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7 - Detecting the infectious disease consequences of climate change and extreme weather events

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

By
Paul R. Epstein
Edited by
P. Martens  and
A. J. McMichael
Paul R. Epstein
Affiliation:
Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
P. Martens
Affiliation:
Universiteit Maastricht, Netherlands
A. J. McMichael
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
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Summary

Introduction

According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 1996) 30 infectious diseases new to medicine emerged between 1976 and 1996. Included are HIV/AIDS, Ebola, Lyme disease, Legionnaires' disease, toxic Escherichia coli, a new hantavirus, a new strain of cholera and a rash of rapidly evolving antibiotic-resistant organisms. In addition, there has been a resurgence and redistribution of several old diseases on a global scale; for example, malaria and dengue (“breakbone”) fever carried by (vectored by) mosquitoes. The factors influencing this lability of infectious diseases are many and varied. They include urbanization, increased human mobility, long-distance trade, changing land-use patterns, drug abuse and sexual behaviours, the rise of antibiotic resistance, the decline of public health infrastructure in many countries, and a quarter century of predominantly anthropogenic climate change. This complex mix of potential influences means, of course, that the scientific task of attributing causation is difficult. This chapter discusses the types of evidence relevant to the detection of changes in infectious disease occurrence in response to climatic variations and trends.

Arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks are extremely sensitive to climate. Throughout the past century public health researchers have understood that climate circumscribes the distribution of mosquito-borne diseases, while weather affects the timing and intensity of outbreaks (Gill, 1920, 1921; Dobson& Carper, 1993). Paleoclimatic data (Elias, 1994) demonstrate that geographical shifts of beetles have been closely associated with changes in climate.

Type
Chapter
Information
Environmental Change, Climate and Health
Issues and Research Methods
 , pp. 172 - 196
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2002

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