Archaux, F. & Bakkaus, N. (2007) Relative impact of stand structure, tree composition and climate on mountain bird communities. Forest Ecology and Management, 247, 72–79.Google Scholar

Arlettaz, R., Nusslé, S., Baltic, M. et al. (2015) Disturbance of wildlife by outdoor winter recreation: Allostatic stress response and altered activity-energy budgets. Ecological Applications, 25, 1197–1212.Google Scholar

Arlettaz, R., Patthey, P., Baltic, M. et al. (2007) Spreading free-riding snow sports represent a novel serious threat for wildlife. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 274, 1219–1224.Google Scholar

Arlettaz, R., Patthey, P. & Braunisch, V. (2013) Impacts of outdoor winter recreation on alpine wildlife and mitigation approaches: A case study of the black grouse. In The Impacts of Skiing and Related Winter Recreational Activities on Mountain Environments. Rixen, C. & Rolando, A. (eds.) Bussum: Bentham eBooks, pp. 137–154.Google Scholar

Bätzing, W. (2005) Die Alpen. Geschichte und Zukunft einer europäischen Kulturlandschaft. 4th edition. Munich: C.H. Beck.Google Scholar

Beaumont, L.J., Pitman, A.J., Poulsen, M. & Hughes, L. (2007) Where will species go? Incorporating new advances in climate modelling into projections of species distributions. Global Change Biology, 13, 1368–1385.Google Scholar

BirdLife International (2015) European Red List of Birds. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. http://bookshop.europa.eu.Google Scholar

Bohn, U., Gollub, G. & Hettwer, C. (2000) Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe. Bonn: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation.Google Scholar

Borras, A., Cabrera, T., Cabrera, J. & Senar, J.C. (2003) The diet of the Citril Finch (Serinus citrinella) in the Pyrenees and the role of Pinus seeds as a key resource. Journal of Ornithology, 144, 345–353.Google Scholar

Brambilla, M., Bergero, V., Bassi, E. & Falco, R. (2015) Current and future effectiveness of Natura 2000 network in the central Alps for the conservation of mountain forest owl species in a warming climate. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 61, 35–44.Google Scholar

Braunisch, V., Coppes, J., Arlettaz, R., Suchant, R., Schmid, H. & Bollmann, K. (2013) Selecting from correlated climate variables: A major source of uncertainty for predicting species distributions under climate change. Ecography, 36, 971–983.Google Scholar

Braunisch, V., Coppes, J., Arlettaz, R., Suchant, R., Zellweger, F. & Bollmann, K. (2014) Temperate mountain forest biodiversity under climate change: Compensating negative effects by increasing structural complexity. PLoS ONE, 9 (5), e97718.Google Scholar

Braunisch, V., Patthey, P. & Arlettaz, R. (2011) Spatially explicit modeling of conflict zones between wildlife and snow sports: Prioritizing areas for winter refuges. Ecological Applications, 21, 955–967.Google Scholar

Bugmann, H. (2001) A comparative analysis of forest dynamics in the Swiss Alps and the Colorado Front Range. Forest Ecology and Management, 145, 43–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burfield, I. & van Bommel, F.P.J. (2004) Birds in Europe: Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. BirdLife Conservation Series 12. Cambridge: BirdLife International.Google Scholar

Burga, C.A. & Perret, R. (1998) Vegetation und Klima der Schweiz seit dem jüngeren Eiszeitalter (Vegetation and Climate History in Switzerland during the Later Pleistocene and Holocene). Thun, Switzerland: Ott.Google Scholar

Bütler, R., Angelstam, P., Ekelund, P. & Schlaepfer, R. (2004) Dead wood threshold values for the three-toed woodpecker in boreal and sub-Alpine forest. Biological Conservation, 119, 305–318.Google Scholar

Catzeflis, F. (1979) Etude qualitative et quantitative de l’avifaune de la pessière jurassienne du Chalet à Roch, Vaud. Nos Oiseaux, 35, 75–84.Google Scholar

Chamberlain, D.E., Negro, M., Caprio, E. & Rolando, A. (2013) Assessing the sensitivity of alpine birds to potential future changes in habitat and climate to inform management strategies. Biological Conservation, 167, 127–135.Google Scholar

Dvorak, M., Ranner, A. & Berg, H.-M. (1993) Atlas der Brutvögel Österreichs. Wien: Umweltbundesamt.Google Scholar

Ellenberg, H. (2009) Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Estrada, J., Guallar, S., Pedrocchi, V. & Brotons, L. (2005) Atles dels Ocells Nidificants de Catalunya 1999–2002. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.Google Scholar

Fuller, R.J., Smith, K.W. & Hinsley, S.A. (2012) Temperate western European woodland as a dynamic habitat for birds: A resource-based view. In Birds and Habitat: Relationships in Changing Landscapes. Fuller, R.J. (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 352–380Google Scholar

Glutz von Blotzheim, U.N. & Bauer, K.M. (1994) Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas. Vol. 9: Columbiformes – Piciformes. 2nd ed. Wiesbaden: Aula.Google Scholar

