Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xm8r8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-15T07:03:11.906Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - It’s the Group, Not Just the Individual

Social Identity and Its Link to Exclusion and Extremism

from Part II - Drivers of the Exclusion–Extremism Link

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2024

Michaela Pfundmair
Affiliation:
Federal University of Administrative Sciences, Germany
Andrew H. Hales
Affiliation:
University of Mississippi
Kipling D. Williams
Affiliation:
Purdue University, Indiana
Get access

Summary

In this chapter, we first address the question of why groups are so much “better at” terrorism than individuals. Specifically, we argue that, when trying to explain terrorism, it makes more sense to consider people’s social identities than their personal identities, and thus to focus on the group rather than the individual. We present seven pieces of evidence for this idea. Subsequently, we describe studies in which we employ a new paradigm called “Bovenland” to study experimentally the role of multiple and ongoing threats to one’s social identity (in terms of exclusion) in explaining inaction, normative, and (extreme) nonnormative behavior. We conclude by articulating how and when threats to one’s social identity are associated with the need to restore one’s image by displaying violent behavior.

Type
Chapter
Information
Exclusion and Extremism
A Psychological Perspective
, pp. 166 - 183
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 596612. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. (2016). Moral disengagement: How people do harm and live with themselves. Worth.Google Scholar
Betus, A., Kearns, E. M., & Lemieux, A. (2019). Who’s a terrorist and who’s mentally ill? We looked at 10 years of news coverage to find out. Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/08/08/whos-terrorist-whos-mentally-ill-we-looked-years-news-coverage-find-out/Google Scholar
Caniglia, M., Winkler, L., & Métais, S. (2020). The rise of the right-wing violent extremism threat in Germany and its transnational character. European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center. www.esisc.org/publications/analyses/the-rise-of-the-right-wing-violent-extremism-threat-in-germany-and-its-transnational-characterGoogle Scholar
Cooper, H. H. A. (1978). Psychopath as terrorist: A psychological perspective. Legal Medical Quarterly, 2, 253262. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/medquar2&i=253Google Scholar
Corner, E., Gill, P., & Mason, O. J. (2016). Mental health disorders and the terrorist: A research note probing selection effects and disorder prevalence. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 39, 560568. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1120099CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crenshaw, M. (1981). The causes of terrorism. Comparative Politics, 13(4), 379399. https://doi.org/10.2307/421717CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Graaf, B., & Van den Bos, K. (2021). Religious radicalization: Social appraisals and finding redemption in extreme beliefs. Current Opinions in Psychology, 40, 5660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.028CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doosje, B., Loseman, A., & Bos, K. (2013). Determinants of radicalization of Islamic youth in the Netherlands: Personal uncertainty, perceived injustice, and perceived group threat. Journal of Social Issues, 69, 586604. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doosje, B., Moghaddam, F. M., Kruglanski, A. W., et al. (2016). Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 7984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doosje, B., Van Der Veen, J., & Klaver, L. (2018). Can societies experience post-traumatic growth after a terror attack? The influence of terror attacks on political, institutional, and social trust in European countries. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 12, 119. https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.645Google Scholar
Doosje, B., Zebel, S., Scheermeier, M., & Mathyi, P. (2007). Attributions of responsibility for terrorist attacks: The role of group membership and identification. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 1, 127141. https://doi.org/10.4119/ijcv-2749Google Scholar
Fadhlia, T. N., Sauter, D. A., & Doosje, B. (under review). A systematic review of the socio-ecological factors affecting resilience in refugees. University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Feddes, A. R., Nickolson, L., Mann, L., & Doosje, B. (2020). Psychological perspectives on radicalization. Routledge.Google Scholar
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, P., Clemmow, C., Hetzel, F., et al. (2021). Systematic review of mental health problems and violent extremism. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 32(1), 5178. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2020.1820067CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Global Terrorism Database (n.d.). University of Maryland. www.start.umd.edu/gtd/Google Scholar
Hardy, K. (2019). Countering right-wing extremism: Lessons from Germany and Norway. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 14(3), 262279. https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2019.1662076CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haslam, N., & Loughnan, S. (2014). Dehumanization and infrahumanization. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 399423. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hogg, M. A. (2021). Uncertain self in a changing world: A foundation for radicalisation, populism, and autocratic leadership. European Review of Social Psychology, 32(2), 235268. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1827628CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, M. A., & Mullin, B. A. (1999). Joining groups to reduce uncertainty: Subjective uncertainty reduction and group identification. In Abrams, D. & Hogg, M. A. (Eds.), Social identity and social cognition (pp. 249279). Blackwell.Google Scholar
Holt, L. (2019). Radicalisation in the laboratory: The role of injustice, need for justice and contempt. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Haslam, S. A., et al. (2015). Having a lot of a good thing: Multiple important group memberships as a source of self-esteem. PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0124609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kruglanski, A. W., Molinario, E., Jasko, K., et al. (2022). Significance-quest theory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(4), 10501071. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211034825CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M., Smith, L., & Phillips, S. (2003). Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 202214. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.10061CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415433. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550802073367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mogan, R., Fischer, R., & Bulbulia, J. A. (2017). To be in synchrony or not? A meta-analysis of synchrony’s effects on behavior, perception, cognition and affect. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 72, 1320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.03.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moghaddam, F. M. (2018). Mutual radicalization: How groups and nations drive each other to extremes. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000089-000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obaidi, M., Bergh, R., Akrami, N., & Anjum, G. (2019). Group-based relative deprivation explains endorsement of extremism among Western-born Muslims. Psychological Science, 30(4), 596-605. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619834879CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quarmley, M., Feldman, J., Grossman, H., et al. (2022). Testing effects of social rejection on aggressive and prosocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 48, 529545. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22026CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schubert, T. W., & Otten, S. (2002). Overlap of self, ingroup, and outgroup: Pictorial measures of self-categorization. Self and Identity, 1(4), 353376. https://doi.org/1529-8868/2002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shukla, N. (2019). Escalation to joining a radical group: The role of social exclusion. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In Worchel, S. & Austin, W. G. (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 724). Nelson-Hall.Google Scholar
Tausch, N., Becker, J. C., Spears, R., et al. (2011). Explaining radical group behavior: Developing emotion and efficacy routes to normative and nonnormative collective action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 129148. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022728CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, D. M., Wright, S. C., Moghaddam, F. M., & Lalonde, R. N. (1990). The personal/group discrimination discrepancy: Perceiving my group, but not myself, to be a target for discrimination. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16(2), 254262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167290162006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UN (2015). Analysis and recommendations with regard to the global threat from foreign terrorist fighters. www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2015_358.pdfGoogle Scholar
Van Bergen, D. D., Feddes, A. F., Doosje, B., & Pels, T. V. M. (2015). Collective identity factors and the attitude toward violence in defense of ethnicity or religion among Muslim youth of Turkish and Moroccan descent. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 47, 89100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.03.026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, S. C., Taylor, D. M., & Moghaddam, F. M. (1990). Responding to membership in a disadvantaged group: From acceptance to collective protest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 9941003. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.994CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×