“1990 Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Guatemala,” 1990, September 7, Case ID 95122240, Document No. E1529, Guatemala Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

“Agreement on the Strengthening of Civilian Power and the Role of the Armed Forces in Democratic Society,” 1996, September 19, Mexico City. Available from the Peace Accord Matrix: https://peaceaccords.nd.edu/accord/accord-firm-and-lasting-peace.Google Scholar

“Ambassador Calls on MOD and Discusses Topics Surrounding Military-to-Military Relationships,” 1993, June 29, Case ID 951222H5, Document No. E3371, Guatemala Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

“Background Information for Mr. Lake’s November 21 Meeting with Jennifer Harbury,” 1994, November 18, Case ID 951222D0, Document No. E4777A, Guatemala Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

“Cerezo Nixes Dialogue with Guerrillas,” 1986, November 4, Case ID 95122214, Document No. E5 [missing], Guatemala Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State, Guatemala City, Guatemala.Google Scholar

“Cocaine: A Supply Side Strategy,” 1989, June 15, U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

“Colombian Rebels Seek Status as Political Party,” 1988, The Globe and Mail (Canada), December 20.Google Scholar

“El Salvador Elections,” 1997, The Washington Post, March 17.Google Scholar

“En El 89, Washington Pensó En Enviar Tropas a Colombia,” 2010, El Tiempo, May 16.Google Scholar

“FMLN Begins Destruction of Arms,” 1992, December 1, Case ID F-2008–05748, Document No. C17582238, El Salvador Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

“FMLN Legalization – Contingent on Demobilization,” 1992, October 29, Case ID F-2008–05748, Document No. C17582252, El Salvador Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

“Guatemala Human Rights Practices, 1995,” 1996, March, Electronic Research Collections, U.S. Department of State and Federal Depository Library, Richard J. Daley Library, University of Illinois at Chicago.Google Scholar

“Guatemala Human Rights Report – 1991,” 1991, January 1, Case ID 95122249, Document No. E1869, Guatemala Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

“Guatemala Meeting with President Ramiro de Leon Carpio,” 1994, February 15, Case ID 95122295, Document No. E3698A, Guatemala Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

“Guatemala: Negotiating Peace to Foster Democracy,” 1994, May 1, Case ID 951222H0, Document No. E6131, Guatemala Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

“Guatemalan Guerrillas Deny Issuing Truce Communique,” 1986, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, March 8.Google Scholar

“Guatemalan President Views Visit to Mexico,” 1986, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, July 4.Google Scholar

“Harbury/Bamaca Case: Supporting MINUGUA,” 1994, January 4, Case ID 95122293, Document No. E3627, Guatemala Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

“Re: GOES/FMLN Talks,” 1991, September 18, 7pp., Box No. CF00196B2, Latin American Directorate Files, Bush Presidential Records.Google Scholar

“Report in Spanish Re Michael Vernon Devine Case,” 1990, June 9, Case ID 95122236, Document No. E1395, Guatemala Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

“Returning Exiles Test Guatemala’s New ‘Democracy’,” 1993, Guardian Weekly, May 16.Google Scholar

“Review of Key Issues,” 1992, November 14, Case ID 95122270, Document No. E2715, Guatemala Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

“US Policy toward Guatemala,” 1994, February 24, Case ID 95122297, Document No. E3758, Guatemala Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

Abrahms, Max, 2008, “What Terrorists Really Want,” International Security, 32: 78–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acharya, Amitav, Lizée, Pierre, and Peou, Sorpong, eds., 1989, Cambodia – The 1989 Paris Peace Conference (Toronto: Centre for International and Strategic Studies).Google Scholar

Acosta, Benjamin, 2014. “From Bombs to Ballots: When Militant Organizations Transition to Political Parties,” The Journal of Politics, 76, 3: 666–683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ake, Claude, 1996, “Rethinking African Democracy.” In Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc F., eds., The Global Resurgence of Democracy, Second Edition (Baltimore, M.D.: Johns Hopkins University Press): 63–75.Google Scholar

Alberts, Susan, Warshaw, Chris, and Weingast, Barry R., 2012, “Democratization and Countermajoritarian Institutions: Power and Constitutional Design in Self-Enforcing Democracy.” In Ginsburg, Tom, ed., Comparative Constitutional Design (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press): 69–100.Google Scholar

Alden, Chris, 2005, “China in Africa,” Survival, 47, 3: 147–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allison, Michael E., 2006a, “Leaving the Past Behind? A Study of the FMLN and URNG Transitions to Political Parties,” Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State University.Google Scholar

Allison, Michael E., 2006b, “The Transition from Armed Opposition to Electoral Opposition in Central America,” Latin American Politics and Society, 48, 4: 137–162.Google Scholar

Allison, Michael E., 2009, “Opportunity Lost: The Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG).” In Dayton, Bruce and Kriesberg, Louise, eds., Conflict Transformation and Peacebuilding: Moving from Violence to Sustainable Peace (New York, N.Y.: Routledge): 188–203.Google Scholar

Álvarez, Alberto Martín, 2010a, “From Revolutionary War to Democratic Revolution: The Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) in El Salvador,” No. 9. In Dudouet, Véronique and Giessmann, Hans J., eds., Berghof Transition Series: Resistance/Liberation Movements and Transition to Politics (Berlin: Berghof Conflict Research).Google Scholar

Álvarez, Alberto Martín, 2010b, “Process of Change in Non-State Armed Groups: Learning from the Salvadorean Experience,” Unpublished paper presented at the International Studies Association, New Orleans, L.A., February 17–20.Google Scholar

Alvarez, Enrique, 2002, “The Grand National Dialogue and the Oslo Consultations: Creating a Peace Agenda,” Accord, 13: 44–47.Google Scholar

Amundsen, Inge, Abreu, Cesaltina, and Hoygaard, Laurinda, 2005, “Accountability on the Move: The Parliament of Angola,” CMI Working Paper 11 (Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute).Google Scholar

Andrade Casama, Luis Evelis, 2009, Author Interview, Bogotá, Colombia, 10 December.Google Scholar

Angrist, Joshua D., and Pischke, Jörn-Steffen, 2009, Mostly Harmless Econometrics (Princeton: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar

Annan, Kofi, 2003, “The Situation in Central America: Progress in Fashioning a Region of Peace, Freedom, Democracy and Development: United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala, Report of the Secretary-General,” United Nations General Assembly, A/58/267, August 11.Google Scholar

Antsee, Margaret J., 1996, Orphan of the Cold War: The Inside Story of the Collapse of the Angolan Peace Process, 1992–1993 (New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press).Google Scholar

Arnault, Jean, 2001, “Good Agreement? Bad Agreement? An Implementation Perspective,” Center for International Studies, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, N.J., Unpublished paper.Google Scholar

Arnson, Cynthia, 2012, “Introduction: Conflict, Democratization, and the State.” In Arnson, Cynthia, ed., In the Wake of War: Democratization and Internal Armed Conflict in Latin America (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press): 1–34.Google Scholar

Ash, Timothy G., 2001, “Is There a Good Terrorist?,” New York Review of Books, November 29.Google Scholar

Atlas, Pierre M. and Licklider, Roy, 1999, “Conflict among Former Allies after Civil War Settlement: Sudan, Zimbabwe, Chad, and Lebanon,” Journal of Peace Research, 36, 1: 35–54.Google Scholar

Azpuru, Dinorah, 1999, “Peace and Democratization in Guatemala: Two Parallel Processes.” In Arnson, Cynthia J., ed., Comparative Peace Processes in Latin America (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press): 97–126.Google Scholar

Azpuru, Dinorah, Mendoza, Carlos, Blanck, Evelyn, and Blanco, Ligia, 2004, “Democracy Assistance to Post-Conflict Guatemala: Finding a Balance between Details and Determinants,” CRU Working Paper 30 (The Hague: Clingendael Institute).Google Scholar

Azpuru, Dinorah, Finkel, Steven E., Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal, and Seligson, Mitchell A., 2008, “What Has the United States Been Doing?,” Journal of Democracy, 19, 2: 150–159.Google Scholar

Bagley, Bruce M, 1988, “Colombia and the War on Drugs,” Foreign Affairs 67, 1: 70–92.Google Scholar

Balcells, Laia and Steele, Abbey, 2016, “Warfare, Political Identities, and Displacement in Spain and Colombia,” Political Geography, 51: 15–29.Google Scholar

Baloyra, Enrique A, 1998, “El Salvador: From Despotism to Partidocracia.” In Kumar, Krishna, ed., Postconflict Elections, Democratization, and International Assistance (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers): 15–37.Google Scholar

Barnett, Michael N., 2006, “Building a Republican Peace: Stabilizing States after War,” International Security, 30, 4: 87–112.Google Scholar

Beardsley, Kyle, 2012, The Mediation Dilemma (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar

Beardsley, Kyle, 2013, “The UN at the Peacemaking-Peacebuilding Nexus,” Conflict Management and Peace Science, 30, 4: 369–386.Google Scholar

Beaulieu, Emily, 2014, Electoral Protest and Democracy in the Developing World (New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Bekoe, Dorina A., 2008, Implementing Peace Agreements: Lessons from Mozambique, Angola, and Liberia (New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bennett, Andrew and Checkel, Jeffrey T., eds., 2014, Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool (Strategies for Social Inquiry) (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Bentley, Kristina A. and Southall, Roger, 2005, An African Peace Process: Mandela, South Africa, and Burundi (Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press).Google Scholar

Betts, Richard K., 1994, “The Delusion of Impartial Intervention,” Foreign Affairs, 73, 6: 20–33.Google Scholar

Birnir, Jóhanna Kristín, 2006, Ethnicity and Electoral Politics (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Bjornlund, Eric C., 2004, Beyond Free and Fair: Monitoring Elections and Building Democracy (Baltimore, M.D.: Johns Hopkins University Press).Google Scholar

Blainey, Geoffrey, 1988, The Causes of War (New York, N.Y.: The Free Press).Google Scholar

Blaydes, Lisa, 2011, Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt (New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Boix, Carles and Svolik, Milan W., 2013, “The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions, Commitment, and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships,” The Journal of Politics, 75, 2: 300–316.Google Scholar

Boix, Carles and Stokes, Susan, 2003, “Endogenous Democratization,” World Politics, 55, 4: 517–549.Google Scholar

Borzyskowski, Inken and Vabulas, Felicity, 2014, “The Punishment Phase: IGO Suspensions after Political Backsliding,” Unpublished paper presented at Political Economy of International Organizations (PEIO), Princeton, N.J., January 16–18.Google Scholar

Boucher, Richard, 1993, “Guatemala: Suspension of Congress, Courts,” National Security Council, Office of Press and Communications, and Philip “PJ” Crowley, Clinton Digital Library, William J. Clinton Presidential Library and Museum, http://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/48515.Google Scholar

Boulding, Carew and Hyde, Susan D., 2005, “Political Terror, Election Fraud, and Foreign Aid: When Do Donors Withdraw Aid to Promote Democracy?,” Unpublished paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association (MPSA) National Annual Conference, Chicago, I.L., April 6–10.Google Scholar

Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M. and Jones, Bradford S., 2004, Event History Modeling: A Guide for Social Scientists (New York: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Brambor, Thomas, Clark, William Roberts, and Golder, Matt, 2006, “Understanding Interaction Models: Improving Empirical Analyses,” Political Analysis, 14, 1: 63–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brancati, Dawn and Snyder, Jack, 2011, “Rushing to the Polls: The Causes of Premature Postconflict Elections,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55, 3: 469–492.Google Scholar

Brancati, Dawn and Snyder, Jack, 2013, “Time to Kill: The Impact of Election Timing and Sequencing on Post-Conflict Stability,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 57, 5: 822–853.Google Scholar

Brancati, Dawn, 2014, “Democratic Authoritarianism: Origins and Effects,” Annual Review of Political Science, 17: 313–326.Google Scholar

Brooks, Stephen G. and Wohlforth, William C., 2000, “Power, Globalization, and the End of the Cold War: Reevaluating a Landmark Case for Ideas,” International Security, 25, 3: 5–53.Google Scholar

Brooks, Stephen G. and Wohlforth, William C., 2005, “Hard Times for Soft Balancing,” International Security, 30, 1: 72–108.Google Scholar

Brooks, Stephen G. and Wohlforth, William C., 2008, World out of Balance: International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar

Brown, Michael E., ed., 1996, The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, M.A.: MIT Press).Google Scholar

Brownlee, Jason, 2007, Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization (New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Brownlee, Jason, 2012, Democracy Prevention: The Politics of the US-Egyptian Alliance (New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Bush, Sarah Sunn, 2015, The Taming of Democracy Assistance: Why Democracy Promotion Does Not Confront Dictators (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Bush, Sarah Sunn and Prather, Lauren, 2016, “Third Party Monitors and the Credibility of Political Processes,” Unpublished paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Convention, Atlanta, G.A., March 16.Google Scholar

Butenschøn, Nils A. and Vollan, Kåre, 2011, “Electoral Quotas and the Challenges of Democratic Transition in Conflict-Ridden Societies: A Nordem Special Report,” The Norwegian Centre for Human Rights, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, September.Google Scholar

Büthe, Tim, 2002, “Taking Temporality Seriously: Modeling History and the Use of Narratives as Evidence,” American Political Science Review, 96, 3: 481–493.Google Scholar

Call, Charles T., 2002, “Assessing El Salvador’s Transition from Civil War to Peace.” In Stedman, Stephen J., Rothchild, Donald, and Cousens, Elizabeth, eds., Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers): 383–420.Google Scholar

Call, Charles T. with Wyeth, Vanessa, eds., 2008, Building States to Build Peace (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers).Google Scholar

Carothers, Thomas, 1997, “The Observers Observed,” Journal of Democracy, 8, 3: 17–31.Google Scholar

Carothers, Thomas, 1999, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace).Google Scholar

Carter, Brett L., 2016, “Why the Democratic Recession Will Be Brief: The View from Africa,” Journal of Democracy, 27, 3: 36–50.Google Scholar

Cederman, Lars-Erik, Hug, Simon, and Krebs, Lutz F., 2010, “Democratization and Civil War: Empirical Evidence,” Journal of Peace Research, 47, 4: 377–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cepeda Castro, Iván, 2006, “Genocidio Político: El Caso De La Unión Patriótica En Colombia,” Published online on Desaparecidos.org, Originally published in Revista Cetil, No. 2, September.Google Scholar

Chafee, John H., 1991, “Letter to President George H.W. Bush,” March 14, 2pp, Box No. CO046, 002807–094748. Bush Presidential Records.Google Scholar

Chayes, Abram and Chayes, Antonia Handler, 1995, The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements (Cambridge, M.A.: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar

Cheibub, José A. and Hays, Jude C., 2015, “Elections and Civil War in Africa,” Political Science Research and Methods, FirstView: 1–22.Google Scholar

Chenoweth, Erica, 2010, “Democratic Competition and Terrorist Activity,” The Journal of Politics, 72, 1: 16–30.Google Scholar

Chernick, Marc W., 1999, “Negotiating Peace amid Multiple Forms of Violence: The Protracted Search for a Settlement to the Armed Conflict in Colombia.” In Arnson, Cynthia J., ed., Comparative Peace Processes in Latin America (Stanford, C.A.: Stanford University Press): 159–196.Google Scholar

Claude, Inis L., 1966, “Collective Legitimization as a Political Function of the United Nations,” International Organization, 20, 33: 367–379.Google Scholar

Clayton, Govinda, 2013, “Relative Rebel Strength and the Onset and Outcome of Civil War Mediation,” Journal of Peace Research, 50, 5: 609–622.Google Scholar

Clinton, William J., 1994, “State of the Union Address (Transcript),” Accessed through Charlottesville, V.A.: Miller Center: http://millercenter.org/president/clinton/speeches/speech-3437.Google Scholar

Collier, David, 2011, “Understanding Process Tracing,” PS: Political Science and Politics, 44, 4: 823–830.Google Scholar

Collier, Paul, 2009, Wars, Guns, and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places, (New York, N.Y.: Harper Perennial).Google Scholar

Collier, Paul and Hoeffler, Anke, 1999, Justice-Seeking and Loot-Seeking in Civil War (Washington, D.C.: World Bank).Google Scholar

Collier, Paul and Hoeffler, Anke, 2004, “Aid, Policy and Growth in Post-Conflict Societies,” European Economic Review, 48, 5: 1125–1145.Google Scholar

Collier, Paul, Hoeffler, Anke, and Söderbom, Måns, 2008, “Post-Conflict Risks,” Journal of Peace Research, 45, 4: 461–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collier, Paul, Elliott, V. L., Hegre, Havard, Hoeffler, Anke, Reynal-Querol, Marta, and Sambanis, Nicholas, 2003, Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy, A World Bank Policy Research Report (Washington, D.C.: World Bank and Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Collier, Robert, 1995, “‘An Enduring ‘Nuisance’; Rebels Hang in against a Brutally Effective Army,” The Gazette, 5 March.Google Scholar

Cornick, Tully, 2014, Author Interview (Telephone), Washington, D.C., May 7.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W., North, Douglass C., and Weingast, Barry, 2013, “The Violence Trap: A Political-Economic Approach to the Problems of Development,” Unpublished paper presented at the CDDRL Special Director’s Seminar, Stanford University, Stanford, C.A., June 10.Google Scholar

Cronin, Audrey Kurth, 2009, How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar

Cunningham, David E., 2006, “Veto Players and Civil War Duration,” American Journal of Political Science, 50, 4: 875–892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cunningham, David E., 2007, “Responding to Multi-Party Civil Wars: Designing Peace Processes That Make Peace More Likely,” Paper presented at the American Political Science Association’s Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, August 30–September 2.Google Scholar

Cunningham, David E., Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede, and Salehyan, Idean, 2009, “It Takes Two: A Dyadic Analysis of Civil War Duration and Outcome,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53, 4: 570–597.Google Scholar

Dafoe, Allan, 2013, “First Do No Harm: The Risk of Modeling Temporal Dependence.” Unpublished paper presented at the 30th Annual Summer Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, V.A., July 18–20.Google Scholar

Dahl, Robert A., 2003, “Democratic Polities in Advanced Countries: Success and Challenge.” In Borón, Atilio, ed., New Worldwide Hegemony: Alternatives for Change and Social Movements (Amsterdam: Transnational Institute Publishing): 51–50.Google Scholar

Davenport, Christian, 2004, “The Promise of Democratic Pacification: An Empirical Assessment,” International Studies Quarterly, 48, 3: 539–560.Google Scholar

Daxecker, Ursula E., 2007, “Perilous Polities? An Assessment of the Democratization-Conflict Linkage,” European Journal of International Relations, 13, 4: 527–553.Google Scholar

De Jonge Oudraat, Chantal, 1996, “The United Nations and Internal Conflict.” In Brown, Michael E., ed., The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict (Cambridge, U.K.: MIT Press): 489–535.Google Scholar

De Soto, Alvaro, and del Castillo, Graciana, 1994, “Obstacles to Peacebuilding,” Foreign Policy, 94: 69–83.Google Scholar

De Zeeuw, Jeroen, 2005, “Projects Do Not Create Institutions: The Record of Democracy Assistance in Post-Conflict Societies,” Democratization, 12, 4: 481–504.Google Scholar

De Zeeuw, Jeroen, 2008, “Understanding the Transformations of Rebel Movements.” In De Zeeuw, Jeroen, ed., From Soldiers to Politicians: Transforming Rebel Movements after Civil War (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers): 1–32.Google Scholar

De Zeeuw, Jeroen, ed., 2008, From Soldiers to Politicians: Transforming Rebel Movements after Civil War (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers).Google Scholar

De Zeeuw, Jeroen, and Kumar, Krishna, 2006, Promoting Democracy in Postconflict Societies (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers).Google Scholar

Deonandan, Kalowatie, Close, David, and Prevost, Gary, eds., 2007, From Revolutionary Movements to Political Parties (New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar

Dermota, Ken, 1990, “Barco Lambasted for Not Protecting Presidential Field,” The Washington Times, April 30.Google Scholar

Derouen, Karl, Lea, Jenna, and Wallensteen, Peter, 2009, “The Duration of Civil War Peace Agreements,” Conflict Management and Peace Science, 26, 4: 367–387.Google Scholar

Diamond, Larry, 2006, “Promoting Democracy in Post-Conflict and Failed States: Lessons and Challenges,” Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 2, 2: 93–116.Google Scholar

Dobbins, James, 2003, America’s Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq (Santa Monica, C.A.: RAND Corporation).Google Scholar

Dobbins, James, 2008, “Europe’s Role in Nation Building,” Survival, 50, 3: 83–110.Google Scholar

Dobbins, James, Jones, Seth G., Crane, Keith, Rathmell, Andrew, Steele, Brett, Teltschik, Richard, and Timilsina, Anga, 2005, The UN’s Role in Nation-Building from the Congo to Iraq (Santa Monica, C.A.: RAND Corporation).Google Scholar

Dobbins, James, Jones, Seth G., Crane, Keith, and DeGrasse, Beth Cole, 2007, The Beginner’s Guide to Nation-Building (Santa Monica, C.A.: RAND Corporation).Google Scholar

Dobbins, James, Jones, Seth G., Crane, Keith, Chivvis, Christopher S., Radin, Andrew, Larrabee, F. Stephen, Bensahel, Nora, Lawson, Brooke Stearns, and Goldsmith, Benjamin W., 2008, Europe’s Role in Nation-Building: From the Balkans to the Congo (Santa Monica, C.A.: RAND Corporation).Google Scholar

Donno, Daniela, 2013, Defending Democratic Norms: International Actors and the Politics of Electoral Misconduct (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Downes, Alexander B., 2011, “To the Shores of Tripoli? Regime Change and Its Consequences,” Boston Review, 36, 5: 429–436.Google Scholar

Downes, Alexander B. and Monten, Jonathan, 2013, “Forced to Be Free: Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Rarely Leads to Democratization,” International Security, 37, 4: 90–131.Google Scholar

