, 144
marriages between aid workers and local women, 176
Maul, Daniel, 51
Mauss, Marcel, 17, 300
means testing for aid allocation, 178
media coverage
of famine
Biafra crisis, 60
Ethiopian Famine, 6163, 116121
impact of, 32, 137, 140
Irish Famine, 40, 73, 81, 159
Soviet Famine, 102103, 173
of famine relief
in Ethiopia, 202, 204, 207, 269, 274, 284, 286, 289, 296
impact of, 215216
in Soviet Union, 55, 253, 265
medical aid, in Soviet famine relief, 181
Mekelle camp (Tigray), 203
Mennonite humanitarianism, 189
Mercury, Freddy, Live Aid performance of, 67
migrations, famine induced, 218
in Ethiopia, 197, 202
in Ireland, 167170
in Soviet Union, 173, 180
military humanitarianism, 304
military service, humanitarian work as alternative for, 49
misappropriation of aid
accountability of aid to counter fears of, 223, 228
in Ethiopian famine relief, 197, 214
fears of, 191, 267, 285290
to resettlers, 203
in Irish famine relief, 168
in Soviet famine relief, 175
prevention of, 249
mistrust of famine relief, 214215
monetisation of humanitarianism, 306
moral accounting, of Band Aid, 279
moral arguments for humanitarianism, 1, 5
analysis of, 2
fundraising emphasis on, 258260
moral economy, 1, 16, 300
alternative versions of, 298
of humanitarianism, 23, 2123, 299301, 309
and accountability, 221224
dilemmas in fundraising, 7273
food aid, 12, 69
Irish, 35, 93
paternalistic element of, 12
moral obligations to donate, 299
appeals to, 69, 73, 107110
moral value, of donations, 296297
MSF (Médecins Sans Frontières), 19, 219
aid allocation by, 146147
Ethiopian famine relief by, 66, 267
accountability of, 284285, 289290
fundraising for, 132, 272, 276277
and resettlement programme, 207209
founding of, 3132, 60
Mucha, Alfons Maria, 99
Münzenberg, Willi, 113, 261, 265
Murray, Daniel (archbishop of Dublin), 162, 237
musicians, humanitarian engagement of, 60, 127129, 131133
‘Nackt im Wind’ (song), 132
Nansen, Fridtjof, 100, 142
costs of travel by, 255
on necessity of governmental support for humanitarianism, 55
role in Soviet famine relief of, 5455, 97, 103, 177, 265
ICCR leadership, 5253, 190
nationalisation, of transnational humanitarianism, 4951
nationalism, in fundraising campaigns, 141, 221
for Soviet famine relief, 105106
natural law, entitlement to subsistence as, 23
NCWC (National Catholic Welfare Council, USA), 51
neo-liberalism, humanitarian, 306
NER (Near East Relief, USA), 47
Netherlands, fundraising in
for Ethiopian famine relief, 129
for Irish famine relief in, 82
for Soviet famine relief in, 261
New Internationalist (journal), 269
New York, Irish famine relief from
accountability of, 234, 236
fundraising for, 9293
New York Times (newspaper, USA), 120
NGOs (non-governmental organisations), use of term, 10, 245
North Korean Famine, 305
Norway, Soviet famine relief by, 103
Notre Dame (Paris) fire (2019), donations after, 298299, 301
Ó Gráda, Cormac, 299
O’Carroll, Redmund, 163
O’Keefe, Gus, 195, 206
obligations
of charity, Christian, 81
to donate, 23, 299
appeals to, 72, 107110
occupation, links between donors and beneficiaries through, 113114
OEOE (Emergency Operations in Ethiopia, UN), 63, 196
auditing of Ethiopian famine relief by, 267
‘Olive Leaf' pamphlets, 93
organised humanitarianism, 4, 2425, 138, 303
accountability of aid in, 293
emergence of, 2931
in Soviet famine relief, 4449, 183
Oriental famines, 296
origin, countries of
statement on relief goods of, 247248
other, British views of Ireland/Irish as, 37
Ottoman Empire
Greek struggle for independence from, international relief for, 33
