Beginning in 2007, the developed world has suffered a major financial and economic crisis, the latest stages of which we are still seeking to manage. It is certainly the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression and by some measures, in its global reach, the biggest financial crisis in the 200-year history of the modern capitalist system. So far – and I am confident that this will continue to be true – the real economic consequences have been nothing like as severe as the Great Depression, but they are still large, in lost wealth, lost income, lost employment.

What went Wrong and Why?

We have to learn the lessons of why this crisis occurred so that we can reduce the probability and the severity of a repetition. One thing is clear: the primary causes of this crisis came from within the financial system and not from the factors which lay behind, for instance, the crisis of the 1970s – inflationary fiscal and monetary policies, inflexible labour markets and over-powerful trade unions, and politically induced swings in commodity prices. True, in some countries – Greece in particular – long-term unsustainable public finance has played an important role; but in most what is striking is how rapidly public deficits and debt burdens which appeared sustainable before the crisis have become onerous in the face of financial turmoil.