Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T17:29:49.496Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - Autocracy under Cover of the Transnational Legal Order

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2019

Gregory Shaffer
Affiliation:
University of California, Irvine
Tom Ginsburg
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Terence C. Halliday
Affiliation:
American Bar Foundation
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramowitz, Michael J. 2018. “Freedom in the World 2018: Democracy in Crisis.” Freedom House. Available from: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FITW_Report_2018_Final_SinglePage.pdf.Google Scholar
The Electoral, ACE Knowledge Network. 2012. “Germany: Delimiting Districts in a Mixed Member Proportional Electoral System.” Available from: http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/bd/annex/bdy/bdy_de.Google Scholar
Press., Associated 2018. “Ecuador Votes to Limit President’s Terms in Blow to Rafeal Correa.” The Guardian, February 5, 2018. Available from: www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/05/ecuador-votes-to-limit-presidents-terms-in-blow-to-rafael-correa.Google Scholar
Bâli, Asli. 2013. “Courts and Constitutional Transition: Lessons from the Turkish Case.International Journal of Constitutional Law 11: 666701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bánkuti, Miklós, Halmai, Gábor, and Scheppele., Kim Lane 2012. “Hungary’s Illiberal Turn: Dismantling the Constitution.” Journal of Democracy 21 (3): 138–45.Google Scholar
Bell, David A. 2016. “The Theory behind a Very Bad Year (and It’s Only Half Over).” Foreign Policy (20 July). Available from: https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/20/why-decades-do-happen-in-weeks-brexit-coup-turkey-trump-isis/.Google Scholar
Bermeo, Nancy. 2016. “On Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy 27 (1): 519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Nathan. 2001. Constitutions in a Non-Constitutional World: Arab Basic Laws and the Prospects for Accountable Governance. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Brewer-Carías, Allan R. 2010. “The 1999 Venezuelan Constitution-Making Process as an Instrument for Framing the Development of an Authoritarian Political Regime.” In Framing the State in Times of Political Transition, edited by Laurel Miller with Louis Aucoin, Washington, DC: US Institute for Peace Press: 505–31. Available from: www.usip.org/sites/default/files/Framing%20the%20State/Chapter19_Framing.pdf.Google Scholar
Ciddi, Sinan. 2011. “Turkey’s September 12, 2010 Referendum.” MERIA Journal 15 (4) (December). Available from www.rubincenter.org/2011/12/turkey%E2%80%99s-september-12–2010-referendum/.Google Scholar
Clementi, Francesco. 2016. “Italian Constitutional Reforms: Toward Stable and Efficient Government.” Constitution.Net (23 June). Available from www.constitutionnet.org/news/italian-constitutional-reforms-towards-stable-and-efficient-government.Google Scholar
Colton, Timothy and Skach, Cindy. 2005. “The Russian Predicament.” Journal of Democracy 16 (3): 113–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conaghan, Catherine M. 2008. “Ecuador: Correa’s Plebiscitary Presidency.” Journal of Democracy 19 (2): 4660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conaghan, Catherine M. 2016. “Ecuador under Correa.” Journal of Democracy 27 (3): 109–18.Google Scholar
Unit, The Constitution. 1998. “Checks and Balances in Single-Chamber Parliaments: A Comparative Analysis.” Available from: www.ucl.ac.uk/spp/publications/unit-publications/24.pdf.Google Scholar
Corrales, Javier. 2015. “Autocratic Legalism in Venezuela.” Journal of Democracy 26 (2): 3751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corrales, Javier and Penfold., Michael 2014. “Manipulating Term Limits in Latin America.” Journal of Democracy 25 (4): 157–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Correa, Rafael. 2012. “Ecuador’s Path.” New Left Review 77: 90 (September–October).Google Scholar
David, Steven R. 1986. “Soviet Involvement in Third World Coups.” International Security 11 (1): 336 (Summer).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desai, Deval. 2017. “Ignorance/Power: Expert Ignorance and the Performance and Practice of Rule of Law Reform.” SJD Dissertation, Harvard Law School.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves and Garth., Bryant 2001. “The Import and Export of Law and Legal Institutions.” Pp. 241–56 in Adapting Legal Cultures, edited by Nelken, David and Feest., Johannes Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry. 2015. “Facing up to Democratic Recession.” Journal of Democracy 26 (1): 141–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duhamel, Olivier. 2000. “France’s New Five-Year Presidential Term.” Brookings Institute. March 1, 2000. Available from: www.brookings.edu/articles/frances-new-five-year-presidential-term/.Google Scholar
The Economist. 2008. “On Putin’s Terms.” November 8, 2008. Available from www.economist.com/node/12622987.Google Scholar