Downes, Alexander B. and O’Rourke, Lindsey A., 2016, “You Can’t Always Get What You Want: Foreign-Imposed Regime Change and Interstate Conflict,” International Security, 41, 2: 43–89.Google Scholar

Downs, George W., Rocke, David M., and Barsoom, Peter N., 1996, “Is the Good News about Compliance Good News about Cooperation?,” International Organization, 50, 3: 379–406.Google Scholar

Doyle, Michael W., “Authority and Elections in Cambodia: Keeping the Peace.” In Doyle, Michael W., Johnstone, Ian, and Orr, Robert C., eds., 1997, Keeping the Peace: Multidimensional UN Operations in Cambodia and El Salvador (Cambridge U.K.: Cambridge University Press): 134–164.Google Scholar

Doyle, Michael W. and Sambanis, Nicholas, 2000, “International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis,” American Political Science Review, 94, 4: 779–801.Google Scholar

Doyle, Michael W. and Sambanis, Nicholas, 2006, Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar

Driscoll, Jesse, 2008, “Inside the Leviathan: Coup-Proofing after State Failure,” Stanford University, Stanford, C.A., Unpublished paper.Google Scholar

Duarte, José Napoleón and Page, Diana, 1986, Duarte: My Story (New York, N.Y.: G.P. Putnam’s Sons).Google Scholar

Dudley, Steven S., 2004, Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia (New York, N.Y.: Routledge).Google Scholar

Dunning, Thad, 2004, “Conditioning the Effects of Aid: Cold War Politics, Donor Credibility, and Democracy in Africa,” International Organization, 58, 2: 409–423.Google Scholar

Dunning, Thad, 2011, “Fighting and Voting: Violent Conflict and Electoral Politics,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55, 3: 327–339.Google Scholar

Durant, T. Clark and Weintraub, Michael, 2014, “How to Make Democracy Self-Enforcing after Civil War: Enabling Credible Yet Adaptable Elite Pacts,” Conflict Management and Peace Science, 31, 5: 521–540.Google Scholar

Eaton, Kent, 2006, “The Downside of Decentralization: Armed Clientelism in Colombia,” Security Studies, 15, 4: 533–562.Google Scholar

Eck, Kristine, 2009, “From Armed Conflict to War: Ethnic Mobilization and Conflict Intensification,” International Studies Quarterly, 53, 2: 369–388.Google Scholar

Eder, James F. and McKenna, Thomas M., 2008, “Minorities in the Philippines: Ancestral Lands and Autonomy in Theory and Practice.” In Duncan, Christopher R., ed., Civilizing the Margins: Southeast Asian Government Policies for the Development of Minorities (Singapore: National University of Singapore Press): 56–85.Google Scholar

Edwards, Aaron and Bloomer, Stephen, 2004, “A Watching Brief? The Political Strategy of Progressive Loyalism since 1994,” Conflict Transformation Papers 8 (Belfast, LINC Resource Centre).Google Scholar

Elkins, Zachery and Simmons, Beth A., 2005, “On Waves, Clusters and Diffusion: A Conceptual Framework,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 598, 1: 33–51.Google Scholar

Elklit, Jorgen and Svensson, Palle, 1997, “What Makes Elections Free and Fair?,” Journal of Democracy, 8, 3: 32–46.Google Scholar

Emmanuel, Nikolas and Rothchild, Donald, 2007, “Economic Aid and Peace Implementation: The African Experience,” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 1, 2: 171–188.Google Scholar

Evans, Gareth and Sahnoun, Mohamed, 2002, “The Responsibility to Protect,” Foreign Affairs, 81, 6: 99–110.Google Scholar

Evans, Michael, 2002, “Conditioning Security Assistance.” In Evans, Michael, “War in Columbia: Guerrillas, Drugs and Human Rights in US-Colombia Policy, 1988–2002,” National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 69, May 2.Google Scholar

Farah, Douglas, 1997, “Salvadorans Reminded of War’s Polarization; Ex-Rebels Lead in Polls for Midterm Elections, Provoking Furious Reaction on Right,” The Washington Post, February 23.Google Scholar

Farer, Tom J., 2004, “The Promotion of Democracy: International Law and Norms.” In Rich, Roland and Newman, Edward, eds., The UN Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality (Tokyo: United Nations University Press): 32–61.Google Scholar

Fazal, Tanisha, 2015, “Peace Treaties in Civil War.” In Wars of Law: Unintended Consequences in the Regulation of Armed Conflict, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, I.N., Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar

Fearon, James D., 1995, “Rationalist Explanations for War,” International Organization, 49, 3: 379–414.Google Scholar

Fearon, James D., 2004, “Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer Than Others?,” Journal of Peace Research, 41, 3: 275–301.Google Scholar

Fearon, James D., 2007, “Fighting Rather Than Bargaining,” Unpublished paper presented at 2007 Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, I.L., August 30–September 2.Google Scholar

Fearon, James D., 2010, “Governance and Civil War Onset,” World Development Report 2011 Background Paper, World Bank, Washington, D.C., August 31.Google Scholar

Fearon, James D., 2011, “Self-Enforcing Democracy,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126, 4: 1661–1708.Google Scholar

Fearon, James D. and Laitin, David D., 2003, “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War,” American Political Science Review, 97, 1: 75–90.Google Scholar

Fearon, James D. and Laitin, David D., 2004, “Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States,” International Security, 28, 4: 5–43.Google Scholar

Fearon, James D. and Laitin, David D., 2007, “Civil War Termination,” Unpublished paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, I.L., August 30–September 1.Google Scholar

Félix, Walter, 2013, Author Interview, Guatemala City, Guatemala, August 20.Google Scholar

Feste, Karen A., 2003, Intervention: Shaping the Global Order (New York, N.Y.: Praeger).Google Scholar

Fine, Jason P., and Gray, Robert J., 1999, “A Proportional Hazards Model for the Subdistribution of a Competing Risk,” Journal of the American Statistical Association 94, 446: 496–509.Google Scholar

Finkel, Steven E., Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal, and Seligson, Mitchell A., 2007, “The Effects of US Foreign Assistance on Democracy Building, 1990–2003,” World Politics, 59, 3: 404–439.Google Scholar

Finnemore, Martha, 1996, “Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention.” In Katzenstein, Peter, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press): 153–185.Google Scholar

Finnemore, Martha, 2003, The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar

Fish, Steven M. and Kroenig, Matthew, 2006, “Diversity, Conflict and Democracy: Some Evidence from Eurasia and East Europe,” Democratization, 13, 5: 828–842.Google Scholar

Flores, Thomas E. and Nooruddin, Irfan, 2009a, “Democracy Under the Gun: Understanding Post-Conflict Recovery,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53, 1: 3–29.Google Scholar

Flores, Thomas E. and Nooruddin, Irfan, 2009b, “Financing the Peace: Evaluating World Bank Post-Conflict Assistance Programs,” Review of International Organizations, 4, 1: 1–27.Google Scholar

Flores, Thomas E. and Nooruddin, Irfan, 2012, “The Effect of Elections on Post-Conflict Peace and Reconstruction,” Journal of Politics, 74, 2: 558–570.Google Scholar

Flórez, Enrique, 2010, Author Interview, Bogotá, Colombia, March 16.Google Scholar

Fortna, Virginia Page, 2004, “Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace after Civil War,” International Studies Quarterly, 48, 2: 269–292.Google Scholar

Fortna, Virginia Page, 2008, Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents’ Choices after Civil War (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar

Fortna, Virginia Page, 2015, “Do Terrorists Win? Rebels’ Use of Terrorism and Civil War Outcomes,” International Organization 69, 3: 519–556.Google Scholar

Fortna, Virginia Page and Huang, Reyko, 2012, “Democratization after Civil War: A Brush-Clearing Exercise,” International Studies Quarterly, 56, 4: 801–808.Google Scholar

Fortna, Virginia Page and Howard, Lise Morjé, 2008, “Pitfalls and Prospects in the Peacekeeping Literature,” Annual Review of Political Science 11: 283–301.Google Scholar

Fowler, Robert R., 2000, “Letter Dated 10 March 2000 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 864 (1993) Concerning the Situation in Angola,” United Nations Security Council, New York.Google Scholar

Franck, Thomas M., 1990, The Power of Legitimacy among Nations (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Frerks, Georg, 2006, The Use of Peace Conditionalities in Conflict and Post-Conflict Settings: A Conceptual Framework and a Checklist (The Hague: Clingendael Institute).Google Scholar

Fuentes, Juan Alberto and Carothers, Thomas, 1998, “Luces Y Sombras De La Cooperación Internacional.” In International IDEA, ed., Democracia En Guatemala: La Mision De Un Pueblo Entero (Stockholm, International IDEA): 214–219.Google Scholar

Fukuyama, Francis and McFaul, Michael, 2008, “Should Democracy Be Promoted or Demoted?,” The Washington Quarterly, 31, 1: 23–45.Google Scholar

Gandhi, Jennifer, 2008, Political Institutions under Dictatorship (Cambridge, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Gandhi, Jennifer and Lust-Okar, Ellen, 2009, “Elections under Authoritarianism,” Annual Review of Political Science, 12: 403–422.Google Scholar

Garbar, Larry, 1998, “Introduction.” In Kuman, Krishna, ed., Postconflict Elections, Democratization, and International Assistance (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers): 1–3.Google Scholar

García Durán, Mauricio, Loewenherz, Vera Grabe, and Hormaza, Otty Patiño, 2008, “M-19’s Journey from Armed Struggle to Democratic Politics: Striving to Keep the Revolution Connected to the People,” No. 1. In Dudouet, Véronique and Giessmann, Hans J., eds., Berghof Transition Series: Resistance/Liberation Movements and Transition to Politics, Berghof Conflict Research, Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar

Garst, Rachel, 1995, “Guatemala: United State Policy and the Guatemalan Peace Process,” WOLA Policy Brief, Washington Office on Latin America, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Geddes, Barbara, 2003, Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics (Ann Arbor, M.I.: University of Michigan Press).Google Scholar

Gellman, Barton, 1992, “Keeping the US First; Pentagon Would Preclude a Rival Superpower,” The Washington Post, March 11.Google Scholar

Gent, Stephen E., 2011, “Relative Rebel Strength and Power Sharing in Intrastate Conflicts,” International Interactions, 37, 2: 215–228.Google Scholar

Gerring, John, 2007, “Is There a (Viable) Crucial-Case Method?,” Comparative Political Studies, 40, 3: 231–253.Google Scholar

Ghosh, Partha S., 1989, Conflict and Cooperation in South Asia (New Delhi: Manohar).Google Scholar

Gilligan, Michael J., Mvukiyehe, Eric, and Samii, Cyrus, 2013, “Reintegrating Rebels into Civilian Life: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Burundi,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 57, 4: 598–626.Google Scholar

Gilligan, Michael J. and Sergenti, Ernest J., 2008, “Do UN Interventions Cause Peace? Using Matching to Improve Causal Inference,” Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 3, 2: 89–122.Google Scholar

Gilligan, Michael J. and Stedman, Stephen John, 2003, “Where Do the Peacekeepers Go?,” International Studies Review, 5, 4: 37–54.Google Scholar

