Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-m42fx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-19T18:53:17.757Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Government Respect for Women's Economic Rights: A Cross-National Analysis, 1981–2003

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2009

Shareen Hertel  and
Lanse Minkler
By
Shawna E. Sweeney
Shareen Hertel
Affiliation:
University of Connecticut
Lanse Minkler
Affiliation:
University of Connecticut
Shawna E. Sweeney
Affiliation:
Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

INTRODUCTION

The turn of the twenty-first century has witnessed significant global advances in the achievement of the economic equality of women. In many countries, state policies that prohibit gender discrimination in employment, secure equal pay for equal work, guarantee equality in hiring and promotion practices, and other core economic rights, have been widely adopted. Yet, there continues to be a significant gap between women's de jure status and their de facto status in many countries. According to the World Bank (2001, 1), systematic indicators show that great disparities exist in women's access to, and control of, resources for economic and social opportunities. These disparities cut across countries and affect women in both developed and developing regions. For example, even in the advanced industrialized nations of France, Japan, and the United Kingdom, women's right to equal pay for equal work is not respected, as women earn as much as 30% to nearly 60% less than their male counterparts (World Bank 2001, 55).

This research seeks to explain the cross-national determinants of government respect for women's economic rights. I focus on government practices toward women's rights because, to a great degree, national governments control the treatment accorded to their citizens. Women's economic rights are defined as internationally recognized rights, including equal pay for equal work, free choice of profession or employment, equality in hiring and promotion practices, nondiscrimination by employers, the right to be free from sexual harassment in the workplace, the right to work in occupations classified as dangerous, and others.

Type
Chapter
Information
Economic Rights
Conceptual, Measurement, and Policy Issues
 , pp. 233 - 266
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agosin, Marjorie, ed. 2002. Women, Gender, and Human Rights A Global Perspective. London: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Apodaca, Clair. 1996. Progressive Realization for All: State Responsibility Toward the Fulfillment of Women's Economic and Social Rights. Ph.D. Diss., Purdue University.Google Scholar
Apodaca, Clair. 1998. Measuring Women's Economic and Social Rights Achievement. Human Rights Quarterly 20: 139–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apodaca, Clair. 2001. Global Economic Patterns and Personal Integrity Rights after the Cold War. International Studies Quarterly 45: 587–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayes, Jane H., and Tohidi, Nayereh. 2001. Globalization, Gender, and Religion. New York: Palgrave Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, Gary S. 1957. The Economics of Discrimination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Behrman, Jere R., and Elizabeth, M. King. 2000. Competition and Gender Gap in Wages: Evidence from 16 Countries. Background paper prepared for Engendering Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Berik, Günseli, Yana van der Meulen Rodgers, and Joseph E. Zveglich, Jr. 2003. International Trade and Wage Discrimination: Evidence from East Asia. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3111.
