Recurring Periods of Chaos in China

In a society with such a unique structure, a person needs to maintain a spirit of reflexivity at all times – the practice of inward self-examination, as discussed above. This is not only for his own sake but also for the sake of society at large. On the basis of this practice, social order can then be independently maintained without resorting to enforcement, as the situation in China makes clear enough. People here are well aware that they should be self-motivated to maintain social order and have already cultivated this habit as their second nature. (Where such a habit has not been cultivated, it indicates that the social structure has not been fully established.) If something more than individual action is required, certain scholars set an example for the people and illuminate them. In short, this means that Chinese society relies heavily on rationality, manners and customs during times of peace and prosperity, for it lacks either of the two powerful elements that would otherwise ensure peace – religion and state. Without these two, what is left of a society? The reason a well-governed society is well-governed is predicated on the reason a chaotic society is chaotic. Throughout history, periods of chaos ensue precisely when people “act without regard for any authority”. If a person acts with no regard for authority, it suggests that he is likely not to show respect for others and what is more, he is not likely to practice self-control, an attitude contrary to governance. This, of course, is the first point. But what is more important is that acting without regard for authority serves as the proof that manners and customs in a society have been allowed to break down. Manners and customs in fact anchor the social order in a society like China, with such a unique structure. They are considered to be most effective when an upsurge takes place in the society, and to be more effective when a limit is placed on people's behavior. Although the practice of these manners and customs is not subject to supervision by any institution, public opinion will serve as a mode of sanction.