Company Law and the Joint stock Company

There has long been a tendency to regard the rise of the business corporation as a phenomenon in little need of explanation. As early as the 1930s, one scholar was describing it as ‘the story of an economic necessity forcing its way slowly and painfully to legal recognition’ (Hunt, 1936: 13), and another was arguing that until British law made the corporate privileges freely available in the mid-nineteenth century ‘full economic development was impossible’ (Shannon, 1931: 12). More recently, but in a similar vein, a group of prominent legal scholars have described the ‘common structure’ and ‘underlying uniformity’ of the corporate legal form as ‘induced by the economic exigencies of the large modern business enterprise’, before going on to suggest that so indispensable are its key features – separate legal personality, limited liability, transferable shares, delegated management and shareholder primacy – that ‘corporate law everywhere must, of necessity, provide for them’ (Kraakman et al., 2004: 1215). The suggestion is that the rise to dominance of the corporate legal form in its current form was essentially economically determined, the product of technological advances and the efficiency-enhancing imperatives of market forces. This belief underlay recent claims that we had reached ‘the end of history for corporate law’ and that corporate law around the world is converging on a standard shareholder-oriented model of the corporation (Hansmann and Kraakman, 2001). The effect of this story of economic inevitability and ‘evolution to efficiency’ is, of course, to naturalize and de-politicize the corporate legal form as currently constituted, immunizing it from serious critical examination and evaluation. This chapter argues that, contrary to this account, history shows that far from being a product of (more or less) inexorable economic forces, the corporate legal form, as developed for businesses, was, in the specific form we know it, a political construct, developed in large part to accommodate and protect the interests of rentier investors.