What Date Shall we pick for completion of the Old World Neolithic Revolution in the lands of its origin? Suppose we have it terminate a neat 5,000 years ago with domestication of the horse – an arbitrary choice, perhaps, but a good approximation. Between that era and time of development of the societies that sent Columbus and other voyagers across the oceans, roughly 4,000 years passed, during which little of importance happened, relative to what had gone before.

Let us apply the technique of time–lapse photography to the four millennia following completion of the Old World Neolithic, exposing a frame only every half century or so. When we then view our film at normal speed, we are struck with the uneventfulness of this long period. Nothing in those four millennia compares in importance with the domestication of the horse, for instance. Indeed, very little happened that was truly new – just more of the same sort of thing. The epochal innovations of the Neolithic – cultivation of wheat, domestication of the pig, invention of the wheel – overshadow all that followed for scores of human generations. There are some new developments – invention of the arch, domestication of the camel, among others – but they are of minor significance compared with what had gone before. Old World civilization does not continue to innovate broadly nor attain higher levels of energy; it simply continues to spread. Empires pop up and down; few but the pharaonic, the Roman, and the Han

last long enough to be clearly discerned as our film rolls through the projector.