and Irish Famine, 34
overhead costs, accounting for, 233, 246
by Band Aid Trust, 281282
in Soviet famine relief, 249256
Owen, Robert Dale, 89
Oxfam
Ethiopian famine relief by, 192, 204
accountability of, 274276, 288
allocation of aid, 193, 202
criticism of, 203
fundraising for, 119, 121123, 125, 207, 277
and resettlement programme, 207208
research by, 135
Page, Frank (ARA secretary), 114
Pankhurst, Alula, 206
Pankhurst, Richard, 206
Papal Relief Mission, 104
paternalistic model of moral economy, 2, 12
Paul, E. V., 240
Paulmann, Johannes, 3132
Peberdy, Max, 286
Peel, Robert, 37
Philadelphia, Irish famine relief from
accountability of, 234
fundraising for, 90
philanthropy, emergence of, 29
photographs, use in fundraising of, 30, 123
Pictet, Jean, 14, 20
Pigou, Frederick, 155
pity, 18, see also compassion
Pius IX (pope), Irish famine relief efforts by, 34, 41, 82, 8486
political goals
aid exploited for, 305
of humanitarian aid, 12, 16, 4647
anti-communist, 50, 214
Soviet famine relief, 104
politics, see also depoliticisation of famine
of Ethiopian Famine, 132
Polk, James K. (US president), 89
poor laws, Irish, 38
post-humanitarianism, 307
power
asymmetry between donors and beneficiaries, 222224, 300301
food as an instrument of, 12
principles of humanitarianism, 14
priority regimes in humanitarian aid allocation, 1922
professionalisation of humanitarian aid, 48, 5556
in Soviet famine relief, 184, 250
protest, means of, 1011
Protestant Church, Irish famine relief by, 80
Protestant revival, 26
Protestants, Irish
Catholic famine relief for, 243
public health, utilitarian approaches in, 21
public sector, see governments
public works schemes, in Irish Famine, 38, 158
Punch (magazine, UK), 79
Quaker humanitarianism, 49
communication/public relations strategies, 101
Irish famine relief, 38, 42, 155160
accountability of aid, 227, 232233, 244
Soviet famine relief, 51, 96, 172, 179, 181, 184
conflicts with ARA, 188, 190
overhead costs of, 252
state support sought for, 56
quasi-accounts, of Ethiopian famine relief, 274
Quisling, Vidkun, 176
R2P (responsibility to protect principle), 304
railway network, Soviet, 170
rationality
of charitable donations, 69
of fundraising by relief organisations, 7072
recipes for soup, in Irish famine relief, 159160
recipients of aid, see beneficiaries of aid
reciprocity in famine relief, 139
Record (SCF magazine), 94, 9697, 99, 102
accountability of, 294
costs of fundraising, 251
nationalism motive, 106, 248
and self-interest motive, 105
Red Cross/Crescent movement, 14, 28, see also ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross)
in Sweden, 172, 178
in USA, see ARC (American Red Cross)
rehabilitation programmes, Ethiopian, 210, 216
Relief Association for Ireland (USA), 91
relief camps/shelters, Ethiopian, 202, 204
Relief Committee of Skibbereen, 75
relief organisations, 10, see also voluntary relief organisations
accountability of aid by, 220
communication strategies in, 273275
archives of, 308
communist, 53
appeals to in-group solidarity by, 110113
conflicts between, 188191
co-operation/coordination between
in Ethiopian famine relief, 194, 277278
in Soviet famine relief, 172173, 217
fundraising by
communication/public relations strategies, 18, 100102, 106110, 127, 255256
criticism on costs of, 250253
rationality of, 7072
individual appeals to, 109, 113116
needs assessments by, 145
newcomers, 210213, 217
accountability of aid by, 278283, 290
in Ethiopian famine relief, 194
