In the twenty-first century, Brazil, like other Latin American countries, has promoted ethnic tourism as part of its neoliberal multicultural policies to legitimize cultural differences and celebrate the authenticity of indigenous and rural groups (Hale 2005). Yet the Brazilian government, including successive PT administrations, has devoted insignificant resources to developing the industry in quilombos and other rural communities. Different from countries such as China, where the state has pushed ethnic tourism in an attempt to alleviate poverty and preserve the traditional cultures of minority groups (Li, Turner, and Cui 2015), Brazil has not invested financially in ethnic tourism as a means to enhance rural, nonagricultural activities. Still, traditional communities, often marginalized and wage-labor poor, have marketed their culture in return for the promises of diversifying and increasing their incomes and thus securing their livelihoods. That is their hope. Though quilombola participation in ethnic tourism has been primarily motivated by economic possibilities, their decision has also been influenced by social, political, and cultural incentives, as analyzed in this chapter.