Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-jbqgn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-03T00:47:39.823Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Fifteen - The Role of Aegean Imports and Aegeanizing Wares in the Phoenician Cemetery of al-Bass, Tyre

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 May 2024

Stefanos Gimatzidis
Affiliation:
Austrian Archaeological Institute, Vienna
Get access

Summary

The use of Aegean pottery – comprising a few drinking vases – is rather limited in the Iron Age cemetery of al-Bass in Tyre despite the large number of investigated tombs. This finding stands in contrast to the evidence recovered from the excavations at the settlement site of Tyre, on the ancient island, where a broad range of typologically variable Greek ceramics came to light. Nevertheless, the imported wares at the settlement seem to be represented by even lower percentages than those at the cemetery. This paper aims to analyse this discrepancy through various perspectives that include examination of typology, functionality, social dynamics and economics. The conclusions drawn from this analysis suggest that these non-local artefacts did not significantly alter the way in which the community of Tyre consumed wine. Instead, their deposition in burial and possibly other social contexts can be associated with issues of social status manipulation.

Type
Chapter
Information
Greek Iron Age Pottery in the Mediterranean World
Tracing Provenance and Socioeconomic Ties
, pp. 456 - 475
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aubet, M. E. 2004. The Phoenician Cemetery of Tyre-Al Bass: Excavations 1997–1999. Beirut: Ministère de la culture, Direction générale des antiquités.Google Scholar
Aubet, M. E. 2006. ‘Burial, Symbols and Mortuary Practices in a Phoenician Tomb’. In Across Frontiers: Studies in Honour of D. Ridgway, edited by Herring, E., Lemos, I., Lo Schiavo, F., Vagnetti, L. and Whitehouse, R., 3547. London: Accordia Research Insititute, University of London.Google Scholar
Aubet, M. E. 2010. ‘The Phoenician Cemetery of Tyre’. NEA 73: 144–55.Google Scholar
Aubet, M. E. 2013. ‘Cremation and Social Memory in Iron Age Phoenicia’. In Ritual, Religion and Reason: Studies in the Ancient World in Honor of Paolo Xella, edited by Loretz, O., Ribicchini, S., Watson, W. G. E. and Zamora, J. A., 7787. Münster: Ugarit Verlag.Google Scholar
Aubet, M. E. 2016. ‘Las estelas de Tiro en su contexto arqueológico’. In ‘Lo mio maestro e ’l mio autore’: Studi in onore di Sandro Filippo Bondì, edited by Botto, M., Finocchi, S., Garbati, G. and Oggiano, I., 6772. Rome: Quasar.Google Scholar
Aubet, M. E. and Núñez, F. J.. 2008. ‘Cypriote Imports from the Phoenician Cemetery of Tyre, al-Bass’. In Networking Patterns of the Bronze and Iron Age Levant: The Lebanon and Its Mediterranean Connections, edited by Doumet-Serhal, C., Rabate, A. and Resek, A., 71104. London: Lebanese British Friends of the National Museum.Google Scholar
Aubet, M. E., Núñez, F. J. and Trellisó, L.. 2014. The Phoenician Cemetery of Tyre–Al Bass II: Archaeological seasons 2002–2005. Beirut: Ministère de la culture, Direction générale des antiquités.Google Scholar
Aubet, M. E., Núñez, F. J. and Trellisó, L.. 2016. ‘Excavations in Tyre 1997–2015: Results and perspectives’. Berytus 56: 314.Google Scholar
Bartoloni, P. 2017. ‘Il vino e il banqueto’. In La Sardegna fenicia e púnica: Storia e materiali, edited by Guirguis, M., 327–33. Nuoro: Ilisso.Google Scholar