Berkovitch, Nitza. 1999. From Motherhood to Citizenship: Women's Rights and International Organizations. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Blanton, Shannon Lindsey, and Robert, G. Blanton. 2003. Human Rights and FDI: A Cross-National Assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar
Bollen, Kenneth. 1992. Political Rights and Political Liberties in Nations: An Evaluation of Human Rights Measures, 1950–1984. In Human Rights and Statistics: Getting the Record Straight, ed. Thomas, B. Jabine and Richard, P. Claude. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press.Google Scholar
Boserup, Ester. 1970. Women's Role in Economic Development. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Brill, Alida. 1995. A Rising Public Voice Women in Politics Worldwide. New York: Feminist Press.Google Scholar
Buchmann, Claudia. 1996. The Debt Crisis, Structural Adjustment and Women's Education. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 37: 5–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton-Hafner, . 2002. External Pressures and Human Rights: The State of the Globalization Debate. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA.Google Scholar
Byrne, Bridget. 1995. Gender, Conflict and Development, Volume 1: Overview. Brighton, UK: BRIDGE: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.Google Scholar
Camp Keith, Linda. 1999. The United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Does It Make A Difference in Human Rights Behavior? Journal of Peace Research 36 (1): 95–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camp Keith, Linda. 2002. Constitutional Provisions for Individual Human Rights (1977 – 1996): Are they more than mere “window dressing?”Political Research Quarterly 55 (1): 111–44.Google Scholar
Catagay, Nilufer, Elson, Diane, and Grown, Caren, eds. 2000. Growth, Trade, Finance, and Gender Equality. Special issue, World Development 28 (7): 1145–56.Google Scholar
Catagay, Nilufer, and Berik, Gunseli. 1991. Transition to Export-Led Growth in Turkey: Is There a Feminization of Employment? Review of Radical Public Economics 22.Google Scholar
Chinkin, Christine. 1999. Cultural Relativism and International Law. In Religious Fundamentalisms and the Human Rights of Women, ed. Courtney, W. Howland. New York: Palgrave Press.Google Scholar
Chowdhury, Najma. 2001. The Politics of Implementing Women's Rights in Bangladesh. In Globalization, Gender, and Religion, ed. Jane, H. Bayes and Tohidi, Nayereh. New York: Palgrave Press.Google Scholar
CIA World Factbook. 2005. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/.
Cingranelli, David L., and Tsai, Chang-yen. 2003. Democracy, Globalization and Workers' Rights: A Comparative Analysis. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar
Clark, Cal, and Clark, Janet. 2004. The Status of Women and the Quality of Life in Developing Societies. Paper presented at the 45th annual convention of the International Studies Association, Montreal, Canada.Google Scholar
Collingsworth, Terry, Goold, William, and Harvey, Pharis. 1994. Time for a Global New Deal: Labor and Free Trade. Foreign Affairs 73: 8–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Croucher, Sheila L. 2004. Globalization and Belonging: The Politics of Identity in a Changing World. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. 1998. On Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Danner, Mona, Fort, Lucia, and Young, Gay. 1999. International Data on Women and Gender: Resources, Issues, Critical Use. Women's Studies International Forum 22 (2): 249–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dollar, David, and Gatti, Roberta. 1999. Gender Inequality, Income, and Growth: Are Good Times Good for Women? Working Paper Series No. 1. Washington, DC: World Bank Development Research Group.Google Scholar
Donnelly, Jack. 2003. Universal Human Rights in Theory & Practice. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Dunaway, Wilma A. 2002. Commodity Chains and Gendered Exploitation: Rescuing Women from the Periphery of World-System Thought. In The Modern/Colonial/Capitalist World-System in the Twentieth Century Global Processes, Antisystemic Movements, and the Geopolitics of Knowledge, ed. Ramon, Grosfoguel and Margarita-Cervantes, Ana Rodriguez. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Elson, Diane. 1990. Male Bias in macro-economics: the case of structural adjustment. In Male Bias in the Development Process, ed. Elson, Diane. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Fall, Yassine. “Gender and Social Implications of Globalization: An African Perspective,” In Gender, Globalization and Democratization, eds. Mae Kelly, Rita, Bayes, Jane H., Hawkesworth, Mary E., and Young, Brigitte. London: Rowman and Littlefield.
