Addressing the 17th century is no easy task. There are so many different kinds of society, of human (and, we must add, non-human) lives. The roles of European superpowers in this period were not straightforward, nor are they easy to comprehend. There has been and still is a tendency towards Eurocentric history writing, which makes us think from a European perspective. The violent history of the colonies in the Americas is a tragedy, and this traumatic experience is, most certainly, first and foremost the result of European expansion. But life in the Americas cannot, and this is important, be reduced to the European. The history of the Americas is far more complex and intricate, and we are only starting to grasp this interesting theme. Africa was violently tapped into via the slave trade during the same century, which also had a wide range of long-lasting effects. The 17th century is also marked by the fall, in 1644, of the Ming dynasty, a dynasty which had been powerful and influential far beyond the borders of China. The Moghuls still dominated much of south Asia. And along the eastern and southern borders of Europe this was a period in which the Ottoman Empire, although weakened, continued to play an important role. It was the time of the horrors of the Thirty Years’ War in which Europe became the scene of a destructive, partially anarchic and protracted era of violent conflict. This era of horror ended with the peace treaty at Westphalia, which established new political rules of lasting importance. The 17th century was also an era of technical developments, socio-economic change and fervent religious activities.