Ellner, Stephen. 2012. “The Distinguishing Features of Latin America’s New Left in Power: The Governments of Hugo Chavez, Evo Morales, and Rafael Correa.” Latin American Perspectives. January 17, 2012. Available from: https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/6754.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2016a. “Fact Sheet: College Orientation Debate on Recent Developments in Poland and the Rule of Law Framework: Questions & Answers.” January 13, 2016. Available from: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16–62_en.htm.Google Scholar
European Commission. 2017. “Reasoned Proposal in Accordance with Article 7 (1)of the Treat on European Union Regarding the Rule of Law in Poland.” December 20, 2017. Available from: ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/document.cfm?doc_id=49108.Google Scholar
European Commission for Democracy Through Law, “Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters: Guidelines and Explanatory Report.” Council of Europe, October 2002, www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2002)023-e (accessed 11 November 2018).Google Scholar
Parliament., European 2011. Resolution of 5 July 2011 on the Revised Hungarian Constitution, P7_TA(2011)0315.Google Scholar
Parliament., European 2013. Resolution of 3 July 2013 on the Situation of Fundamental Rights: Standards and Practices in Hungary (pursuant to the European Parliament Resolution of 16 February 2012) (2012/2130(INI)), P7_TA(2013)0315.Google Scholar
Foa, Roberto Stefan and Mounk., Yascha 2016. “The Democratic Disconnect.” Journal of Democracy 27 (3): 517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. 1989. “The End of History?National Interest 16 (Summer): 318.Google Scholar
Gaidar, Yegor. 2007. Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute Press.Google Scholar
Gargarella, Roberto. 2012. “Neo-Constitutionalism in Twenty-First Century Venezuela: Participatory Democracy, Deconcentrated Decentralization or Centralized Populism?” Pp. 163–82 in New Constitutionalism in Latin America: Promises and Practices, edited by Nolte, Detlef and Schilling-Vacaflor., Almut New York: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Garver, John W. 2006. China and Iran: Ancient Partners in a Post-Imperial World. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Gel’man, Vladimir. 2000. “Dictatorship of the Law: Neither Dictatorship Nor Rule of Law.” PONARS Policy Memo 146, European University at St. Petersburg. Available from: www.ponarseurasia.org/sites/default/files/policy-memos-pdf/pm_0146.pdf.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, Tom, Melton, James, and Elkins, Zachary. 2011. “On the Evasion of Executive Term Limits.” William and Mary Law Review 52 (6): 1807–72.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Suzanne. 1999. “Musharraf Seeks to Soften Coup Image.” The Guardian. October 16, 1999. Available from: www.theguardian.com/world/1999/oct/16/pakistan.suzannegoldenberg.Google Scholar
Habdank-Kołaczkowska, Sylvana. 2015. “Nations in Transit 2015: Democracy on the Defensive in Europe and Eurasia.” Freedom House. Available from: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_NIT2015_06.06.15_FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terrence and Shaffer, Gregory, eds. 2015. Transnational Legal Orders in Transnational Legal Orders. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Halmai, Gábor 2012. “Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments: Constitutional Courts as Guardians of the Constitution?Constellations 19 (2): 182203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parliament, Hungarian 2010. Government Resolution 1/2010 (VI. 16.), Proclamation of the Parliament, 1140/2010. (VII. 2.).Google Scholar
International IDEA. 2008. “Direct Democracy Handbook.” Available from: www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/direct-democracy-the-international-idea-handbook.pdf.Google Scholar
International IDEA. 2013. “Practical Guide to Constitution Building.” Available from: www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/a-practical-guide-to-constitution-building.pdf.Google Scholar
International IDEA. 2014a. “Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns: A Handbook on Political Finance.” Available from www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/funding-political-parties-and-election-campaigns-handbook-political-finance.Google Scholar
International IDEA. 2014b. “Constitutional Amendment Procedures, September.” Available from: www.idea.int/cbp/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=65937.Google Scholar
International IDEA. 2015a. “To Go or Not to Go? Debates about Constitutional Term Limits, Chapter VI of the Annual Review of Constitution-Building Processes 2014.” Available from: www.idea.int/publications/annual-review-of-cbp-2014/upload/annual-review-of-cbp-2014-c6.pdf.Google Scholar
International IDEA. 2015b. “Presidential Veto Powers, May.” Available from:www.idea.int/cbp/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=69562.Google Scholar
International IDEA. 2018. “Mission and Values.” Available from: www.idea.int/about-us/mission-values.Google Scholar
Kirchgaessner, Stephanie and Guiffrida., Angela 2016. “Italian PM Matteo Renzi Resigns after Referendum Defeat.” The Guardian. December, 5 2016.Google Scholar