Bikai, P. M. 1978. The Pottery of Tyre. Warminster: Aris & Philips.Google Scholar
Bikai, P. M. 1987. Phoenician Pottery of Cyprus, Nicosia: Leventis Foundation.Google Scholar
Boardman, J. 1959. ‘Greek Potters at Al Mina?’. AnatSt 9: 163–69.Google Scholar
Briese, C. and Docter, R., 1992. ‘Der phönizische Skyphos: Adaptation einer griechischen Trinkschale’. MM 33: 2569.Google Scholar
Carmona, P. and Ruiz, J. M.. 2004. ‘Geomorphological and Geoarchaelogical Evolution of the Coastline of the Tyre Tombolo’. In The Phoenician Cemetery of TyrE-Al Bass: Excavations 1997–1999, edited by Aubet, M. E., 207–19. Beirut: Ministère de la culture, Direction générale des antiquités.Google Scholar
Chapman, S. V. 1972. ‘A Catalogue of Iron Age Pottery from the Cemeteries of Khirbet Silm, Joya, Qraye and Qasmieh of South Lebanon’. Berytus 21: 55194.Google Scholar
Coldstream, J. N. 1979. ‘Geometric Skyphoi in Cyprus’. RDAC: 255–69.Google Scholar
Coldstream, J. N. 1995a. ‘Amathus Tomb NW 194: The Greek Pottery Imports’. RDAC: 187–98.Google Scholar
Coldstream, J. N. 1995b. ‘Greek Geometric and Archaic Imports from the Tombs of Amathus – II’. RDAC: 199214.Google Scholar
Coldstream, J. N. 1998. ‘The First Exchanges between Euboeans and Phoenicians: Who Took the Initiative?’. In Mediterranean Peoples in Transition. Thirteen to Tenth Centuries b.c.e. Studies in Honor of Professor Trude Dothan, edited by Gitin, S., Mazar, A. and Stern, E., 353–60. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Coldstream, J. N. 2000. ‘Exchanges between Phoenicians and early Greeks’. National Museum News 11: 3543.Google Scholar
Coldstream, J. N. 2003. Geometric Greece, 900–700 b.c. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Coldstream, J. N. 2008a. Greek Geometric Pottery. 2nd ed. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.Google Scholar
Coldstream, J. N. 2008b. ‘Early Greek Exports to Phoenician and the East Mediterranean’. In Networking Patterns of the Bronze and Iron Age Levant: The Lebanon and Its Mediterranean Connections, edited by Doumet-Serhal, C., Rabate, A. and Resek, A., 167–88. London: Lebanese British Friends of the National Museum.Google Scholar
Coldstream, J. N. and Bikai, P. M.. 1988. ‘Early Greek Pottery in Tyre and Cyprus: Some Preliminary Comparisons’. RDAC: 3543.Google Scholar
Courbin, P. 1977. ‘Une pyxis géométrique argienne (?) au Liban’. Berytus 25: 147–57.Google Scholar
Dayagi-Mendels, M. 2002. The Akhziv Cemeteries: The Ben-Dor excavations, 1941–1944. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desborough, V. R. d’A. 1980. ‘The Dark Age Pottery (SM–SPG III) from Settlement and Cemeteries’. In Lefkandi I: The Iron Age. Text. The Settlement, the Cemeteries, edited by Popham, M. R., Sackett, L. H. and Themelis, P. G., 281354. Oxford: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Docter, R. 2014. ‘The Phoenician Practice of Adapting Greek Drinking Vessels (Skyphoi and Kotylai)’. In El problema de las ‘imitaciones’ durante la protohistoria en el Mediterráneo centro-occidental: entre el concepto y el ejemplo, edited by Graells i Fabregat, R., Krueger, M., Sardà, S. and Sciotino, G., 6571. Tübingen: Wasmuth.Google Scholar
Doumet-Serhal, C. 1982. ‘Les tombes IV et V de Rachidiyeh’. Annales de Histoire et Archéologie 1: 89137.Google Scholar
Doumet-Serhal, C. 2008. ‘The Kingdom of Sidon and Its Mediterranean Connections’. In Networking Patterns of the Bronze and Iron Age Levant: The Lebanon and Its Mediterranean connections, edited by Doumet-Serhal, C., Rabate, A. and Resek, A., 170. London: Lebanese British Friends of the National Museum.Google Scholar
