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5 - Mineral transformations and biogeochemical cycles: a geomycological perspective

from II - Functional ecology of saprotrophic fungi

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2009

By
Geoffrey M. Gadd ,
Euan P. Burford ,
Marina Fomina  and
Karrie Melville
Edited by
Geoffrey Gadd ,
Sarah C. Watkinson  and
Paul S. Dyer
Geoffrey M. Gadd
Affiliation:
School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee
Euan P. Burford
Affiliation:
School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee
Marina Fomina
Affiliation:
School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee
Karrie Melville
Affiliation:
School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee
Geoffrey Gadd
Affiliation:
University of Dundee
Sarah C. Watkinson
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Paul S. Dyer
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
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Summary

Introduction

Rocks and minerals represent a vast reservoir of elements, many of them are essential to life. Bulk biological metals, such as Na, K, Mg and Ca, are among the eight most abundant elements in the Earth's crust and together make up 11.06% of crustal rock (Fraústo da Silva & Williams, 1993; Gadd, 2004). Rocks and minerals also include essential metals (e.g. Mn, Mo, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) and, crucial for microbial and plant growth, phosphorus. Many elements have essential functional potential for the synthesis of biological macromolecules and energy capture (e.g. C, N, H, O, P, S), for the transmission of information (e.g. Na, K, Ca), for catalysis (e.g. Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo), for transfer of electrons (e.g. Fe), and for building solid structures (e.g. Ca, P, Si) (Fraústo da Silva & Williams, 1993). All these elements must be released into bioavailable forms that can be assimilated by the biota. Their release occurs via weathering of rock substrates and their mineral constituents through physical (mechanical), chemical and biological processes (Burford et al., 2003). Near-surface weathering of rocks and minerals (sub-aerial and sub-soil environments) often involves an interaction between all three types (White et al., 1992). In addition to mobilization of essential nutrients during lithospheric weathering, non-essential toxic metals (e.g. Cs, Al, Cd, Hg, Pb) may also be mobilized (Gadd, 1993, 2001a, b).

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Fungi in the Environment , pp. 77 - 111
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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