Kleinfeld, Rachel. 2012. Advancing the Rule of Law Abroad: Next Generation Reform. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, Louise. 2001. Presidentialism in Contemporary France: De Gaulle and Mitterrand. PhD thesis (unpublished manuscript), University of Warwick. On file at http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/66773/.Google Scholar
Kogacioglu, Dicle. 2004. “Progress, Unity, and Democracy: Dissolving Political Parties in Turkey.Law and Society Review 38 (3): 433–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kommers, Donald and Miller., Russell 2012. The Jurisprudence of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, 3rd edition. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Kotkin, Stephen. 2001. Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse 1970–2000. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Landau, David. 2013. “Constitution-Making Gone Wrong.Alabama Law Review 64 (5): 923–80.Google Scholar
Landau, David. 2015. “Term Limit Manipulation across Latin America and What Constitutional Design Could Do about It.” Constitution.net. July 21, 2015. Available from: www.constitutionnet.org/news/term-limits-manipulation-across-latin-america-and-what-constitutional-design-could-do-about-it.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven and Way., Lucan 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven and Ziblatt., Daniel 2018. How Democracies Die. New York: Crown Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan. 1990. “The Perils of Presidentialism.” Journal of Democracy 1 (1): 5169.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan and Stepan., Alfred 1996a. “Toward Consolidated Democracies.” Journal of Democracy 7 (2): 1433.Google Scholar
Linz, Juan and Stepan., Alfred 1996b. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Llewlleyn, Karl. 1930. The Bramble Bush: On Our Law and Its Study. Dobbs Ferry: Oceana Books.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott and Shugart., Matthew S. 1997. “Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy: A Critical Appraisal.” Comparative Politics 29 (4): 449–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muižnieks, Nils. 2016. Report by Nils Muiznieks, Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe, following His Visit to Poland from 9 to 12 February 2016, CommDH(2016)23, 15 June 2016, Strasbourg. Available from: https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?p=&Ref=CommDH(2016)23&Language=lanEnglish&Ver=original&direct=true.Google Scholar
Önis, Ziya. 2016. “Turkey’s Two Elections: The AKP Comes Back.” Journal of Democracy 27 (2): 141–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe/Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights 2014. Hungary Parliamentary Elections 6 April 2014 Limited Election Observation Mission Final Report, Warsaw, 11 July 2014. Available from: www.osce.org/odihr/elections/hungary/121098?download=true.Google Scholar
Osgood, Kenneth A. 2002. “Hearts and Minds: The Unconventional Cold War.Journal of Cold War Studies 4 (2): 85107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Özsoy, Şule. 2016. “Erdoğan’s Long-Standing Struggle for a Turkish Type of Presidential System.” Presidential Power Blog. February 23, 2016. Available from: http://presidential-power.com/?p=4495.Google Scholar
Pan, Philip P. 2008. “Russia’s Medvedev Signs Constitutional Amendment to Lengthen Presidential Terms.” Washington Post. December 30, 2008. Available from: www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/30/AR2008123000839.html.Google Scholar
Ramadan, Tariq. 2011. “Democratic Turkey Is the Template for Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood.” New Perspectives Quarterly 28 (2): 42–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadurski, Wojciech. 2016. What Is Going on in Poland Is an Attack Against Democracy. Interview with Wojciech Sadurski and Maximillian Steinbeis, Verfassungsblog. July 15, 2016. Available from: http://verfassungsblog.de/what-is-going-on-in-poland-is-an-attack-against-democracy/.Google Scholar
Sanchez, Maria Isabel. 2016. “Venezuela: Opposition Vows All Means, Including Constitutional Amendment, to Oust Maduro.” Constitution.Net. March 9, 2016. Available from: www.constitutionnet.org/news/venezuela-opposition-vows-all-means-including-constitutional-amendment-oust-maduro.Google Scholar
Scharfe, Patrick. 2015. “Erdoğan’s Presidential Dreams, Turkey’s Constitutional Politics.” Origins 8 (5). February 2015. Available from: http://origins.osu.edu/article/erdo-s-presidential-dreams-turkey-s-constitutional-politics.Google Scholar
Scheppele, Kim Lane. 2003. “Aspirational and Aversive Constitutionalism: The Case for Studying Cross-Constitutional Influence through Negative Models.International Journal of Constitutional Law 1 (2): 296324.Google Scholar
Scheppele, Kim Lane. 2008. “A Constitution between Past and Future.” William & Mary Law Review 49 (4): 1377–407.Google Scholar
Scheppele, Kim Lane. 2009. “Constitutional Interpretation after Regimes of Horror.” Pp. 233–58 in Legal Institutions and Collective Memories, edited by Karstedt., Susanne Oxford: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Scheppele, Kim Lane. 2013. “The Rule of Law and the Frankenstate: Why Governance Checklists Do Not Work.” Governance 26: 559–62.Google Scholar