Gimatzidis, S. 2017. ‘Feasting à la grecque in Phoenicia and the Punic West’. In From the Mediterranean to the Atlantic: People, Goods and Ideas between East and West. 8th International Congress of Phoenician and Punic Studies, Italy, Sardinia. Carbonia, Sant’Antioco 21st–26th October 2013. Vol. 1, edited by Guirguis, M., 3944. Pisa: Fabrizio Serra editore.Google Scholar
Heurtley, W. A. 1935. ‘Note on Fragments of Two Thessalian Proto-Geometric Vases Found at Tell Abu Hawam’. QDAP 4: 181.Google Scholar
Hodos, T. 2006. Local Responses to Colonization in the Iron Age Mediterranean. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, R. E. 1986. Greek and Cypriot Pottery: A Review of Scientific Studies. Athens: The British School at Athens.Google Scholar
Kearsley, R. A. 1989. The Pendent Semicircle Skyphos: A Study of Its Development and Chronology and an Examination of It as Evidence for Euboean Activity at Al Mina. London: Institute of Classical Studies.Google Scholar
Lemos, I. 2002. The Protogeometric Aegean: The Archaeology of the Late Eleventh and Tenth centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Luke, J. 2003. Ports of Trade, Al-Mina and Geometric Greek Pottery in the Levant. Oxford: Archaeopress.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazar, E. 2001. The Phoenicians in Akhziv: The Southern Cemetery. Jerome L. Joss Expedition. Final Report of the Excavations 1988–1990. Barcelona: Universidad Pompeu Fabra.Google Scholar
Mazar, E. 2004. The Phoenician Family tomb n. 1 at the Northern Cemetery of Akhziv 10th–6th Century bce. Barcelona: Universidad Pompeu Fabra.Google Scholar
Mazar, E. 2009–10. The Northern Cemetery of Achziv (10th–6th centuries bce): The Tophet Site. The Sam Turner Expedition. Final Report of the Excavations 1992–2004. Barcelona: Universidad Pompeu Fabra.Google Scholar
McGovern, P. E. 2003. Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viticulture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Millán, M., Villate, E. and Bernúz, M.. 2004. ‘Palaeoecological Analysis of the Sedimentary Remains from the Phoenician Necropolis’. In The Phoenician Cemetery of Tyre-Al Bass. Excavations 1997–1999, edited by Aubet, M. E., 220–43. Beirut: Ministère de la culture, Direction générale des antiquités.Google Scholar
Nijboer, A. 2013. ‘Banquet, Marzeah, Symposion and Symposium during the Iron Age: Disparity and Mimicry’. In Regionalism and Globalism in Antiquity: Exploring Their Limits, edited by de Angelis, F., 95125. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Nitsche, A. 1986–87. ‘Bemerkungen zu Chronologie und Herkunft der Protogeometrischen und Geometrischen Importkeramik von Tyros’. HBA 13/14: 749.Google Scholar
Núñez, F. J. 2004. ‘Catalogue of Urns’. In The Phoenician Cemetery of Tyre-Al Bass. Excavations 1997–1999, edited by Aubet, M. E., 63203. Beirut: Ministère de la culture, Direction générale des antiquités.Google Scholar
Núñez, F. J. 2010. ‘Referencias secuenciales del repertorio cerámico fenicio metropolitano de la Edad del Hierro Tardío’. In Motya and the Phoenician Ceramic Repertoire between the Levant and the West 9th–6th Century bc, edited by Nigro, L., 4983. Rome: Missione Archeologica a Mozia.Google Scholar
