Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T02:12:37.777Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 22 - Women and schizophrenia

from Section 5 - Psychotic disorders in women

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2016

David J. Castle
Affiliation:
University of Melbourne
Kathryn M. Abel
Affiliation:
University of Manchester
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbs, B., Liang, L., et al. (2011). Covariance modeling of MRI brain volumes in memory circuitry in schizophrenia: Sex differences are critical. NeuroImage 56(4): 18651874.Google Scholar
Abel, K. M., Allin, M. A., van Amelsvoort., T., Hemsley., D., Geyer, M. A. (2007). The indirect serotonergic agonist d-fenfluramine and prepulse inhibition in healthy men. Neuropharmacology 52: 10881094.Google Scholar
Abel, K. M., Svensson, A., Dal, H., Dalman, C., Susser, E., Rai, D., Idring, S., Magnusson, C. (2013). Deviance fetal growth and autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 170:391398.Google Scholar
Abel, K. M., Webb, R., Salmon, M., Wan, M. W., Appleby, L. (2005). Prevalence and predictors of parenting outcomes in a cohort of mothers with schizophrenia admitted for joint mother and baby psychiatric care in England. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66: 781789.Google Scholar
Aleman, A., Kahn, R. S., Selten, J. P. (2003). Sex differences in the risk of schizophrenia: evidence from meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60 (6) 565571.Google Scholar
Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Priede, A., et al. (2012). Risk factors for relapse following treatment for first episode psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Schizophrenia Research 139: 116128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angermeyer., M. C., Kühn, L., Goldstein, J. M. (1990). Gender and the course of schizophrenia: Differences in treated outcomes. Schizophrenia Bulletin 16: 293307.Google Scholar
Bee, P., Berzins, K., Calam, R., Pryjmachuk, S., Abel, K. M. (2013). Defining quality of life in the children of parents with severe mental illness: A preliminary stakeholder-led model. PLOS One, 8(9), doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073739Google Scholar
Bee, P., Bower, P., Byford, S., Churchill, R., Calam, R., Stallard, P., Pryjmachuk, S., Berzins, K., Cary, M., Wan, M., Abel, K. (2014). The clinical-effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of community-based interventions aimed at improving or maintaining quality of life in children of parents with serious mental illness; a systematic evidence synthesis. Health Technology Assessment, 18(8), doi: 10.3310/hta18080Google Scholar
Bergemann, N., Parzer, P., Nagl, I., Salbach, B., Runnebaum, B., Mundt, Ch., Resch., F. (2002). Acute psychiatric admission and menstrual cycle phase in women with schizophrenia. Archives of Women’s Mental Health 5 119126.Google Scholar
Bertholet, L., Meunier, C., et al. (2014). Sex biased spatial strategies relying on the integration of multimodal cues in a rat model of schizophrenia: Impairment in predicting future context? Behavioural Brain Research 262: 109117.Google Scholar
Buckley, P. F., Miller, B. J., et al. (2009). Psychiatric comorbidities and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 35: 383402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burman, B., Mednick, S. A., et al. (1987). Children at high risk for schizophrenia: Parent and offspring perceptions of family relationships. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 96(4): 364366.Google Scholar
Bychkov, E., Ahmed, M. R., et al. (2011). Sex differences in the activity of signalling pathways and expression of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases in the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion model of schizophrenia. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology / Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum 14(1): 115.Google Scholar
Castle, D. J., Abel, K. M., Takei, N., Murray, R. M. (1995). Gender differences in schizophrenia: Hormonal effect or subtypes? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 21:112.Google Scholar
Castle, D. J., Wessley, S., Murray, R. M. (1993). Sex and schizophrenia: Effects of diagnostic stringency, and associations with premorbid variables. British Journal of Psychiatry 93(162)658664.Google Scholar
Chen, Y. W., Kao, H. Y., et al. (2014). A sex- and region-specific role of akt1 in the modulation of methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and striatal neuronal activity: Implications in schizophrenia and methamphetamine-induced psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 40(2): 388398.Google Scholar
Donatelli, J. L., Seidman, L. J., Goldstein, J. M., Tsuang, M. T., Buka, S. L. (2010) Children of parents with affective and non-affective psychoses: A longitudinal study of behavior problems. American Journal of Psychiatry 167(11):13311338.Google Scholar
Drake, R., Addington, J., Viswanathan, A., Lewis, S., Cotter, J., Yung, A., Abel, K. (2015). How age and gender predict illness course in a first-episode non-affective psychosis cohort. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, eScholarID:252717.Google Scholar
Elsabagh, S., Premkumar, P., et al. (2009). A longer duration of schizophrenic illness has sex-specific associations within the working memory neural network in schizophrenia. Behavioural Brain Research 201(1): 4147.Google Scholar
Emsley, R., Rabinowitz, J., et al. (2007). Remission in early psychosis: Rates, predictors, and clinical and functional outcome correlates. Schizophrenia Research 89: 129139.Google Scholar
