The criteria used in Chapter 3 for measuring the success or failure of export-led growth require information on the ratio of exports to GDP, the price of imports, and the purchasing power of exports before 1914 for all countries. This Appendix 2 explains the methods I used to calculate the statistics. It also includes tables on export prices, the net barter terms of trade (NBTT), and the volume of exports from 1850 to 1912 (unless otherwise specified) for twelve countries.

The Ratio of Exports to GDP

Calculation of the required rate of growth of exports in equation (3.2) involves estimation of the ratio of exports to GDP (w). Because w can be assumed to change over time, it is necessary to estimate it at the beginning (circa 1850) and at the end (circa 1912) of the period.

The ratio of exports to GDP is the same as the ratio of exports per head to GDP per head. Table 3.6 provides data on exports per head in current dollars for all countries at different time intervals, and Appendix 4 provides data on GDP per head circa 1912 for nine countries at constant (2000) dollars. For some of these countries there are also estimates of GDP at current dollars (see Appendix 3), and it is preferable to use these for consistency because the export data are also at current prices. In the case of Mexico, I used a three-year average for 1908 to avoid the impact of the revolution; in the case of Venezuela, I used a three-year average for 1921 because the current price series starts in 1920 (in both cases exports per head therefore need to refer to the same year rather than to 1912). Estimates for ԝ in 1912 for other countries with constant price estimates can be obtained by converting the GDP data to current dollars using a deflator obtained from US wholesale price indexes; see Mitchell (2007). Assuming that 1970 equals 100, the 1912 price index can be calculated as 35. Thus the GDP data for these other countries were converted to current dollars by multiplying by 0.35. This allows calculation of ԝ in 1912 for any country for which there are constant price GDP data only.