Girod, Desha M., 2011, “Effective Foreign Aid Following Civil War: The Nonstrategic-Desperation Hypothesis,” American Journal of Political Science, 56, 1: 188–201.Google Scholar

Gleditsch, Kristian S. and Beardsley, Kyle, 2004, “Nosy Neighbors: Third-Party Actors in Central American Conflicts,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48, 3: 379–402.Google Scholar

Gleditsch, Kristian S., Salehyan, Idean, and Schultz, Kenneth, 2008, “Fighting at Home, Fighting Abroad,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52, 4: 479–506.Google Scholar

Gleditsch, Kristian S. and Ward, Michael D., 2000, “War and Peace in Space and Time: The Role of Democratization,” International Studies Quarterly, 44, 1: 1–29.Google Scholar

Gleditsch, Kristian S. and Ward, Michael D., 2006, “Diffusion and the International Context of Democratization,” International Organization, 60, 4: 911–933.Google Scholar

Gleditsch, Nils P., Wallensteen, Peter, Eriksson, Mikael, Sollenberg, Margareta, and Strand, Håvard, 2002, “Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset,” Journal of Peace Research, 39, 5: 615–637.Google Scholar

Golan, Guy and Wanta, Wayne, 2003, “International Elections on US Network News: An Examination of Factors Affecting Newsworthiness,” International Communication Gazette, 65, 1: 25–39.Google Scholar

Grabe, Loewenherz Vera, 2009, Author Interview, Bogotá, Colombia, December 14.Google Scholar

Greene, Kenneth F., 2007, Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico’s Democratization in Comparative Perspective (New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Guilengue, Fredson, 2013, “Mozambique: Why Has RENAMO Gone Back to the Bush?,” All Africa Media, November 28.Google Scholar

Guttieri, Karen, and Piombo, Jessica, eds., 2007, Interim Governments: Institutional Bridges to Peace and Democracy? (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press).Google Scholar

Guzman, Andrew T., 2008, How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory (Oxford, U.K. and New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Hafner-Burton, Emilie M., 2005, “Trading Human Rights: How Preferential Trade Agreements Influence Government Repression,” International Organization, 59, 3: 593–629.Google Scholar

Hafner-Burton, Emilie M., 2013, Making Human Rights a Reality (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar

Hamilton, John R., 1994, “Memo ‘Your Meeting with Guatemalan Foreign Minister Maritza De Vielman’ from John R. Hamilton (State) to Alexander F. Watson,” September 20, Case ID 951222A9, Document No. E4104, Guatemala Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

Handel, Shafick Jorge, 1984, “Analisis De La Situacion Politico-Militar Hecho Por El Miembro De La Comandancia General Del FMLN,” Box 3, El Salvador, Salvadoran Subject Collection (1976–1994), Hoover Institution Archives.Google Scholar

Handel, Schafik Jorge, 1988, “Salvadoran Guerrilla Letter to POTUS,” December 8, 1 pp., Box No. CF00196B1, Latin American Directorate Files, Bush Presidential Records.Google Scholar

Hansen, Bertel Teilfeldt, 2014, “Ballots and Blue Helmets,” Institut for Statskundskab, Copenhagen, Unpublished paper.Google Scholar

Happold, Tom, 2004, “Sinn Fein Leaders Face Pay Cuts,” The Guardian, April 20.Google Scholar

Harbom, Lotta, Högbladh, Stina, and Wallensteen, Peter, 2006, “Armed Conflict and Peace Agreements,” Journal of Peace Research, 43, 5: 617–631.Google Scholar

Harbom, Lotta and Wallensteen, Peter, 2010, “Armed Conflict, 1946–2009,” Journal of Peace Research, 47, 4: 501–509.Google Scholar

Harish, S.P., and Little, Andrew T., Forthcoming, “The Political Violence Cycle,” American Political Science Review.Google Scholar

Hartlyn, Jonathan, and McCoy, Jennifer L., 2001, “Elections with ‘Adjectives’ in Contemporary Latin America: A Comparative Analysis,” Unpublished paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Washington D.C., September 6–8.Google Scholar

Hartzell, Caroline A., Hoddie, Matthew, and Rothchild, Donald, 2001, “Stabilizing the Peace after Civil War: An Investigation of Some Key Variables,” International Organization, 55, 1: 183–208.Google Scholar

Hartzell, Caroline A., and Hoddie, Matthew, 2003, “Institutionalizing Peace: Power Sharing and Post-Civil War Conflict Management,” American Journal of Political Science, 47, 2: 318–332.Google Scholar

Hartzell, Caroline A. and Hoddie, Matthew, 2007, Crafting Peace: Power-Sharing Institutions and the Negotiated Settlement of Civil Wars (University Park, P.A.: Pennsylvania State University).Google Scholar

Hartzell, Caroline A., and Hoddie, Matthew, 2015, “The Art of the Possible: Power Sharing and Post-Civil War Democracy,” World Politics, 67, 1: 37–71.Google Scholar

Heard, John, 1999, “Guatemala Demobilization and Incorporation Program: An Evaluation Prepared for the Office of Transition Initiatives, Bureau for Humanitarian Response, US Agency for International Development,” January.Google Scholar

Hegre, Havard, Nygard, Havard Mokleiv, Strand, Havard, Gates, Scott, and Flaten, Ranveig D., 2011, “The Conflict Trap,” Unpublished paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Seattle, W.A., September 1–4.Google Scholar

Hernandez, Carolina G., 1996, “The Philippines in 1995: Growth Amid Challenges,” Asian Survey, 36, 2: 142–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hernandez, Carolina G, 1997, “The Philippines in 1996: A House Finally in Order?” Asian Survey, 37, 2: 204–211.Google Scholar

Heston, Alan, Summers, Robert, and Aten, Bettina, 2011, “Penn World Table,” 7.0 edition, Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar

Hillen, John, 2000, Blue Helmets: The Strategy of UN Military Operations (Dulles, V.A.: Potomac Books Inc.).Google Scholar

Hoddie, Matthew and Hartzell, Caroline A., 2003, “Civil War Settlements and the Implementation of Military Power-Sharing Arrangements,” Journal of Peace Research, 40, 3: 303–320.Google Scholar

Högbladh, Stina, 2012, “Peace Agreements 1975–2011 – Updating the UCDP Peace Agreement Dataset.” In Pettersson, Therése and Themnér, Lotta, eds., States in Armed Conflict 2011, Department of Peace and Conflict Research Report 99, Uppsala University, Uppsala: 39–56.Google Scholar

Hopmann, P. Terrence, 1988, “Negotiating Peace in Central America,” Negotiation Journal, 4, 4: 361–380.Google Scholar

Horowitz, Donald L., 1991, A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley, C.A.: University of California Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Howard, Lise Morjé, 2008, UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars (New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Howard, Marc Morjé and Roessler, Philip G., 2006, “Liberalizing Electoral Outcomes in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes,” American Journal of Political Science, 50, 2: 365–381.Google Scholar

Huang, Reyko, 2016, The Wartime Origins of Democratization: Civil War, Rebel Governance, and Political Regimes (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Hultquist, Philip, 2013, “Power Parity and Peace? The Role of Relative Power in Civil War Settlement,” Journal of Peace Research, 50, 5: 623–634.Google Scholar

Hultman, Lisa, Kathman, Jacob, and Shannon, Megan, 2014, “Beyond Keeping Peace: United Nations Effectiveness in the Midst of Fighting,” American Political Science Review, 108, 4: 737–753.Google Scholar

Hultman, Lisa, Kathman, Jacob, and Shannon, Megan, 2016, “United Nations Peacekeeping Dynamics and the Duration of Post-Civil Conflict Peace,” Conflict Management and Peace Science, 33, 3: 231–249.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch, 1994, “Human Rights Watch World Report 1994 – El Salvador,” January 1.Google Scholar

Humphreys, Macartan and Weinstein, Jeremy M., 2007, “Demobilization and Reintegration,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51, 4: 531–567.Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel P., 1991, The Third Wave: Democracy in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, O.K.: University of Oklahoma Press).Google Scholar

Hyde, Susan D., 2007, “The Observer Effect in International Politics: Evidence from a Natural Experiment,” World Politics, 60, 1: 37–63.Google Scholar

Hyde, Susan D., 2010, “Experimenting in Democracy Promotion: International Observers and the 2004 Presidential Elections in Indonesia,” Perspectives on Politics, 8, 2: 511–527.Google Scholar

Hyde, Susan D., 2011a, “Catch Us If You Can: Election Monitoring and International Norm Diffusion,” American Journal of Political Science, 55, 2: 356–369.Google Scholar

Hyde, Susan D., 2011b, The Pseudo-Democrat’s Dilemma: Why Election Observation Became an International Norm (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar

Hyde, Susan D. and Marinov, Nikolay, 2012, “Which Elections Can Be Lost?,” Political Analysis, 20, 2: 191–201.Google Scholar

Hyde, Susan D. and Marinov, Nikolay, 2014, “Information and Self-Enforcing Democracy: The Role of International Election Observation,” International Organization, 68, 2: 329–359.Google Scholar

Ikenberry, G. John, Mastanduno, Michael, and Wohlforth, William C., eds., 2011, International Relations Theory and the Consequences of Unipolarity (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

International Court of Justice, 1986, “Case Concerning the Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua V. United States of America),” June 27.Google Scholar

InterPress Service, 1994, “URNG Asks for UN Participation in Peace Talks,” January 26, Civil War, Society and Political Transition in Guatemala: The Guatemala News and Information Bureau Archive (1963–2000), Princeton University Digital Library, http://pudl.princeton.edu/objects/p5547s24n.Google Scholar

Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1995, “Guatemala: Parliamentary Chamber: Congreso de la República.”Google Scholar

Irvin, Cynthia L., 1999, Militant Nationalism: Between Movement and Party in Ireland and the Basque Country (Minneapolis, M.N.: University of Minnesota Press).Google Scholar

Jakobsen, Peter Viggo, 1996, “National Interest, Humanitarianism or CNN: What Triggers UN Peace Enforcement after the Cold War?,” Journal of Peace Research 33, 2: 205–215.Google Scholar

Jarstad, Anna K., 2006, “The Logic of Power Sharing after Civil War,” Unpublished paper presented at the Power-sharing and Democratic Governance in Divided Society, Center for the Study of Civil War, PRIO, Oslo, August 21–22.Google Scholar

Jarstad, Anna K., 2008, “Dilemmas of War-to-Democracy Transitions: Theories and Concepts.” In Jarstad, Anna K. and Sisk, Timothy D., ed., From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press): 17–36.Google Scholar

Johnson, Harold J., 1993, “El Salvador: Status of Reconstruction Activities One Year after the Peace Agreement, 1993,” Statement before Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, D.C., March 23.Google Scholar

Jonas, Susanne, 1996, “Dangerous Liaisons: The US In Guatemala,” Foreign Policy, 103: 144–160.Google Scholar

Jonas, Susanne, 2000a, “Democratization through Peace: The Difficult Case of Guatemala,” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 42, 4: 9–38.Google Scholar

Jonas, Susanne, 2000b, Of Centaurs and Doves: Guatemala’s Peace Process (Boulder, C.O.: Westview Press).Google Scholar