Forsythe, Nancy, Roberta, P. Korzeniewicz, and Durrant, Valerie. 2000. Gender Inequalities and Economic Growth: A Longitudinal Evaluation. Economic Development and Cultural Change 48: 573–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Jonathan, and Sandler, Shmuel. 2003. Quantifying Religion: Toward Building More Effective Ways of Measuring Religious Influence on State-Level Behavior. Journal of Church and State 45 (3): 559–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, Marsha A., and Fraser, Arvonne S.. 1994. Women's Human Rights: Making the Theory a Reality. In Human Rights: An Agenda for the Next Century, ed. Henkin, L. and Hargrove, J. L.. Washington, DC: American Society of International Law.Google Scholar
Friedman, Milton. 1962. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gray, Mark M., Miki, Caul Kittilson, and Sandholtz, Wayne. 2004. Women and Globalization: A Study of Quality of Life and Status Indicators in 180 nations, 1975–2000. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
Haggard, Stephan, and Kaufman, Robert. 2002. The Expansion of Welfare Commitments in Latin America and East Asia: 1950–1980. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA.Google Scholar
Harrelson-Stephens, Julie, and Rhonda, L. Callaway. 2004. Does Trade Openness Promote Security Rights in Developing Countries? Examining the Liberal Perspective. International Interactions 29: 143–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hathaway, Oona A. 2002. Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference? Yale Law Journal 3 (8): 1935–2042.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, Conway. 1993. Population Pressures and Political Repression. Social Science Quarterly 74: 322–33.Google Scholar
Hensel, Paul. International Cooperation and Conflict Data. www.washington.edu/wto/ issues/labor.html. Retrieved 15 August 2005.
Howard, Rhoda. 1993. Cultural Absolutism and the Nostalgia for Community. Human Rights Quarterly 15 (2): 315–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard-Hassman, Rhoda E. 2003. The Great Transformation II: Human Rights Leapfrogging in the Era of Globalization. Paper presented at annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar
Howard-Hassman, Rhoda E. 2005. The Second Great Transformation: Human Rights Leapfrogging in the Era of Globalization. Human Rights Quarterly 27 (1): 1–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howland, Courtney W. 1999. Religious Fundamentalism and the Human Rights of Women. New York: St. Martin's Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Htun, Mala. 2003. Sex and the State Abortion, Divorce, and the Family Under Latin American Dictatorships and Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, and Norris, Pippa. 2003. Rising Tide Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, Pippa Norris, and Christian Welzel. 2004. “Gender Equality and Democracy.” http://pippanorris.com. Retrieved 15 July 2005.
Jaggers, Keith, and Gurr, Ted Robert. 1996. Polity III: Regime Type and Political Authority 1800–1994. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Social and Political Research.Google Scholar
Joekes, Susan P. 1995. Trade-Related Employment for Women in Industry and Service in Developing Countries. Occasional Paper No. 5. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD).Google Scholar
Kabeer, Naila. 2000. Globalization, Labour Standards and Women's Rights: Dilemmas of Collective Action in an Interdependent World. Paper Produced for the “Globalization, Production and Poverty: Macro, Meso and Micro Level Studies' Project” funded by the Department for International Development (DFID), UK.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Gisela. 1992. Contemporary Western European Feminism. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Kolodner, Eric. 1994. Transnational Corporations: Impediments or Catalysts of Social Development? Occasional Paper No. 5. World Summit for Social Development. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD).Google Scholar
Landman, Todd. 2003. Norms and Rights: A-Non Recursive Model of Human Rights Protection. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar
Landman, Todd. 2005. Protecting Human Rights: A Global Comparative Study. Washington, DC: Georgetown University.Google Scholar
Maguire, Daniel C. 2003. Sacred Rights: The Case for Contraception and Abortion in World Religions. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markoff, John. 2003. Margins, Centers, and Democracy: The Paradigmatic History of Women's Suffrage. Signs 29 (1): 85–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, Monty G. and Jaggers, Keith. 2003. Polity IV: Regime Type and Political Authority 1800–2003. Ann Arbor: Inter-University Consortium for Social and Political Research. http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/polity/.Google Scholar