Graf, R.F., Bollmann, K., Bugmann, H. & Suter, W. (2007) Forest and landscape structure as predictors of capercaillie occurrence. Journal of Wildlife Management, 71, 356–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hess, R. (1983) Verbreitung, Siedlungsdichte und Habitat des Dreizehenspechts Picoides tridactylus alpinus im Kanton Schwyz. Der Ornithologische Beobachter, 80, 153–182.Google Scholar

Janett, A. (1943) Über die Regelungen von Wald und Weide. Swiss Forestry Journal, 94, 105–117.Google Scholar

Johann, E. (2006) Historical development of nature-based forestry in Central Europe. In Nature-based Forestry in Central Europe – Alternatives to Industrial Forestry and Strict Preservation. Diaci, J. (ed.). Ljubljana: Studia Forestalia Slovenica, 126, pp. 1–17.Google Scholar

Keller, V., Gerber, A., Schmid, H., Volet, B. & Zbinden, N. (2010) Rote Liste Brutvögel. Gefährdete Arten der Schweiz, Stand 2010. Umwelt-Vollzug Nr. 1019. Bern & Sempach: Bundesamt für Umwelt und Schweizerische Vogelwarte.Google Scholar

Korňan, M. & Adamík, P. (2014) Structure of the breeding bird assemblage of a natural beech-spruce forest in the Šútovská dolina National Nature Reserve, the Malá Fatra Mts. Ekológia, Bratislava, 33, 138–150.Google Scholar

Körner, C. (1998) A re-assessment of high-elevation treeline positions and their explanation. Oecologia, 115, 445–459.Google Scholar

Körner, C. (2012) Alpine Treelines: Functional Ecology of the Global High Elevation Tree Limits. Basel: Springer.Google Scholar

Kropil, R. (1996) Structure of the breeding bird assemblage of the fir-beech primeval forest in the West Carpathians (Badin nature reserve). Folia Zoologica, 45, 311–324.Google Scholar

Landolt, E. (2003) Unsere Alpenflora. Bern: SAC-Verlag.Google Scholar

Maggini, R., Lehmann, A., Kéry, M. et al. (2011) Are Swiss birds tracking climate change? Detecting elevational shifts using response curve shapes. Ecological Modelling, 222, 21–32.Google Scholar

Marti, C. & Bossert, A. (1985) Beobachtungen zur Sommeraktivität und Brutbiologie des Alpenschneehuhns Lagopus mutus im Aletschgebiet (Wallis). Der Ornithologische Beobachter, 82, 152–168.Google Scholar

Mattes, H. (1982) The coadaptive system of the nutcracker Nucifraga caryocatactes (L.) and the Swiss stone pine Pinus cembra (L.) and their importance to forestry in the upper mountain region. Report No. 241. Birmensdorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL. [in German, English summary]Google Scholar

Mattes, H., Maurizio, R. & Bürkli, W. (2005) Die Vogelwelt im Oberengadin, Bergell und Puschlav. Sempach: Schweizerische Vogelwarte.Google Scholar

Mayer, A.C. & Stöckli, V. (2005) Long-term impact of cattle grazing on subalpine forest development and efficiency of snow avalanche protection. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 37, 521–526.Google Scholar

Meier, H. (1954) Über den Vogelbestand eines subalpinen Fichtenwaldes. Der Ornithologische Beobachter, 51, 133–134.Google Scholar

Mikoláš, M., Svitok, M., Tejkal, M. et al. (2015) Evaluating forest management intensity on a umbrella species: Capercaillie persistence in central Europe. Forest Ecology and Management, 354, 26–34.Google Scholar

Mikoláš, M., Tejkal, M., Kuemmerle, T. et al. (2017) Forest management impacts on capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) habitat distribution and connectivity in the Carpathians. Landscape Ecology, 32, 163–179.Google Scholar

Mollet, P., Stadler, B. & Bollmann, K. (2008) Aktionsplan Auerhuhn Schweiz. Umwelt-Vollzug Nr. 0804. Bern, Sempach & Zürich: Bundesamt für Umwelt, Schweizerische Vogelwarte, Schweizer Vogelschutz SVS/BirdLife Schweiz.Google Scholar

Mosimann, P., Naef-Daenzer, B. & Blattner, M. (1987) Die Zusammensetzung der Avifauna in typischen Waldgesellschaften der Schweiz. Der Ornithologische Beobachter, 84, 275–299.Google Scholar

Müller-Buser, M. (2002) Die Avifauna der Bergföhrenwälder des Schweizerischen Nationalparks im Ofenpassgebiet. Der Ornithologische Beobachter, 99, 1–18.Google Scholar

Niederfriniger, O., Schreiner, P. & Unterholzner, L. (1996) Aus der Luft gegriffen. Atlas der Vogelwelt Südtirols. Tappeiner, Lana d’Adige (Bolzano, Italy): Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Vogelkunde und Vogelschutz Südtirol.Google Scholar

Nilsson, S.G. (1997) Forests in the temperate-boreal transition: Natural and man-made features. Ecological Bulletins, 46, 61–71.Google Scholar