Núñez, F. J. 2011. ‘Tyre-al Bass: Potters and Cemeteries’. In Ceramics of the Phoenician-Punic World: Collected Essays, edited by Sagona, C., 277–96. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Núñez, F. J. 2014. ‘The Ceramic Repertoire of the Iron Age’. In The Phoenician Cemetery of Tyre-Al Bass II. Archaeological Seasons 2002–2005, edited by Aubet, M. E., Núñez, F. J. and Trellisó, L., 261371. Beirut: Ministère de la culture, Direction générale des antiquités.Google Scholar
Núñez, F. J. 2015a. ‘The al-Bass Funerary Ceramic Set’. In Cult and Ritual on the Levantine Coast and Its Impact on the Eastern Mediterranean Realm, edited by Feiche, A. M., 1534. Beirut: Ministère de la culture, Direction générale des antiquités.Google Scholar
Núñez, F. J. 2015b. ‘Phoenician Early Iron Age Ceramic Interaction Dynamics’. In The Mediterranean Mirror: Cultural Contacts in the Mediterranean Sea between 1200 and 750 b.c. International Post-doc and Young Researcher Conference. Heidelberg, 6th–8th October 2012, edited by Babbi, A., Bubenheimer-Erhart, F., Marín-Aguilera, B. and Mühl, S., 111–28. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums.Google Scholar
Núñez, F. J. 2017. ‘The Tyrian Cemetery of al-Bass and the Role of Ceramics in the Phoenician Funerary Ritual’. Levant 49: 174–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Núñez, F. J. 2018. ‘Phoenician Colonial Plates and Their Sequential and Chronological Connections with the Motherland’. RStFen 45: 735.Google Scholar
Núñez, F. J. 2019. ‘Pottery and Trade’. In The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean, edited by López-Ruiz, C. and Dock, B. R., 329–48. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Núñez, F. J. and Aubet, M. E.. 2009. ‘Tyre al-Bass: Imported Material/Typology and Results’. In Interconnections in the Eastern Mediterranean: Lebanon in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Proceedings of the International Symposium, Beirut 2008, edited by Feiche, A.-M., 403–17. Beirut: Ministère de la culture, Direction générale des antiquités.Google Scholar
Sader, H. 1991. ‘Phoenician Stelae from Tyre’. Berytus 29: 101–26.Google Scholar
Saidah, R. 1966. ‘Fouilles de Khaldé: Rapport préliminaire sur la première et deuxième campagnes (1961–1962)’. Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth 19: 5190.Google Scholar
Saidah, R. 1971. ‘Objects grecs d’époque géométrique découverts récemment sur le littoral libanais (à Khaldé près de Beyrouth)’. Annales Archéologiques Syriennes 21: 193–98.Google Scholar
Saidah, R. 1977. ‘Une tombe de l’âge du Fer à Tambourit (région de Sidon)’. Berytus 25: 135–46.Google Scholar
Seeden, H. 1991. ‘A Tophet in Tyre?’. Berytus 39: 3987.Google Scholar
Vacek, A. 2014. ‘Euboean Imports at Al Mina in the Light of Recent Studies on the Pottery Finds from Woolley’s Excavation’. In Archaeometric Analyses of Euboean and Euboean Related Pottery: New Results and Their Interpretations. Proceedings of the Round Table Conference Held at the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Athens, 15 and 16 April 2011, edited by Kerschner, M. and Lemos, I. S., 141–56. Vienna: Austrian Archaeological Institute.Google Scholar
Villate, E. 2014. ‘Analysis of the Organic Material of Animal and Vegetal Origin’. In The Phoenician Cemetery of Tyre- Al Bass II: Archaeological Seasons 2002–2005, edited by Aubet, M. E., Núñez, F. J. and Trellisó, L., 503–4. Beirut: Ministère de la culture, Direction générale des antiquités.Google Scholar
Zamora, J. A. 2000. El vino y la vid en Ugarit. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×