Matland, Richard E. 1998. Women's Representation in National Legislatures: Developed and Developing Countries. Legislative Studies Quarterly 23 (1): 109–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, Ann Elizabeth. 1995. Cultural Particularism as a Bar to Women's Rights: Reflections on the Middle Eastern Experience. In Women's Rights Human Rights International Feminist Perspectives, ed. Peters, Julie and Wolper, Andrea. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mayer, Ann Elizabeth. 1999. Religious Reservations to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women: What Do They Really Mean? In Religious Fundamentalisms and the Human Rights of Women, ed. Courtney, W. Howland. New York: Palgrave Press.Google Scholar
Mears, Rona R. 1995. The Impact of Globalization on Women and Work in the Americas. Presented at the Women's Rights Committee Inter-American Bar Association Conference, Quito, Ecuador. Available at: http://www.hayboo.com/briefings/mears1.htm.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle. 2002. Women, Violence, and the Human Rights System. In Women, Gender, and Human Rights: A Global Perspective, ed. Agosin, Marjorie. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Meyer, Lisa B. 2001. International Trade Liberalization and Gender Relations in Labor Markets: A Cross-National Analysis 1970–1998. Ph.D. diss., Emory University.Google Scholar
Meyer, Lisa B. 2003. Economic Globalization and Women's Status in the Labor Market: A Cross-National Investigation of Occupational Sex Segregation and Inequality. Sociological Quarterly 44 (3): 351–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, William H. 1996. Human Rights and MNCs: Theory Versus Quantitative Analysis. Human Rights Quarterly 18 (2): 368–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, Wesley T., Steven, C. Poe, and Leblang, David. 1999. Security Rights, Subsistence Rights, and Liberties: A Theoretical Survey of the Empirical Landscape. Human Rights Quarterly 21 (2): 403–43.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Neil J., and James, M. McCormick. 1988. Economic and Political Explanations of Human Rights Violations. World Politics 40: 476–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moghadam, Valentine M. 1993. Gender Dynamics of Restructuring in the Semi-Periphery. New York: United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics.Google Scholar
Mosley, Layna. 2003. Global Capital and National Governments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mosley, Layna, and Uno, Saika. 2002. Racing to the Bottom or Climbing to the Top? Foreign Direct Investment and Human Rights. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, MA.Google Scholar
Mungall, Michelle. 2002. Neoliberalism and Globalization Work for Patriarchy: More Challenges to the Women's Movement. http://www.pan-edmonton. 12S.com/educate/articles/neoliberalism.htm.
Mwanza, Iris. 2003. How Nations Misbehave: Compliance with Human Rights Treaties in Commonwealth Africa. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar
Newbury, Catherine, and Baldwin, Hannah. 2000. Aftermath: Women in Postgenocide Rwanda. Working Paper No. 303. Washington, DC: Center for Development Information and Evaluation, U.S. Agency for International Development.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa, and Inglehart, Ronald. 2004. Sacred and Secular Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ottawa, Marina S. 2004. Don't Confuse Women's Rights and Democracy. International Herald Tribune. March 30.Google Scholar
Peterson, V. Spike. 2003. A Critical Rewriting of the Global Political Economy. London and New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poe, Steven C., and Neal, C. Tate. 1994. Repression of Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s: A Global Analysis. American Political Science Review 88: 853–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poe, Steven C., Neal, C. Tate, and Keith, Linda Camp. 1999. Repression of the Human Right to Personal Integrity Revisited: A Global Cross-National Study Covering the Years 1976–1993. International Studies Quarterly 43: 291–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poe, Steven C., Wendel-Blunt, Diedre, and Ho, Karl. 1997. Global Patterns in the Achievement of Women's Human Rights to Equality. Human Rights Quarterly 19: 813–35.Google Scholar
Political Handbook of the World. Annual. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Przeworkski, Adam, Michael, E. Alvarez, Cheibub, Jose Antonio, and Limongi, Fernando. 2003. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-being in the World, 1950–1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Andrew. 1999. Women in the Legislatures and Executives of the World: Knocking at the Highest Glass Ceiling. World Politics 51 (4): 547–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, David L., and Gelleny, Ronald D.. 2002. Is it a Small World after All? Globalization and Government Respect for Human Rights in Developing Countries. In Coping With Globalization Cross-National Patterns in Domestic Governance and Policy Performance, ed. Chan, Steve and James, R. Scarritt. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Richards, David L., Ronald, D. Gelleny, and David, H. Sacko. 2001. Money with a Mean Streak? Foreign Economic Penetration and Government Respect for Human Rights in Developing Countries. International Studies Quarterly 45: 219–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, David, Gelleny, Ronald, and Sweeney, Shawna. 2001. Economic Globalization and Women's Rights: Oppression or Opportunity. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. Timmons, and Hite, Amy, eds. 2000. From Modernization to Globalization Perspectives on Development and Social Change. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Schaeffer, Robert K. 2003. Understanding Globalization: The Social Consequences of Political, Economic, and Environmental Change, 2nd ed. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Sen, Amartya. 2001. Development as Freedom. New York: Alfred Knopf.Google Scholar