religious dimensions of humanitarian action, 22, 108
resettlement
Ethiopian government programme of, 64
and famine relief, 204210, 288289
in Irish Famine, 166
REST (Relief Society of Tigray), 124, 198, 200
RFRF (Russian Famine Relief Fund), 257
Rickard, Edgar (ARA associate director), 249
rights, see entitlements, see also human rights
assertion of, 11
riots, see violent behaviour, as means of protest
in Ireland, 35
Ritchie, Lionel, 130
Robertson, Sir Benjamin, 172, 176178, 180
Roddy, Sarah, 228
Rogol, Marty, 211
Rosmini, Antonio, 82
RRC (Relief and Rehabilitation Commission, Ethiopia)
distrust of, 61, 286
and international donor organisations, 193, 208
monitoring of famine relief by, 267, 269
and United Nations, 196
rule of rescue, 147
Russell, Lord John, 38, 83, 229
Russia, see Soviet Union
Rusted, Philip, 280
Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (Vatican), 41
Salvatici, Silvia, 26
Saratov province (Soviet Union), famine relief in, 172173, 176, 180
SCF (Save the Children Fund), 29, 4749
Ethiopian famine relief by, 192, 199
accountability of, 288
and resettlement programme, 207
fundraising for Ethiopian famine relief by, 122, 134, 272, 277
fundraising for Soviet famine relief by, 49, 94, 97, 142
accountability of, 257
communication and public relations, 98100, 102, 104, 106107, 255
criticism on costs of, 250253
kitchen system, 108109, 255
fundraising for Yemen famine relief by, 299
national chapters of, 50
professionalisation of, 55
Soviet famine relief by, 171172
accountability of, 248, 250251, 257258, 296
and adult feeding programmes, 180181
governmental support for, 55
soup kitchens, 176178
School Aid (UK), 134, 279
Schull (Ireland), famine relief in, 164
Scotland, famine relief for, 40, 76, 154, 226
Second World War, German Hunger Plan for Soviet Union in, 11
selection
of aid categories, 274
of aid recipients, 2021, 184185
self-interest
fundraising emphasis on, 103107
motivation for humanitarian action, 307
self-reliance of crisis-affected populations, emphasis on, 307
self-sacrifice, of donors who have little to give, 259
Sen, Amartya, 161, 306
on causes of famine, 810, 13
criticism on, 1014
on entitlement to subsistence, 23
sentimental exchange culture, 128
sexual abuse, by aid workers, 167, 176, 218, 306
Singer, Peter
on cost of live saving, 142
on entitlement to subsistence, 23
on famine relief, importance of, 1, 3, 5
on Notre Dame donations, 298
on obligation to help, 15
on selection of aid recipients, 20
Skibbereen (Ireland)
famine in, 82, 93
media coverage of, 137
relief for, 154155
famine-related migration from, 167168
famine-related migration to, 166
Relief Committee of, 75
Slattery, Michael, 162
Smith, H., 74
social media, role in humanitarian communication, 305
solidarity
communist, 110113
in-group, of aid workers, 15
Somalian Famine, 304
soup kitchens, see feeding programmes
in Irish Famine, 38, 166
effectiveness of, 155160
in Soviet Famine, 176178
children only policies of, 180181
South, humanitarian studies in the, 308
Soviet Russia (journal), 173
Soviet Union
Ethiopian famine relief by, 64
famine in Second World War in, 11
famine of 1920s in, 4445
domestic famine relief for, 265
famine relief accountability, 245266
famine relief allocation, 170191
fundraising for relief for, 93116
transnational famine relief for, 4, 5056, 94113, 214
Soyer, Alexis, 159
Special Fund for the Spiritual Exigencies of Ireland, 80
Spectator (journal), 180
Sport Aid, 135
SRC (Swedish Red Cross), Soviet famine relief by, 172, 178
starvation, mass