Scheppele, Kim Lane. 2014a. “An Election in Question Part II: Writing the Rules to Win: The Basic Structure.” On Paul Krugman’s, Conscience of a Liberal Blog. February 28, 2014. Available from: http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/hungary-an-election-in-question-part-2/.Google Scholar
Scheppele, Kim Lane. 2014b. “An Election in Question Part III: Compensating the Winners.” On Paul Krugman’s, Conscience of a Liberal Blog. February 28, 2014. Available from: http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/hungary-an-election-in-question-part-3/.Google Scholar
Scheppele, Kim Lane. 2014c. “Constitutional Coups and Judicial Review: How Transnational Institutions Can Strengthen Peak Courts at Times of Crisis (with Special Reference to Hungary).” Journal of Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems 23: 51117.Google Scholar
Scheppele, Kim Lane. 2018. “Autocratic Legalism.” University of Chicago Law Review 85: 545–83.Google Scholar
Schmitter, Philippe. 2015. “Crisis and Transition but Not Decline.” Journal of Democracy 26 (1): 3244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schönteich, Martin. 2013. “The Rule of Law Movement: A Review of Its Origins, Evolution and Ambitions.” Pp. 2746 in Promoting the Rule of Law: A Practitioner’s Guide to Key Issues and Developments, edited by Mooney., Lelia Chicago: American Bar Association Book Publishing.Google Scholar
Shaheen, Kareem. 2017. “Erdoğan Claims Victory in Turkish Constitutional Referendum.” The Guardian. April 16, 2017. Available from: www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/16/erdogan-claims-victory-in-turkish-constitutional-referendum.Google Scholar
Stuster, Diana. 2013. “Mapped: The 7 Governments the U.S. Has Overthrown.” Foreign Policy. August 20, 2013. Available from: http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/08/20/mapped-the-7-governments-the-u-s-has-overthrown/.Google Scholar
Trofimov, Yaroslav. 2016. “Turkey’s Erdogan Avoids the Fate of Egypt’s Morsi.” Wall Street Journal. July 17, 2016. Available from: www.wsj.com/articles/turkeys-erdogan-avoids-fate-of-egypts-morsi-1468672547.Google Scholar
Tushnet, Mark. 2008. “Some Skepticism about Normative Constitutional Advice.” William & Mary Law Review 49 (4): 1473–95.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Program. 2014. UNDP Guidance Note on Constitution-Making Support. Available from: www.onu.cl/onu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Constitution-Making-Support-Guidance-Note.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations General Secretary. 2009. Guidance Note of the Secretary-General: United Nations Assistance to Constitution-Making Processes. Available from: www.un.org/ruleoflaw/blog/document/guidance-note-of-the-secretary-general-united-nations-assistance-to-constitution-making-processes/.Google Scholar
US Department of State. 2012. “Human Rights Report: Hungary 2012.”Google Scholar
Varol, Ozan. 2012. “The Democratic Coup d’État.” Harvard International Law Journal 53 (2): 292356.Google Scholar
Commission, Venice. 2002. Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters: Guidelines and Explanatory Report, Adopted by the Venice Commission at Its 52nd Session, Venice 18–19 October 2002, Opinion No. 190/2002, CDL – AD (2002) 23 rev. Available from: www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/CDL-AD(2002)023rev-e.aspx.Google Scholar
Commission., Venice 2011a. Opinion on Three Legal Questions Arising in the Process of Drafting the New Constitution of Hungary, Adopted by the Venice Commission at Its 86th Plenary Session, Venice 25–26 March 2011, Opinion no. 614/2011, CDL-AD(2011)001. Available from: www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2011)001-e.Google Scholar
Commission., Venice 2011b. Opinion on the New Constitution of Hungary, Adopted by the Venice Commission at Its 87th Plenary Session, Venice 17–18 June 2011, Opinion no. 621/2011, CDL-AD(2011)016. Available from: www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/CDL-AD(2011)016-E.aspx.Google Scholar
Commission., Venice 2016. Opinion on Amendments to the Act of 25 June 2015 on the Constitutional Tribunal of Poland, adopted by the Venice Commission at Its 106th Plenary Session, Venice, 11–12 March 2016, Opinion no. 833/2015, CDL-AD(2016)001-e. Available from: www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2016)001-e.Google Scholar
Watmough, Simon P., Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi, Tittensor, David, and Yilmaz., Ihsan 2017. “Turkey’s Constitutional Referendum: Experts Express Fear for a Divided Country.” The Conversation. April 16, 2017. Available from https://theconversation.com/turkeys-constitutional-referendum-experts-express-fear-for-a-divided-country-76289.Google Scholar
Widner, Jennifer. 2008. “Constitution Writing in Post-Conflict Settings: An Overview.” William & Mary Law Review 49 (4): 1513–41.Google Scholar
Zheng, Yangwen, Liu, Hong, and Szonyi., Michael 2010. The Cold War in Asia: The Battle for Hearts and Minds. Boston: Brill.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×