Simmons, Beth. 2004. International Law Compliance and Human Rights. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Montreal, Canada.Google Scholar
Standing, Guy. 1999. Global Feminization through Flexible Labor: a Theme Revisited. World Development 27: 583–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steger, Manfred B. 2003. Globalization: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2003. Globalization and its Discontents. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Stohl, Michael. 1975. War and Domestic Violence: The Case of the United States, 1890–1970. Journal of Conflict Resolution 19: 379–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strand, Havard, Wilhelmsen, Lars, and Nils, Petter Gleditsch. 2002. Armed Conflict Dataset Codebook. Version 1.1. Oslo, Norway: International Peace Research Institute.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Donna. 1994. Women's Human Rights and the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights. American Journal of International Law 88: 152–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swank, Duane. 2001. Mobile Capital, Democratic Institutions, and the Public Economy in Advanced Industrial Societies. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice 3: 133–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sweetman, Caroline 1995. “Women and Culture.” Oxfam. http://www.oxfam.org.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2003.
Tavits, Margit. 2004. The Size of Government in Majoritarian and Consensus Democracies. Comparative Political Studies 37 (3): 340–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
True, Jacqui, and Mintrom, Michael. 2001. Transnational Networks and Policy Diffusion: The Case of Gender Mainstreaming. International Studies Quarterly 45: 27–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
United Nations. 1995. The Beijing Declaration and The Platform for Action: Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, China, 4–15 September 1995. New York: Author.
United Nations. 2000. The World's Women 2000: Trends and Statistics. New York: Author.
United Nations. 2005. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women: State Parties. Available at: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/states.htm.
U.S. State Department. Annual. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Stein, Jana. 2004. Making Promises, Keeping Promises: Ratification and Compliance in International Human Rights Law. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
Walsh, Martha. 2000. Aftermath: The Impact of Conflict on Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Working Paper No. 302, Center for Development Information and Evaluation, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Wang, Guang-Zhen. 2004. Reproductive Health in the Context of Economic and Democratic Development. Comparative Sociology 3 (2): 135–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, Kathryn B., and Pyle, Jean Larson. 1995. Gender, Industrialization, Transnational Corporations and Development: An Overview of Trends and Patterns. In From Modernization to Globalization: Perspectives on Development and Social Change, ed. Timmons, J. Roberts and Hite, Amy. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Waylen, Georgina. 1996. Gender in Third World Politics. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Weiss, Linda, ed. 2003. States in the Global Economy: Bringing Domestic Institutions Back In. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weldon, S. Laurel. 2002. Protest, Policy, and the Problem of Violence Against Women: A Cross-National Comparison. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Women's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO). 1998. Mapping Progress: Assessing Implementation of the Beijing Platform. New York: WEDO.
World Bank. World Development Indicators on CD-Rom. Washington, DC.
World Bank. 2001. Engendering Development through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources, and Voice. New York: Oxford University Press.
Young, Gay, Fort, Lucia, and Danner, Mona. 1994. Moving from “the Status of Women” to “Gender Inequality”: Conceptualization, Social Indicators, and an Empirical Application. International Sociology 9: 55–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zweifel, Thomas D., and Navia, Patricio. 2000. Democracy, Dictatorship, and Infant Mortality. Journal of Democracy 11 (2): 99–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×