While there can be little argument that England and Australia dominated most aspects of the fledgling radio discipline, noteworthy contributions also originated elsewhere before 1960. In this section we find accounts of early developments in several of these nations. First, Alexander Salomonovich recounts the important work of several observational groups early active in the Soviet Union. But it was the Soviet theorists, specifically Vitaly Ginzburg and Iosef Shklovsky, who wielded the greater influence on radio astronomy as a whole – over the years neither of them shirked from proposing radical ideas to match the radical observations. Their successes include explanations for the solar emission (hot corona) and the radiation from the galactic background and discrete sources (synchrotron mechanism), as well as predictions regarding spectral lines (CH) and variable radio intensity from discrete sources (Cassiopeia A).

Also after the war, major groups in France, Canada, and Japan began studying the sun and throughout the 1950s maintained this specialty. The story of the radio sun and the men who perceived it from Paris, Ottawa, and Nagoya is laid out in the final three articles in this section.