Joshi, Madhav and Mason, T. David, 2011, “Civil War Settlements, Size of Governing Coalition, and Durability of Peace in Post–Civil War States,” International Interactions, 37, 4: 388–413.Google Scholar

Kalyvas, Stathis N. and Balcells, Laia, 2010, “International System and Technologies of Rebellion: How the End of the Cold War Shaped Internal Conflict,” American Political Science Review, 104, 3: 415–429.Google Scholar

Karl, Terry Lynn, 1985, “After La Palma: The Prospects for Democratization in El Salvador,” World Policy Journal, 2, 2: 305–330.Google Scholar

Karl, Terry Lynn, 1990, “Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America,” Comparative Politics, 23, 1: 1–21.Google Scholar

Karl, Terry Lynn, 1992, “El Salvador’s Negotiated Revolution,” Foreign Affairs, 71, 2: 147–164.Google Scholar

Karl, Terry Lynn and Herman, Edward S., 1985, “El Salvador after La Palma,” World Policy Journal, 2, 3: 587–592.Google Scholar

Katayanagi, Mari, 2002, Human Rights Functions of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers).Google Scholar

Kecskemeti, Paul, 1957, Strategic Surrender: The Politics of Victory and Defeat (Santa Monica, C.A.: RAND Corporation).Google Scholar

Kelley, Judith G., 2008, “Assessing the Complex Evolution of Norms: The Rise of International Election Monitoring,” International Organization, 62, 2: 221–255.Google Scholar

Kelley, Judith G., 2009, “D-Minus Elections: The Politics and Norms of International Elections Observation,” International Organization, 63, 4: 733–764.Google Scholar

Kelley, Judith G., 2012, Monitoring Democracy: When International Election Observation Works, and Why It Often Fails (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar

Keohane, Robert O., 1984, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar

Kierkegaard, Ralph, 1994, “Confusion in the Jungle,” Guardian Weekly, May 1.Google Scholar

Knack, Stephen, 2004, “Does Foreign Aid Promote Democracy?,” International Studies Quarterly, 48, 1: 251–266.Google Scholar

Krasner, Stephen D., 2004, “Sharing Sovereignty: New Institutions for Collapsed and Failing States,” International Security, 29, 2: 85–120.Google Scholar

Krasner, Stephen D. and Risse, Thomas, 2014, “External Actors, State-Building, and Service Provision in Areas of Limited Statehood,” Governance, 27, 4: 545–567.Google Scholar

Kreps, Sarah E., 2011, Coalitions of Convenience: United States Military Interventions after the Cold War (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Kreutz, Joakim, 2010, “How and When Armed Conflicts End: Introducing the UCDP Conflict Termination Dataset,” Journal of Peace Research, 47, 2: 243–250.Google Scholar

Kumar, Krishna, ed., 1998, Postconflict Elections, Democratization, and International Assistance (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers).Google Scholar

Kydd, Andrew, 2003, “Which Side Are You On? Bias, Credibility, and Mediation,” American Journal of Political Science, 47, 4: 597–611.Google Scholar

Kydd, Andrew and Walter, Barbara, 2002, “Sabotaging the Peace: The Politics of Extremist Violence,” International Organization, 56, 2: 263–296.Google Scholar

Lacina, Bethany and Gleditsch, Nils Petter, 2005, “Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths,” European Journal of Population, 21, 2: 145–166.Google Scholar

Lacina, Bethany, Gleditsch, Nils Petter, and Russett, Bruce, 2006, “The Declining Risk of Death in Battle,” International Studies Quarterly, 50: 673–680.Google Scholar

Lafraie, Najibullah, 2011, “Insurgency and Democratisation: Taliban Real Winners of Elections in Afghanistan,” Global Society, 25, 4: 469–489.Google Scholar

Lake, David A. and Fariss, Christopher, 2014, “Why International Trusteeship Fails: The Politics of External Authority in Areas of Limited Statehood,” Governance, 27, 4: 569–587.Google Scholar

Lake, David A. and Rothchild, Donald, 2005, “Territorial Decentralization and Civil War Settlements.” In Roeder, Philip G. and Rothchild, Donald S., eds., Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy after Civil Wars (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press): 109–132.Google Scholar

Le Billon, Philippe, 2001, “Angola’s Political Economy of War: The Role of Oil and Diamonds, 1975–2000,” African Affairs, 100, 398: 55–80.Google Scholar

Lebovic, James H. and Voeten, Erik, 2009, “The Cost of Shame: International Organizations and Foreign Aid in the Punishing of Human Rights Violators,” Journal of Peace Research, 46, 1: 79–97.Google Scholar

Lebow, Richard N. and Risse, Thomas, 1995, International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War (New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press).Google Scholar

Leffler, Melvyn P. and Legro, Jeffrey W., eds., 2011, In Uncertain Times: American Foreign Policy after the Berlin Wall and 9/11 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar

Legro, Jeffrey, 2005, Rethinking the World: Great Power Strategies and International Order (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar

Lehoucq, Fabrice Edouard, 1995, “The Election of 1994 in El Salvador,” Electoral Studies, 14, 2: 178–183.Google Scholar

Leiras, Marcelo, Tuñón, Guadalupe, and Giraudy, Agustina, 2015, “Who Wants an Independent Court? Political Competition and Supreme Court Autonomy in the Argentine Provinces (1984-2008),” The Journal of Politics, 77, 1: 175–187.Google Scholar

LeMoyne, James, 1992, “Out of the Jungle – in El Salvador, Rebels with a New Cause,” New York Times, February 9.Google Scholar

LeoGrande, William M., 1998, “Foreign Aid to Central America: Is the Era of Aid Over?.” In Grant, Richard and Nijman, Jan, eds., Global Crisis in Foreign Aid (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press): 103–112.Google Scholar

LeVine, Mark, 1997, “Peacemaking in El Salvador.” In Doyle, Michael W., Johnstone, Ian, and Orr, Robert C., eds., Keeping the Peace: Multidimensional UN Operations in Cambodia and El Salvador (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press): 227–255.Google Scholar

Levite, Ariel E., Jentleson, Bruce W., and Berman, Larry, eds., 1992, Foreign Military Intervention: The Dynamics of Protracted Conflict (New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press).Google Scholar

Levitsky, Steven and Way, Lucan A., 2010, Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Licklider, Roy, 1995, “The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945–1993,” American Political Science Review, 89, 3: 681–690.Google Scholar

Licklider, Roy, 2006, “Democracy and the Renewal of Civil Wars.” In Starr, Harvey, ed., Approaches, Levels and Methods of Analysis in International Politics: Crossing Boundaries (Hampshire, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan): 95–116.Google Scholar

Lijphart, Arend, 1968, The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands (Berkeley, C.A.: University of California Press).Google Scholar

Lijphart, Arend, 1984, Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).Google Scholar

Lijphart, Arend, 1989, “Democratic Political Systems: Types, Cases, Causes, and Consequences,” Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1, 1: 33–48.Google Scholar

Lindberg, Steffan I., 2006, Democracy and Elections in Africa (Baltimore, M.D.: The Johns Hopkins University Press).Google Scholar

Liotta, P.H. and Jebb, Cindy, 2004, Mapping Macedonia: Idea and Identity (Westport, C.T.: Praeger Publishers).Google Scholar

Lo, Nigel, Hashimoto, Barry, and Reiter, Dan, 2008, “Ensuring Peace: Foreign-Imposed Regime Change and Postwar Peace Duration, 1914–2001,” International Organization, 62, 4: 717–736.Google Scholar

Lujala, Päivi, Rød, Jan Ketil, and Thieme, Nadia, 2007, “Fighting over Oil: Introducing a New Dataset,” Conflict Management and Peace Science, 24, 3: 239–256.Google Scholar

Lust-Okar, Ellen, 2005, Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents, and Institutions (New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Lust-Okar, Ellen, 2008, “Competitive Clientalism in Jordanian Elections.” In Lust-Okar, Ellen and Zerhouni, Saloua, eds., Political Participation in the Middle East and North Africa (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers): 75–94.Google Scholar

Lyons, Terrence, 2002a, “Postconflict Elections: War Termination, Democratization, and Demilitarizing Politics,” Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University, Washington, D.C., Working Paper No. 2.Google Scholar

Lyons, Terrence, 2002b, “The Role of Postsettlement Elections.” In Rothchild, Donald, Stedman, Stephen, and Cousens, Elizabeth, eds., Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publications): 215–236.Google Scholar

Lyons, Terrence, 2004, “Post-Conflict Elections and the Process of Demilitarizing Politics: The Role of Electoral Administration,” Democratization, 11, 3: 36–62.Google Scholar

Lyons, Terrence, 2005, Demilitarizing Politics: Elections on the Uncertain Road to Peace (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers).Google Scholar

Lyons, Terrence, 2016, “The Importance of Winning: Victorious Insurgent Groups and Authoritarian Politics,” Comparative Politics, 48, 2: 167–184.Google Scholar

Mack, Andrew, ed., 2014, Human Security Report 2013: The Decline in Global Violence: Evidence, Explanation, and Contestation (Vancouver, B.C.: Human Security Research Group).Google Scholar

Magaloni, Beatriz, 2008, Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Maharaj, Mac, 2008, “The ANC and South Africa’s Negotiated Transition to Democracy and Peace.” In Dudouet, Véronique and Giessmann, Hans J., eds., Berghof Transition Series: Resistance/Liberation Movements and Transition to Politics, Berghof Conflict Research, Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar

Mahoney, James, 2010, “After KKV: The New Methodology of Qualitative Research,” World Politics 62, 1: 120–147.Google Scholar

Manning, Carrie, 2004, “Armed Opposition Groups into Political Parties: Comparing Bosnia, Kosovo, and Mozambique,” Studies in Comparative International Development, 39, 1: 54–76.Google Scholar

Manning, Carrie, 2008, The Making of Democrats: Elections and Party Development in Postwar Bosnia, El Salvador, and Mozambique (New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar

Manning, Carrie and Malbrough, Monica, 2010, “Bilateral Donors and Aid Conditionality in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: The Case of Mozambique,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 48, 1: 143–169.Google Scholar

Manning, Carrie, and Smith, Ian, 2016, “Political Party Formation by Former Armed Opposition Groups after Civil War,” Democratization 23, 6: 972–989.Google Scholar

Mansfield, Edward D. and Snyder, Jack, 1995, “Democratization and the Danger of War,” International Security, 20, 1: 5–38.Google Scholar

Mansfield, Edward D. and Snyder, Jack, 2002, “Incomplete Democratization and the Outbreak of Military Disputes,” International Studies Quarterly, 46, 4: 529–549.Google Scholar

Mansfield, Edward D. and Snyder, Jack, 2005, Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War (Boston, M.A.: MIT Press).Google Scholar

Mansfield, Edward D., Milner, Helen V., and Rosendorff, B. Peter, 2002, “Why Democracies Cooperate More: Electoral Control and International Trade,” International Organization, 56, 3: 477–513.Google Scholar

Marinov, Nikolay, 2004, “Do Sanctions Help Democracy? The US and EU’s Record, 1977–2004,” Center for Democracy, Development and Rule of Law: Stanford Institute for International Studies, Working Paper no. 28, November 2.Google Scholar