as failure of governance, 89
intentional, 1113
stereotyping of Irish/Ireland, in Great Britain, 7576, 214, 225
Strange, Julie-Marie, 228
strangers, aid to
moral economy approaches to, 19
moral obligation of, 69
Strategy for Salvation (film, ICRC), 274
Strauss, Lewis, 107, 264
Stringer, Guy, 212
Strum, Harvey, 170
subsistence, entitlement to, 23, 36
Sudan
famine refugees from Tigray and Eritrea in, 197
food aid to, 12
suffering stranger appeals, 69, 142
supply side of humanitarian aid, 17
constraints in, 1920
Survival International, 206
SVP (Society of St Vincent de Paul), 28, 44
Irish famine relief by, 41
accountability of, 241244, 293
allocation of aid, 163
fundraising for, 43, 82
Sweden, famine relief for Ethiopia by, 64
accountability of, 278
fundraising for, 123, 126127, 129130, 134, 272
media coverage of, 120, 287
Switzerland, fundraising for Irish Famine in, 84
symbolic empowerment of aid beneficiaries, 73
Tablet (journal, Great Britain)
accountability of Catholic aid in, 236, 239241
on Irish Famine/famine relief, 40, 81
Taithe, Bertrand, 228, 307
‘Tears Are Not Enough’ (song), 132
technology, humanitarianism influenced by, 307
telephone donations, introduction of, 129
Thompson, E. P.
on entitlement to subsistence, 23
moral economy concept of, 1, 300
Tigray Famine, 124
public awareness of, 137
relief for, 191192, 197201, 203
accountability of, 274, 288, 294
Times (newspaper, UK), 76
Townsend, Richard B., 7576, 154, 167, 227
TPLF (Tigray People's Liberation Front), 287288
transactions costs, 165
transnational humanitarianism, 140141
historical analysis of, 4, 2728, 137
motivations for, 19, 301
nationalisation of, 4951
transparency of aid distribution
lack of, 237, 241
promotion of, 244
Trevelyan, Charles, 40, 75, 153154, 230232, 245
triage systems, in humanitarian aid, 1922
triggers of famine, 12
Trotsky, Leon, 104
trust
lack of, 245
need for fostering of, 123
Tyrrell, Ian, 29
underspending of donations, accusations of
in Ethiopian famine relief, 283285
UNICEF
Ethiopian famine relief by, 199
fundraising by, 127
United Nations, and Ethiopian Famine, 6263, 196
universalism, humanitarian, 14
The Unknown Famine (documentary film, Dimbleby), 61
URA (United Relief Association), 150
Ure, Midge, 128
USA
famine-related Irish emigration to, 169
humanitarianism in
ad hoc humanitarianism, 33
anti-communist goals of, 50
emergence of, 2729
Ethiopian famine relief, 6364, 128, 130, 136, 193, 270, 282283
governmental, 214
Irish famine relief, 35, 4143, 8893, 227, 233235, 244
organised humanitarianism, 4647
political use of, 12
Soviet famine relief, 5051, 9596, 103, 172173, 188190
USA for Africa (United Support of Artists for Africa organisation), 130, 133, 136, 210211
accountability of aid by, 266, 282284, 290
USAID
disaster relief by, 291
on Ethiopian famine relief accountability, 267, 270, 288
and Ethiopian resettlement programme, 205, 209
famine relief for Tigray and Eritrea by, 200
utilitarianism, in public health, 21
Van Schaick, Myndert, 92
Vasset, Brigitte, 117, 290
Vatican, Irish famine relief by, 34, 8486, 161163, see also Catholic Church
accountability of, 238
Vaux, Tony, 202203, 281, 286, 288
Ventura, Gioacchino, 8586
Vera (Russian rag doll), 259
victims of famine
children, fundraising focus on, 30, 98101
entitlements to aid of, 138141
of Ethiopian Famine, 57
in resettlement programme, 205
in India, 10
of Irish Famine, 36, 3839
in Great Britain, 169
of Soviet Famine
moral worth of, 96
selection for famine relief of, 176
sympathy for, 7