Ott, E., Frehner, M., Frey, H.U. & Lüscher, P. (1997) Gebirgsnadelwälder: praxisorientierter Leitfaden für eine standortgerechte Waldbehandlung. Bern: Haupt.Google Scholar

Parolini, J.D. (2012) Vom Kahlschlag zum Naturwaldreservat: Geschichte der Waldnutzung im Gebiet des Schweizerischen Nationalparks. Bern: Haupt.Google Scholar

Patthey, P., Signorell, N., Rotelli, L. & Arlettaz, R. (2012) Vegetation structural and compositional heterogeneity as a key feature in Alpine black grouse microhabitat selection: Conservation management implications. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 58, 59–70.Google Scholar

Patthey, P., Wirthner, S., Signorell, N. & Arlettaz, R. (2008) Impact of outdoor winter sports on the abundance of a key indicator species of alpine ecosystems. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 1704–1711.Google Scholar

Rebetez, M. & Reinhard, M. (2007) Monthly air temperature trends in Switzerland 1901–2000 and 1975–2004. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 91 (1–4), 27–34.Google Scholar

Saniga, M. (1995) Seasonal dynamics of the bird assemblages in the natural forests of the spruce vegetation tier. Folia Zoologica, 44, 103–110.Google Scholar

Schaub, M., Martinez, N., Tagmann-Ioset, A. et al. (2010) Patches of bare ground as a staple commodity for declining ground-foraging insectivorous farmland birds. PLoS ONE, 5, e13115.Google Scholar

Schäublin, S. & Bollmann, K. (2011) Winter habitat selection and conservation of Hazel Grouse (Bonasa bonasia) in mountain forests. Journal of Ornithology, 152, 179–192.Google Scholar

Schmid, H., Luder, R., Naef-Daenzer, B, Graf, R. & Zbinden, N. (1998) Schweizer Brutvogelatlas: Verbreitung der Brutvögel in der Schweiz und im Fürstentum Liechtenstein 1993–1996. Sempach: Schweizerische Vogelwarte.Google Scholar

Signorell, N., Wirthner, S., Patthey, P., Schranz, R., Rotelli, L. & Arlettaz, R. (2010) Concealment from predators drives foraging habitat selection in brood-rearing Alpine black grouse Tetrao tetrix hens: Habitat management implications. Wildlife Biology, 16, 249–257.Google Scholar

Suchant, R. & Braunisch, V. (2004) Multidimensional habitat modelling in practical management: A case study on capercaillie in the Black Forest, Germany. Ecological Bulletins, 51, 455–469.Google Scholar

Thaler-Kottek, E. (1986) Zum Verhalten von Winter- und Sommergoldhähnchen (Regulus regulus, Regulus ignicapillus) – etho-ökologische Differenzierung und Anpassung an den Lebensraum. Der Ornithologische Beobachter, 83, 281–289.Google Scholar

Thiel, D., Jenni-Eiermann, S., Braunisch, V., Palme, R. & Jenni, L. (2008) Ski tourism affects habitat use and evokes a physiological stress response in capercaillie Tetrao urogallus: A new methodological approach. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 845–853.Google Scholar

Thiel, D., Jenni-Eiermann, S., Palme, R. & Jenni, L. (2011) Winter tourism increases stress hormone levels in the Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus. Ibis, 153, 122–133.Google Scholar

Thiel, D., Ménoni, E., Brenot, J.F. & Jenni, L. (2007) Effects of recreation and hunting on flushing distance of capercaillie. Journal of Wildlife Management, 71, 1784–1792.Google Scholar

Thuiller, W. (2004) Patterns and uncertainties of species’ range shifts under climate change. Global Change Biology, 10, 2020–2027.Google Scholar

Tomback, D.F., Holtmeier, F.-K., Mattes, H., Carsey, K.S. & Powell, M.L. (1993) Tree clusters and growth form distribution in Pinus cembra, a bird-dispersed pine. Arctic and Alpine Research, 25, 374–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Turček, F.J. (1961) Ökologische Beziehungen der Vögel und Gehölze. Bratislava, Verlag der slowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 285 S.Google Scholar

UICN France, MNHN, LPO, SEOF, ONCFS (2011) La liste rouge des espèces menacées en France – chapitre oiseaux de France métropolitaine. Paris.Google Scholar

Viry, B. & Helderlé, C.L. (eds.) (2012) Des forêts pour le Grand Tétras: Guide de sylviculture. Metz: Edition La Région Lorraine.Google Scholar

Zbinden, N., Kéry, M., Keller, V., Brotons, L., Herrando, S. & Schmid, H. (2010) Species richness of breeding birds along the altitudinal gradient: An analysis of atlas databases from Switzerland and Catalonia (NE Spain). In Data Mining for Global Trends in Mountain Biodiversity. Spehn, E.M. & Körner, C. (eds.). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, pp. 65–73.Google Scholar

Zbinden, N. & Salvioni, M. (2003) Verbreitung, Siedlungsdichte und Fortpflanzungserfolg des Birkhuhns Tetrao tetrix im Tessin 1981–2002. Der Ornithologische Beobachter, 100, 211–226.Google Scholar