Marinov, Nikolay, 2005, “Do Economic Sanctions Destabilize Country Leaders?,” American Journal of Political Science, 49, 3: 564–576.Google Scholar

Marshall, Michael Christopher and Ishiyama, John, 2016, “Does Political Inclusion of Rebel Parties Promote Peace after Civil Conflict?,” Democratization 23, 6: 1009–1025.Google Scholar

Mason, T. David, Gurses, Mehmet, Brandt, Patrick T., and Quinn, Jason Michael, 2011, “When Civil Wars Recur: Conditions for Durable Peace after Civil Wars,” International Studies Perspectives, 12, 2: 171–189.Google Scholar

Mason, T. David and Fett, Patrick J., 1996, “How Civil Wars End: A Rational Choice Approach,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40, 4: 546–568.Google Scholar

Mastanduno, Michael, and Kapstein, Ethan B., eds., 1999, Unipolar Politics: Realism and State Strategies after the Cold War (New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press).Google Scholar

Matanock, Aila M., 2012, “International Insurance: Why Militant Groups and Governments Compete with Ballots Instead of Bullets.” Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.Google Scholar

Matanock, Aila M., 2014, “Governance Delegation Agreements: Shared Sovereignty as a Substitute for Limited Statehood,” Governance, 27, 4: 589–612.Google Scholar

Matanock, Aila M., 2016a, “External Engagement: Explaining the Spread of Electoral Participation Provisions in Civil Conflict Settlements,” University of California, Berkeley, Unpublished paper.Google Scholar

Matanock, Aila M., 2016b, “Using Violence, Seeking Votes: Introducing the rebel Group Electoral Participation (MGEP) Dataset,” Journal of Peace Research, 53, 6: 845–853.Google Scholar

Matanock, Aila M., 2017, “Bullets for Ballots: Electoral Participation Provisions and Enduring Peace after Civil Conflict,” International Security, 41, 4: 93–132.Google Scholar

Matanock, Aila M. and Garbiras-Díaz, Natalia, 2016, “Running Candidates after Using Violence? Evidence on a Possible Path to Peace from a Survey Experiment in Colombia,” University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, C.A., Unpublished paper.Google Scholar

Matanock, Aila M. and Lichtenheld, Adam G., 2016, “How Does International Intervention Work? Mechanisms for Securing Settlements to Civil Conflicts,” University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, C.A., Unpublished paper.Google Scholar

Mattes, Michaela and Savun, Burcu, 2009, “Fostering Peace after Civil War: Commitment Problems and Agreement Design,” International Studies Quarterly, 53, 3: 737–759.Google Scholar

Mattes, Michaela and Savun, Burcu, 2010, “Information, Agreement Design, and the Durability of Civil War Settlements,” American Journal of Political Science, 54, 2: 511–524.Google Scholar

Mayall, James, ed., 1996, The New Interventionism 1991–1994: United Nations Experience in Cambodia, Former Yugoslavia and Somalia (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

McAuley, Richard., 2009, Author Interview, Belfast, North Ireland, July 28.Google Scholar

McCleary, Rachel M., 1997, “Guatemala’s Postwar Prospects,” Journal of Democracy, 8, 2: 129–143.Google Scholar

McCormick, David H., 1997, “From Peacekeeping to Peacebuilding: Restructuring Military and Police Institutions in El Salvador.” In Doyle, Michael W., Johnstone, Ian, and Orr, Robert C., eds., Keeping the Peace: Multidimensional UN Operations in Cambodia and El Salvador (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press): 282–311.Google Scholar

McCoy, Jennifer L., 1993, “Mediating Democracy: A New Role for International Actors?.” In Bruce, David, ed., New World Order: Social and Economic Implications (Atlanta, G.A.: Georgia State University Business Press): 129–140.Google Scholar

McCoy, Jennifer L., Garbar, Larry, and Pastor, Robert A., 1991, “Pollwatching and Peacemaking,” Journal of Democracy, 2, 4: 102–114.Google Scholar

McCullogh, G., 1990, “Assistant Secretary’s Daily Activity Report,” November 19, Case ID 95122244, Document No. E1714, Guatemala Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

McFaul, Michael, 1989, “Rethinking the ‘Reagan Doctrine’ in Angola,” International Security, 14, 3: 99–135.Google Scholar

McFaul, Michael, 2010, Advancing Democracy Abroad: Why We Should and How We Can (Stanford, C.A.: Hoover Institution and Lanham, M.D.: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers).Google Scholar

McGarry, John, 1998, “Political Settlements in Northern Ireland and South Africa,” Political Studies, 46, 5: 853–870.Google Scholar

Mejía, Carlos, 2013, Author Interview, Guatemala City, Guatemala, August 20.Google Scholar

Milner, Helen V. and Tingley, Dustin H, 2016, Sailing the Water’s Edge: The Domestic Politics of American Foreign Policy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar

Mohsin, Amena, 2003, The Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh: On the Difficult Road to Peace (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers).Google Scholar

Montgomery, Tommie Sue, 1998, “International Elections, Observing Elections, and the Democratic Transition in El Salvador.” In Middlebrook, Kevin, ed., Electoral Observation and Democratic Transitions in Latin America (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers): 115–140.Google Scholar

Morrison, Daniel “Danny,” 2009, Author Interview, Belfast, North Ireland, July 23.Google Scholar

Morrow, James D., 2007, “When Do States Follow the Laws of War?,” American Political Science Review, 101, 3: 559–572.Google Scholar

Mukherjee, Bumba, 2006, “Why Political Power-Sharing Agreements Lead to Enduring Peaceful Resolution of Some Civil Wars, but Not Others?,” International Studies Quarterly, 50, 2: 479–504.Google Scholar

Mullenbach, Mark J., and Dixon, William. 2007, Third-Party Peacekeeping Missions: 1946–2006, Version 2.1. Codebook (Conway: University of Central Arkansas).Google Scholar

Mullins, Janet G., 1991, “Information Copy of a Direct Reply, Re: Urges the President to Uphold the Congressional Decision to Freeze Military Aid to El Salvador,” September 10, 2pp., Box No. CO046, 101116–243988, Bush Presidential Records.Google Scholar

Munck, Gerardo L., 1993, “Beyond Electoralism in El Salvador: Conflict Resolution through Negotiated Compromise,” Third World Quarterly, 14, 1: 75–93.Google Scholar

National Democratic Institute, 2002, “Macedonia: Parliamentary Elections, September 2002,” Election Watch Report, Washington, D.C., August 15.Google Scholar

National Network in Solidarity with the People of Guatemala (U.S.), 1993, “Peace Process: Background and Current Status of Peace Negotiations,” January 31, Civil War, Society and Political Transition in Guatemala: the Guatemala News and Information Bureau Archive (1963–2000), Princeton University Digital Library, http://pudl.princeton.edu/objects/w9505134d.Google Scholar

National Security Council, 1989a, “Andean Drug Summit.” In Evans, Michael, “War in Columbia: Guerrillas, Drugs and Human Rights in US-Colombia Policy, 1988–2002,” National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 69, November 1.Google Scholar

National Security Council, 1989b, “Interagency Working Group Draft: Security for Narcotics Control in the Andean Region.” In Evans, Michael, “War in Columbia: Guerrillas, Drugs and Human Rights in US-Colombia Policy, 1988–2002,” National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 69, June 30.Google Scholar

Natsios, Andrew S., 2006, “USAID Primer: What We Do and How We Do It,” U.S. Aid Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., June.Google Scholar

Navarro Wolff, Antonio, 2012, Author Interview (Telephone), July 9.Google Scholar

Navarro Wolff, Antonio, 2012, Author Interview (Email), 12 July.Google Scholar

Nielsen, Richard A., Findley, Michael G., Davis, Zachary S., Candland, Tara, and Nielson, Daniel L., 2011, “Foreign Aid Shocks as a Cause of Violent Armed Conflict,” American Journal of Political Science, 55, 2: 219–232.Google Scholar

Nielsen, Richard A. and Simmons, Beth A., 2015, “Rewards for Ratification: Payoffs for Participating in the International Human Rights Regime?,” International Studies Quarterly, 59, 2: 197–208.Google Scholar

Niksch, Larry, 2002, “Abu Sayyaf: Target of Philippine-US Anti-Terrorism Cooperation.” CRS Report for Congress, ed., Congressional Research Service, Washington, D.C., Order Code RL31265, January 25.Google Scholar

Nilsson, Desirée, 2008, “Partial Peace: Rebel Groups Inside and Outside of Civil War Settlements,” Journal of Peace Research, 45, 4: 479–495.Google Scholar

Norris, Pippa, 2004, Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Norris, Pippa, 2008, Driving Democracy: Do Power-Sharing Institutions Work? (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Nuvunga, Adriano, 2007, Post-War Reconstruction in Mozambique: The United Nations’ Trust Fund to Assist the Former Rebel Movement RENAMO (Maputo, Mozambique: Centro de Integridade Publica (CIP)).Google Scholar

O’Donnell, Guillermo, and Schmitter, Philippe C., 1986, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, M.D.: Johns Hopkins University Press).Google Scholar

Ofuho, Cirino Hiteng, 2006, “Negotiating Peace: Restarting a Moribund Process,” Issue 8. In Simmons, Mark and Dixon, Peter, eds., Peace by Piece: Addressing Sudan’s Conflict (London, U.K.: Conciliation Resources): 20–21.Google Scholar

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 2010, “Bosnia and Herzegovina: General Elections, 3 October 2010,” Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Warsaw, Poland, December 17.Google Scholar

Organization of American States, 1993, “The On-Site Visits of the IACHR to Colombia, 1990–1992,” Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.Google Scholar

Ossa Escobar, Carlos, 1998, “El Gobierno Barco Revelo La Magnitud Del Conflicto Y La Dificultad De Lograr La Paz.” In Serie El Proceso De Paz En Colombia 1982–2002 (Bogotá: Fundación Cultura Democrática): Volume II.Google Scholar

Oswald, Bruce, Durham, Helen, and Bates, Adrian, 2010, Documents on the Law of UN Peace Operations (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

O’Toole, Kathleen, 1997, “Why Peace Agreements Often Fail to End Civil Wars,” Stanford Online Report, November 19.Google Scholar

Ottaway, Marina, 1997, “From Political Opening to Democratization?.” In Ottaway, Marina, ed., Democracy in Africa. The Hard Road Ahead (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers): 1–14.Google Scholar

Ottaway, Marina, 1998, “Angola’s Failed Elections.” In Kuman, Krishna, ed., Postconflict Elections, Democratization, and International Assistance (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers): 133–151.Google Scholar

Ottaway, Marina, 2003, “Promoting Democracy after Conflict: The Difficult Choices,” International Studies Perspectives, 4, 3: 314–322.Google Scholar

Pardew, James, 2011, Author Interview (Telephone), April 20.Google Scholar

Pardo Rueda, Rafael, 1998, “Política De Paz, Acuerdo Con El M-19 Y Reactivación De Los Diálogos.” In Serie El Proceso De Paz En Colombia 1982–2002 (Bogotá: Fundación Cultura Democrática): Volume 2.Google Scholar

