Chapter 2 describes the neurological underpinnings of human cognition and learning, including the roles of neurons, synapses, neurotransmitters, neurogenesis, glial cells (especially astrocytes), and consolidation. The chapter also describes key brain structures and stresses the fact that the left and right hemispheres work in close collaboration in almost any mental task (i.e., there is virtually no such thing as exclusively “left-brain” or “right-brain” thinking in a normal human brain). The brain’s development is traced from the prenatal period through adulthood, with discussions of synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, myelination, the adolescent brain, and lifelong plasticity. The chapter’s “Being Strategic” section offers strategies for brain health for both oneself and others (e.g., a physical exercise, plenty of sleep, and a reasonable amount of intellectual stimulation).