voices of, 137138
Victoria (Queen of Great Britain and Ireland), 40
and gendered perceptions of emergencies, 73
and Irish famine relief, 7677, 229
violent behaviour, as means of protest, 1011
rights/entitlements to, 23
visibility of aid, as goal in itself, 293
voices
of aid beneficiaries, 137, 301, 303
of famine victims, 137138
Volga region, famine relief in, 173
voluntary relief organisations
in Ethiopian Famine, 65, 192
accountability of aid, 269278
aid management by, 193
food aid by, 201202
fundraising by, 65, 119, 127
and resettlement programme dilemmas, 205210
in Irish Famine, 75
fundraising by, 3943
research on history of, 308
rise of, 60
VRS (Volga Relief Society), Soviet famine relief by, 173
accountability of, 264
fundraising for, 94
Walker, Brian, 212
Wall Street Journal (newspaper), 289
Walzer, Michael, 73
War on Want, 118119
Ethiopian famine relief by, 197
accountability of, 273, 288
for Eritrea and Tigray, 199
fundraising for, 122123, 126, 134, 272, 276
warfare, starvation as a means of, 1113
wars
famines resulting from, 304
humanitarian aid in, 30
Watson, Brad, 251252, 254
Watts, Arthur, 181
‘We Are the World’ (song, Jackson & Ritchie), 131, 143
wealth, calculations of, 178
Weardale, Lord, 106107
Weber, Max, 302
Webster, Laurence, 177, 179, 181
Wellington, Duke of (Arthur Wellesley), 7374
West
abundance of food in, guilt feelings on, 120, 142
Africa conceptualisations of, 129, 137
aid appeals from secessionist Ethiopian liberations fronts to, 123124
anti-communism of, and Soviet famine relief, 9698
culpability for Soviet Famine of, 94, 112
observers on Ethiopian famine relief convoys from, 286
WFP (World Food Programme, UN), 21
accountability of aid by, 266
famine relief in North Korea by, 305
Whig party (UK), moralist attitude towards Irish Famine by, 36
Williams, David, 125
WIR (Workers’ International Relief), 53
founding of, 110
Soviet famine relief by, 185188
accountability of, 246, 259261
fundraising for, 95, 112
‘With Love from Band Aid’ (report), 280
women
in humanitarian aid work, 30
sexual exploitation by aid workers of, 176
women’s liberation movement, first wave, 29
Workers’ Bonds
famine relief through sale of, 188
World Bank
resettlement advice to Ethiopia from, 204
World Vision, 121, 199
YCare International, 125
Yemen, famine in, 298299, 304
YU Rock Misija (rock band), 132
Yugoslavia, fundraising for Ethiopian famine relief in, 132
Zangwill, Israel, 101, 107
Zavatti, Francesco, 82

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  • Index
  • Norbert Götz, Södertörns Högskola, Sweden, Georgina Brewis, University College London, Steffen Werther, Södertörns Högskola, Sweden
  • Book: Humanitarianism in the Modern World
  • Online publication: 17 July 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108655903.008
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  • Index
  • Norbert Götz, Södertörns Högskola, Sweden, Georgina Brewis, University College London, Steffen Werther, Södertörns Högskola, Sweden
  • Book: Humanitarianism in the Modern World
  • Online publication: 17 July 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108655903.008
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  • Index
  • Norbert Götz, Södertörns Högskola, Sweden, Georgina Brewis, University College London, Steffen Werther, Södertörns Högskola, Sweden
  • Book: Humanitarianism in the Modern World
  • Online publication: 17 July 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108655903.008
Available formats
×