Paris, Roland, 2004, At War’s End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Pascoe, William, 1987, “Mozambique Merits the Reagan Doctrine,” Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C., March 31.Google Scholar

Peceny, Mark and Stanley, William, 2001, “Liberal Social Reconstruction and the Resolution of Civil Wars in Central America,” International Organization, 55, 1: 149–182.Google Scholar

Peic, Goran and Reiter, Dan, 2011, “Foreign-Imposed Regime Change, State Power and Civil War Onset, 1920–2004,” British Journal of Political Science, 41, 3: 453–475.Google Scholar

Peñaranda, Ricardo, 1999, “De Rebeldes a Ciudadanos: El Caso del Movimiento Armado Quintín Lame.” In Peñaranda, Ricardo and Guerrero, Javier, eds., De las Armas a la Política (Bogota: TM Editores): 75–131.Google Scholar

Peou, Sorpong, 2004, “The UN’s Modest Impact on Cambodia’s Democracy.” In Rich, Roland and Newman, Edward, eds., UN Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality (Tokyo: United Nations University Press): 258–281.Google Scholar

Pereira, Anthony W., 1994, “The Neglected Tragedy: The Return to War in Angola, 1992–3,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 32, 1: 1–28.Google Scholar

Pevehouse, Jon C., 2002, “Democracy from the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratization,” International Organization, 56, 3: 515–549.Google Scholar

Pevehouse, Jon C., 2005, Democracy from Above? Regional Organizations and Democratization (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Phillips, John, 2004, Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).Google Scholar

Pickering, Paula M., 2004, “Explaining Moderation in Post-Communist Ethnic Party Systems: A Cross-National Investigation in the Balkans,” Unpublished paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Annual National Conference, Chicago, I.L., April 15–18.Google Scholar

Pop-Eleches, Grigore and Robertson, Graeme B., 2015, “Information, Elections, and Political Change,” Comparative Politics, 47, 4: 459–495.Google Scholar

Powell, Robert, 2002, “Bargaining Theory and International Conflict,” Annual Review of Political Science 5: 1–30.Google Scholar

Powell, Robert, 2006, “War as a Commitment Problem,” International Organization, 60, 1: 169–204.Google Scholar

Prantl, Jochen, 2006, The UN Security Council and Informal Groups of States (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Prendergast, Kieran, 1997, “Guatemala,” United Nations General Assembly, A/52/, October.Google Scholar

Prisk, Court and Manwaring, Max G., eds., 1988, El Salvador at War: An Oral History of Conflict from the 1979 Insurrection to the Present (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press).Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam, 1991, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam, 2006, “Self-Enforcing Democracy.” In Wittman, Donald and Weingast, Barry, eds., Oxford Handbook of Political Economy (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar

Purvis, Dawn, 2009, Author Interview, Belfast, North Ireland, July 28.Google Scholar

Quayle, Dan, 1989, “Vice President Quayle’s Remarks to the ESAF,” February 3, 5pp., Vice President Dan Quayle’s Office, Chief of Staff’s Office, Quayle Speech Files, Bush Presidential Records, White House Office of Records Management.Google Scholar

Quiroga, Jahel, 2009, Author Interview, Bogotá, Colombia, December 11.Google Scholar

Reid, Michael, 1992, “Award Spotlights Longest War: Talks between Government and Guerrillas in the Country Are Stalled,” The Guardian, October 17.Google Scholar

Reid, Michael, 1993, “Guatemalan Army Opts for Democratic Dawn: A New Spirit of Consensus Shows That in Central America Regression to Dictatorship Is Not Inevitable,” The Guardian, June 21.Google Scholar

Reilly, Benjamin, 2002, “Post-Conflict Elections: Constraints and Dangers,” International Peacekeeping, 9, 2: 118–139.Google Scholar

Reilly, Benjamin and Reynolds, Andrew, 1999, Electoral Systems and Conflict in Divided Societies (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press).Google Scholar

Reilly, Benjamin and Nordlund, Per, eds., 2008, Political Parties in Conflict-Prone Societies: Regulation, Engineering and Democratic Development (Tokyo: United Nations University Press).Google Scholar

Reiter, Dan, 2003, “Exploring the Bargaining Model of War,” Perspectives on Politics, 1, 1: 27–43.Google Scholar

Rice, Condoleezza, 2013, Author Interview, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, May 28.Google Scholar

Riley, Kevin Jack, 1993, The Implications of Colombian Drug Industry and Death Squad Political Violence for US Counternarcotics Policy (Santa Monica, C.A.: RAND Corporation).Google Scholar

Robberson, Tod, 1993, “Vanguard of Guatemalan Refugees Returns from Exile,” The Washington Post, January 21.Google Scholar

Roca, Roberto, Handal, Shafik, González, Leonel, Cienfuegos, Fermán, and Villalobos, Joaquín, 1989, “FMLN Proposal to Turn the Elections into a Contribution to Peace,” Envio, January 24.Google Scholar

Rohter, Larry, 1997, “Salvador’s Ex-Rebels Expect Gains in Vote Today,” The New York Times, March 16, Section 1, Page 8.Google Scholar

Rojas Puyo, Alberto, 2009, Author Interview, Bogotá, Colombia, December 3.Google Scholar

Romero, P., 1990, “Assistant Secretary’s Daily Activity Report,” March 16, Case ID 95122234, Document No. E1290, Guatemala Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

Romero, P., 1991, “Tying ESF to Human Rights in Guatemala – Status and Possible Calls to the Hill,” April 5, Case ID 96122251, Document No. E1972, Guatemala Declassification Project, U.S. Department of State Freedom of Information Act, U.S. Department of State.Google Scholar

Romero, Peter F., 1989. “Information Copy of a Direct Reply, Re: Writes Concerning Repression and Violation of Human Rights of El Salvador Women since March 19, 1989,” May 17, 2pp., Box No. CO046, 002807–094748, Bush Presidential Records, White House Office of Records Management.Google Scholar

Rosa, Herman and Foley, Michael, 2000, “El Salvador.” In Forman, Shepard and Patrick, Stewart, eds., Good Intentions: Pledges of Aid for Postconflict Recovery (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers): 113–158.Google Scholar

Ross, Michael L., 2011, “Oil and Gas Production and Value, 1932–2009,” http://hdl.handle.net/1902.1/15828, Harvard Dataverse, Version 4.Google Scholar

Rothchild, Donald and Hartzell, Caroline, 1995, “Interstate and Intrastate Negotiations in Angola.” In Zartman, I. William, ed., Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution): 175–203.Google Scholar

Ruggeri, Andrea, Gizelis, Theodora-Ismene, and Dorussen, Han. 2013. “Managing Mistrust: An Analysis of Cooperation with U.N. Peacekeeping in Africa,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 57, 3: 387–409.Google Scholar

Roy, J. Stapleton, 1991, “J. Stapleton Roy to Brent Scowcroft, Re: Presidential Delegation for Elections in El Salvador,” February 2, 2pp. Box No. 07004–069, Personnel Office, Katja Bullock Files, Bush Presidential Records.Google Scholar

Russett, Bruce M. and Oneal, John R., 1997, “The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950–1985,” International Studies Quarterly, 41, 2: 267–293.Google Scholar

Russett, Bruce M. and Oneal, John R., 2000, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (New York, N.Y.: Norton).Google Scholar

Salvesen, Hilde, 2002, “Guatemala: Five Years after the Peace Accords, The Challenges of Implementing Peace,” A Report for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Norway, March.Google Scholar

Sambanis, Nicholas and Schulhofer-Wohl, Jonah, 2007, “Evaluating Multilateral Interventions in Civil Wars: A Comparison of UN and Non-UN Peace Operations.” In Bourantonis, Dimitris, Ifantis, Kostas, and Tsakonas, Panayotis, eds., Multilateralism and Security Institutions in an Era of Globalization (London, U.K.: Routledge): 252–287.Google Scholar

Sambanis, Nicholas, 2000, “Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War: An Empirical Critique of the Theoretical Literature,” World Politics, 52, 4: 437–483.Google Scholar

Sanders, Lewis IV, 2016, “EU Cuts Financial Aid to Burundi Government,” Deutsche Welle, March 14.Google Scholar

Santa-Cruz, Arturo, 2005, “Constitutional Structures, Sovereignty, and the Emergence of Norms: The Case of International Election Monitoring,” International Organization, 59, 3: 663–694.Google Scholar

Santa-Cruz, Arturo, 2013, International Election Monitoring Sovereignty and the Western Hemisphere Idea: The Emergence of an International Norm (New York, N.Y. and Oxford, U.K.: Routledge).Google Scholar

Santiso, Carlos, 2002, “Promoting Democratic Governance and Preventing the Recurrence of Conflict: The Role of the United Nations Development Programme in Post-Conflict Peace-Building,” Journal of Latin American Studies, 34, 3: 555–586.Google Scholar

Schedler, Andreas, 2002, “The Menu of Manipulation,” Journal of Democracy, 13, 2: 36–50.Google Scholar

Schelling, Thomas C., 1960, The Strategy of Conflict (Cambridge, M.A.: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar

Schelling, Thomas C., 1966, Arms and Influence (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).Google Scholar

Schraeder, Peter J., Hook, Steven W., and Taylor, Bruce, 1998, “Clarifying the Foreign Aid Puzzle: A Comparison of American, Japanese, French, and Swedish Aid Flows,” World Politics, 50, 2: 294–323.Google Scholar

Schultz, Kenneth A., 2010, “The Enforcement Problem in Coercive Bargaining: Interstate Conflict over Rebel Support in Civil Wars,” International Organization, 64, 2: 281–312.Google Scholar

Schumpeter, Joseph, 1942, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York, N.Y.: Harper).Google Scholar

Schwarz, Benjamin C., 1991, American Counterinsurgency Doctrine and El Salvador: The Frustrations of Reform and the Illusion of Nation Building (Santa Monica, C.A.: RAND Corporation).Google Scholar

Scott, James M. and Steele, Carie A., 2005, “Assisting Democrats or Resisting Dictators? The Nature and Impact of Democracy Support by the United States National Endowment for Democracy, 1990–99,” Democratization, 12, 4: 439–460.Google Scholar

Scott, Kirsty, 1995, “Cry, the Benighted Country. Image Makers Mask Brutality,” The Herald, November 4.Google Scholar

Sharpe, Kenneth E., 1986, “El Salvador Revisited: Why Duarte Is in Trouble,” World Policy Journal, 3, 3: 473–494.Google Scholar

Shugart, Matthew Soberg, 1992, “Guerrillas and Elections: An Institutionalist Perspective on the Costs of Conflict and Competition,” International Studies Quarterly, 36, 2: 121–151.Google Scholar

Sichar Moreno, Gonzalo, 1999, Historia De Los Partidos Políticos Guatemaltecos: Distintas Siglas De (Casi) Una Misma Ideología (Guatemala: Editorial Los Altos).Google Scholar

Simmons, Beth A., 1998, “Compliance with International Agreements,” American Political Science Review, 1: 75–93.Google Scholar

