A review of current debates on the nature and direction of ‘Industrial Archaeology’ is presented, emphasising the importance of technology and industry within a holistic archaeology of the later second millennium CE, itself situated within a historical archaeology that in Britain extends back to the Roman period. The debate between ‘Industrial’ and ‘Post-Medieval’ archaeology is seen as part of the ‘two cultures’ of sciences and humanities, and the specific connections of industrial archaeology to engineering and thus to physics are emphasised. The definition and chronology of the Industrial Revolution are re-examined, and alternative models of a ‘chemical’ followed by a ‘physical’, or an ‘extractive’ followed by a ‘manufacturing’ Industrial Revolution are proposed, bothseen as being within a ‘long Industrial Revolution’ that extended back to the late-medieval period. These themes are then examined in a case study of the Whitehaven coast. A classic ‘industrial landscape’ of coal mining and associated transport is shown to derive from this ‘long Industrial Revolution’ which in this case took off in the 1630s; however, the landscape and its industrialisation were framed by its medieval antecedents, and represent a landscape of power, symbolism, identity and colonialism as well as one of practical industry. The Whitehaven survey therefore forms part of the holistic archaeology of the later second millennium CE previously advocated; however, the need for ‘unity in diversity’, respecting diff erence and welcoming contributions from the full range of the ‘two cultures’, is stressed.