Simmons, Beth A., 2009, Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics (New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Simmons, Beth A., 2010, “Treaty Compliance and Violation,” Annual Review of Political Science, 13: 273–296.Google Scholar

Simmons, Beth A., Dobbin, Frank, and Garrett, Geoffrey, 2006, “Introduction: The International Diffusion of Liberalism,” International Organization, 60, 4: 781–810.Google Scholar

Simmons, Beth A. and Elkins, Zachary, 2004, “The Globalization of Liberalization: Policy Diffusion in the International Political Economy,” American Political Science Review, 98, 1: 171–189.Google Scholar

Simpser, Alberto and Donno, Daniela, 2012, “Can International Election Monitoring Harm Governance?,” The Journal of Politics, 74, 2: 501–513.Google Scholar

Simpser, Alberto, 2013, Why Governments and Parties Manipulate Elections: Theory, Practice, and Implications (New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Mark, Simpson, 1993, “Foreign and Domestic Factors in the Transformation of Frelimo,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 31, 2: 309–337.Google Scholar

Singer, J. David, Bremer, Stuart, and Stuckey, John, 1972, “Capability Distribution, Uncertainty, and Major Power War, 1820–1965.” In Russett, Bruce, ed., Peace, War, and Numbers (Beverly Hills, C.A.: Sage): 19–48. Version 4.Google Scholar

Smale, Alison, 2014, “Roots of Bosnian Protests Lie in Peace Accords of 1995,” The New York Times, February 14.Google Scholar

Snyder, Jack, 2000, From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Violence (New York, N.Y.: W. W. Norton and Company).Google Scholar

Söderberg Kovacs, Mimmi, 2007, “From Rebellion to Politics: The Transformation of Rebel Groups to Political Parties in Civil War Peace Processes,” Ph.D. dissertation, Uppsala University.Google Scholar

Söderberg Kovacs, Mimmi, 2008, “When Rebels Change Their Stripes: Armed Insurgents in Post-War Politics.” In Jarstad, Anna and Sisk, Timothy, eds., From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press): 134–156.Google Scholar

Söderberg Kovacs, Mimmi, and Hatz, Sophia, 2016, “Rebel-to-Party Transformations in Civil War Peace Processes 1975–2011,” Democratization 23, 6: 990–1008.Google Scholar

Spence, Jack, 2005, “Central America and Political Terrorism.” In Crotty, William J., ed., Democratic Development and Political Terrorism: The Global Perspective (Lebanon, N.H.: University Press of New England): 473–498.Google Scholar

Staniland, Paul, 2015, “Armed Groups and Militarized Elections,” International Studies Quarterly, 59, 4: 694–705.Google Scholar

Stanley, William and Holiday, David, 1997, “Peace Mission Strategy and Domestic Actors: UN Mediation, Verification and Institution‐Building in El Salvador,” International Peacekeeping, 4, 2: 22–49.Google Scholar

Stanley, William and Holiday, David, 2002, “Broad Participation, Diffuse Responsibility: Peace Implementation in Guatemala.” In Rothchild, Donald, Stedman, Stephen J., and Cousens, Elizabeth M., Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreement (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publications): 1–54 in pre-publication PDF provided.Google Scholar

Stanley, William, 2013, Enabling Peace in Guatemala: The Story of MINUGUA (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publications).Google Scholar

Stedman, Stephen J., 1997, “Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes,” International Security, 22, 2: 5–53.Google Scholar

Steele, Abbey, 2011, “Electing Displacement: Political Cleansing in Apartadó, Colombia,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55, 3: 423–445.Google Scholar

Stewart, Steve, 1995, “Guatemala’s Blood Is on US Hands,” The Vancouver Sun, August 22.Google Scholar

Suhrke, Astri and Buckmaster, Julia, 2005, “Post-War Aid: Patterns and Purposes,” Development in Practice, 15, 6: 737–746.Google Scholar

Suhrke, Astri, Villanger, Espen, and Woodward, Susan L., 2005, “Economic Aid to Post-Conflict Countries: A Methodological Critique of Collier and Hoeffler,” Conflict, Security and Development, 5, 3: 329–361.Google Scholar

Sullivan, Joseph G., 1994, “How Peace Came to El Salvador,” Orbis, 38, 1: 83–98.Google Scholar

Sumbeiywo, Lazaro, 2006, “The Mediator’s Perspective,” Issue 8. In Simmons, Mark and Dixon, Peter, eds., Peace by Piece: Addressing Sudan’s Conflict, Accord: An International Review of Peace Initiatives, Conciliation Resources, London, U.K.: 22–27.Google Scholar

Svensson, Isak, 2009, “Who Brings Which Peace?: Neutral versus Biased Mediation and Institutional Peace Arrangements in Civil Wars,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53, 3: 446–469.Google Scholar

Svolik, Milan W., 2012, The Politics of Authoritarian Rule (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Themnér, Lotta and Wallensteen, Peter, 2012, “Armed Conflicts, 1946–2011,” Journal of Peace Research, 49, 4: 565–575.Google Scholar

Tierney, Michael J., Nielson, Daniel L., Hawkins, Darren G., Roberts, J. Timmons, Findley, Michael G., Powers, Ryan M., Parks, Bradley, Wilson, Sven E., and Hicks, Robert L., 2011, “More Dollars than Sense: Refining Our Knowledge of Development Finance Using AidData,” World Development, 39, 11: 1891–1906.Google Scholar

Toft, Monica Duffy, 2009, Securing the Peace: The Durable Settlement of Civil War (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar

Toft, Monica Duffy, 2010, “Ending Civil Wars: A Case for Rebel Victory?,” International Security, 34, 4: 7–36.Google Scholar

Tull, Denis M., 2006, “China’s Engagement in Africa: Scope, Significance and Consequences,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 44, 3: 459–479.Google Scholar

Turner, J. Michael, Nelson, Sue, and Mahling-Clark, Kimberly, 1998, “Mozambique’s Vote for Democratic Governance.” In Kumar, Krishna, ed., Postconflict Elections, Democratization, and International Assistance (Boulder, C.O.: Lynne Rienner Publishers): 153–175.Google Scholar

Inge, Tvedten, 1992, “US Policy towards Angola since 1975,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 30, 1: 31–52.Google Scholar

UNDP, Undated, “A Handbook on Working with Political Parties,” Democratic Governance Group, Bureau for Development Policy, United Nations Development Programme, New York, N.Y.Google Scholar

United Nations, 2006, The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping (New York, N.Y.: United Nations Publications).Google Scholar

United Nations, 2008, 60 Years of United Nations Peacekeeping (New York, N.Y.: United Nations Publications).Google Scholar

United Nations General Assembly, 1999, “The Situation in Central America: Procedures for the Establishment of a Firm and Lasting Peace and Progress in Fashioning a Region of Peace, Freedom, Democracy and Development: United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala, Note by the Secretary-General,” A/54/688, December 21.Google Scholar

United Nations General Assembly, 2003, “Resolution adopted by the General Assembly: United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala,” A/RES/57/161, January 28.Google Scholar

United Nations General Assembly, 2014, “Evaluation of the Implementation and Results of Protection of Civilians Mandates in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations,” Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services, A/68787, March 7.Google Scholar

Upegui, Mario, 2009, Author Interview, Bogotá, Colombia, December 15.Google Scholar

URNG, 1985, “URNG: To the Guatemalan People,” September, Civil War, Society and Political Transition in Guatemala: the Guatemala News and Information Bureau Archive (1963–2000), Princeton University Digital Library, http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/v118rf32x.Google Scholar

URNG, 1986, “Message from the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity – URNG – to the 8th Summit Conference of the Non-Aligned Countries,” August, Civil War, Society and Political Transition in Guatemala: The Guatemala News and Information Bureau Archive (1963–2000), Princeton University Digital Library, http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/bv73c119d.Google Scholar

URNG, 1987, “Proposal to the Guatemalan Government,” October 11, Civil War, Society and Political Transition in Guatemala: the Guatemala News and Information Bureau Archive (1963–2000), Princeton University Digital Library, http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/3n203z869.Google Scholar

URNG, 1990a, “For a New Guatemala, for Genuine Democratization and Development, for Progress and Peace,” August 25, Civil War, Society and Political Transition in Guatemala: the Guatemala News and Information Bureau Archive (1963–2000), Princeton University Digital Library, http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/w3763762j.Google Scholar

URNG, 1990b, “Statement about the Present Situation from the General Command of the URNG,” October 15, Civil War, Society and Political Transition in Guatemala: the Guatemala News and Information Bureau Archive (1963–2000), Princeton University Digital Library, http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/1n79h508w.Google Scholar

URNG, 1991, “The Actual Situation in the Negotiations Regarding the Topic of Human Rights,” December 9, Civil War, Society and Political Transition in Guatemala: the Guatemala News and Information Bureau Archive (1963–2000), Princeton University Digital Library, http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/9019s335t.Google Scholar

URNG, 1993a, “Making Room for the Truth in Guatemala: URNG High Command Briefing on the Current State of the Negotiations,” May 8, Civil War, Society and Political Transition in Guatemala: the Guatemala News and Information Bureau Archive (1963–2000), Princeton University Digital Library, http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/fb494919s.Google Scholar

URNG, 1993b, “Renew the Negotiations Process and Go Forward on the Basis of What Has Been Agreed To,” May 8, Civil War, Society and Political Transition in Guatemala: the Guatemala News and Information Bureau Archive (1963–2000), Princeton University Digital Library, http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/z890rv14b.Google Scholar

URNG, 1994a, “In Order for the Negotiations to Continue, Compliance with the Accords is Indispensable: Declaration of the General Command of the URNG,” August 12, Civil War, Society and Political Transition in Guatemala: the Guatemala News and Information Bureau Archive (1963–2000), Princeton University Digital Library, http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/t148fj080.Google Scholar

URNG, 1994b, “Vital Moment for Human Rights and the Negotiations Process,” April 19, Civil War, Society and Political Transition in Guatemala: the Guatemala News and Information Bureau Archive (1963–2000), Princeton University Digital Library, http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/fn106z80n.Google Scholar

URNG, 1995, “Future Must be Forged with Struggle and Decisiveness: Political Declaration of the General Command of the URNG,” October 31, Civil War, Society and Political Transition in Guatemala: the Guatemala News and Information Bureau Archive (1963–2000), Princeton University Digital Library, http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/br86b435r.Google Scholar

URNG, Undated, “International Communique,” [possibly 1982 based on the context], Civil War, Society and Political Transition in Guatemala: the Guatemala News and Information Bureau Archive (1963–2000), Princeton University Digital Library, http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/76537211v.Google Scholar

USAID, 2009, “US Overseas Loans and Grants: Obligations and Loan Authorizations,” U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., CONG-R-0105, September 30.Google Scholar

Van Cott, Donna Lee, 2005, From Movements to Parties Latin America: The Evolution of Ethnic Politics (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar

Van Evera, Stephen, 1997, Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press).Google Scholar

Verstegen, Suzanne, 2000, “The Netherlands and Guatemala: Dutch Policies and Intervention in the Guatemalan Conflict and Peace,” Clingendael Institute, Conflict Policy Research Unit, The Hague, the Netherlands, December 1.Google Scholar