Endo, M., Daiguji, M., Asano, Y., Yamashita, I., Takahashi., S. (1978). Periodic psychosis recurring in association with menstrual cycle. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 39: 456466.Google Scholar
Falkov, A. (2013). The Family Model Handbook: An integrated approach to supporting mentally ill parents and their children. Teddington: Pavilion.Google Scholar
Flor-Henry, P. The influence of gender on psychopathology. (1983). In: Flor-Henry, P. (ed.), Cerebral Basis of Psychopathology (Chapter 5, pp. 97116). Littleton, MA: Wright-PSG Inc.Google Scholar
Goldman, P. S., Crawford, H. T., Stokes, L. P., Galkin, T. W., Rosvold, H. E. (1974). Sex-dependent behavioral effects of cerebral cortical lesions in the developing rhesus monkey. Science, 186: 540542.Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. M. (1997). Sex differences in schizophrenia: Epidemiology, genetics, and the brain. Internat’l Rev Psychiatry: The Neuropsychiatry of Schizophrenia. 9: 399408. Pearlson, G. D., Slavney, P. R. (eds.).Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. M. (1995). The impact of gender on understanding the epidemiology of schizophrenia: A critical review. In: Seeman, M. V. (ed.), Gender and psychopathology (pp. 159199). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association Press.Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. M,, Cherkerzian, S., et al. (2014). Prenatal maternal immune disruption and sex-dependent risk for psychoses. Psychological Medicine 44(15):3249-3261.Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. M., Lancaster, K., et al. (2015) Sex differences, hormones, and fMRI stress response circuitry deficits in psychoses. Psychiatry Research 232(3):226236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, J. M., Link, B. G. (1988). Gender and the expression of schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Research, 22: 141155.Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. M., Seidman, L. J., et al. (2001). Normal sexual dimorphism of the adult human brain assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Cerebral Cortex 11(6): 490497.Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. M., Seidman, L. J., et al. (2002). Impact of normal sexual dimorphisms on sex differences in structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Archives of General Psychiatry 59(2): 154164.Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. M., Walder, D. (2006). Sex differences in schizophrenia: The case for developmental origins and etiological implications. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goodman, S. (1987). Emory University project on children of disturbed parents. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13: 411422.Google Scholar
Grimm, V. E., Frieder, B. (1985). Differential vulnerability of male and female rats to the timing of various perinatal insults. International Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 155–64.Google Scholar
Grossman, L. S., Harrow, M., Rosen, C., Faull, R., Strauss, G. P. (2008). Sex differences in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: A 20-year longitudinal study of psychosis and recovery. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(6), 523529.Google Scholar
Gur, R. E., Cowell, P. E., et al. (2000). Reduced dorsal and orbital prefrontal gray matter volumes in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 57(8): 761768.Google Scholar
Häfner, H., Maurer, K., Loffler, W., Riecher-Rössler, A. (1993). The influence of age and sex on the onset and early course of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 8086.Google Scholar
Hahn, C., Neuhaus, A. H., et al. (2011). Smoking reduces language lateralization: A dichotic listening study with control participants and schizophrenia patients. Brain and Cognition 76(2): 300309.Google Scholar
Hambrecht, M., Maurer., K., Häfner, H., Sartorius, N. (1992). Transnational stability of gender differences in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatr & Neurol Sci, 242, 612.Google Scholar
Harrison, G., Hopper, K., et al. (2001). Recovery from psychotic illness: a 15- and 25-year international follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry 178, 506–17.Google Scholar
Hoff, A. L., Kremen, W. S. (2001). Association of estrogen levels with neuropsychological performance in women with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 158(7): 11341139.Google Scholar
Holley, S. M., Wang, E. A., et al. (2013). Frontal cortical synaptic communication is abnormal in Disc1 genetic mouse models of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 146(1–3): 264272.Google Scholar
Huber, T. J., Borsutzky, M., Schneider, U., Emrich, H. M. (2004). Psychotic disorders and gonadal function: Evidence supporting the estrogen hypothesis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 109: 269274.Google Scholar
Irle, E., Lange, C., et al. (2011). Hippocampal size in women but not men with schizophrenia relates to disorder duration. Psychiatry Research 192(3): 133139.Google Scholar
Jablensky, A. (2003). Schizophrenia: the epidemiological horizon. In: Hirsch, S. R. and Weinberger, D. R. (eds.), Schizophrenia (pp. 203231). Oxford: Blackwell Science.Google Scholar
Jablensky, A., Cole, S. W. (1997). Is the earlier age at onset of schizophrenia in males a confounded finding? Results from a cross-cultural investigation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 234240.Google Scholar
Jablensky, A., McGrath, J., Herrman, H., Castle, D., Gureje, O., Evans, A., Carr, V., Morgan, V., Korten, A., Harvey, C. (2000). Psychotic disorders in urban areas: An overview of the study on low prevalence disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34:221236.Google Scholar
Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, E., Anker, M., Korten, A., Cooper, J. E., Day, R., Bertelsen, A. (1992). Schizophrenia: Manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten country study. Psychological Medicine Monograph, Suppl 20.Google Scholar
Jimenez, J. A., Mancini-Marie, A., et al. (2010). Disturbed sexual dimorphism of brain activation during mental rotation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 122(1–3): 5362.Google Scholar
Joshi, D., Fung, S. J., et al. (2012). Higher gamma-aminobutyric acid neuron density in the white matter of orbital frontal cortex in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 72(9): 725733.Google Scholar
Jung, H. T., Kim, D. W., et al. (2012). Reduced source activity of event-related potentials for affective facial pictures in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research 136(1–3): 150159.Google Scholar
Kumar, R., Marks, M., Platz, C., Yoshida, K. (1995). Clinical survey of a psychiatric mother and baby unit: characteristics of 100 consecutive admissions. Journal of Affective Disorders 33(1): 1122.Google Scholar
Kunimatsu, N., Aoki, S., et al. (2012). Tract-specific analysis of white matter integrity disruption in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 201(2): 136143.Google Scholar
Lee, S. H., Kim, E. Y., et al. (2010). Event-related potential patterns and gender effects underlying facial affect processing in schizophrenia patients. Neuroscience Research 67(2):172180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leung, A., Chue, P. (2000). Sex differences in schizophrenia, a review of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplementum 40: 338.Google Scholar
Lewis, S., Tarrier, N., et al.(2002). Randomised controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy in early schizophrenia: acute-phase outcomes. British Journal of Psychiatry, Suppl. 43: s91–7.Google Scholar
Manuseva, N., Novotni, A., et al. (2012). Some QEEG parameters and gender differences in schizophrenia patients. Psychiatr Danub 24(1): 5156.Google Scholar
Martins-de-Souza, D., Schmitt, A., et al. (2010). Sex-specific proteome differences in the anterior cingulate cortex of schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research 44(14): 989991.Google Scholar
McCreadie, R. G., Wiles, D., et al. (1989). The Scottish first episode schizophrenia study. VII. Two-year follow-up. Scottish Schizophrenia Research Group. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 80, 597602.Google Scholar
McGrath, J., Saha, S., Chant, D., Welham, J. (2008). Schizophrenia: A concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiologic Reviews. 30:6776.Google Scholar
McGrath, J., Saha, S., et al. (2004). A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: the distribution of rates and the influence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology. BMC Medicine 2(13).Google Scholar
Meaney, M. J., Szyf, M. (2005). Maternal care as a model for experience-dependent chromatin plasticity? Trends in Neurosciences 28: 456463.Google Scholar
Mendrek, A., Jiménez, J., et al. (2011). Correlations between sadness-induced cerebral activations and schizophrenia symptoms: An fMRI study of sex differences. European Psychiatry 26(5): 320326.Google Scholar
Moldin, S. O. (2000). Gender and schizophrenia: An overview. In: Frank, E. (Ed.), Gender and its effects on psychopathology (pp. 169186). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Morgan, V. A., Castle, D. J., Jablensky, A. V. (2008). Do women express and experience psychosis differently from men? Epidemiological evidence from the Australian National Study of Low Prevalence (Psychotic) Disorders. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42(1):7482.Google Scholar
Nopoulos, P., Flaum, M., et al. (1997). Sex differences in brain morphology in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 154(12): 16481654.Google Scholar
O’Tuathaigh, C. M., Harte, M., et al. (2010). Schizophrenia-related endophenotypes in heterozygous neuregulin-1 ‘knockout’ mice. European Journal of Neuroscience 31(2): 349358.Google Scholar
Perälä, J., Suvisaari, J., et al. (2007). Lifetime prevalence of psychotic and bipolar I disorders in a general population. Archives of General Psychiatry 64(1):1928. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.19.Google Scholar
Pryce, C. R., Dettling, A. C., et al. (2004). Deprivation of parenting disrupts development of homeostatic and reward systems in marmoset monkey offspring. Biological Psychiatry 56: 7279.Google Scholar
Radulescu, E., Sambataro, F., et al. (2013). Effect of schizophrenia risk-associated alleles in SREB2 (GPR85) on functional MRI phenotypes in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 38(2): 341349.Google Scholar
Rajkumar, S., Thara, R. (1989). Factors affecting relapse in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2:403–9.Google Scholar
Rantakallio, P., von Wendt, L. (1985). Trauma to the nervous system and its sequelae in a one-year birth cohort followed up to the age of 14 years. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 39(4):353356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rector, N. A., Seeman, M. V. (1992). Auditory hallucinations in women and men. Schizophrenia Research 7: 233236.Google Scholar
Robinson, D., Woerner, M. G., et al. (1999). Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 241247.Google Scholar
Roy, M. A., Maziade, M., Labbé, A., Mérette, C. (2001). Male gender is associated with deficit schizophrenia: a meta-analysis Schizophrenia Research 47 (2–3), 141147.Google Scholar
Saha, S., Chant, D., Welham, J., McGrath, J. (2005). A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia. PLoS Med 2: e141.Google Scholar
Salmon, M., Abel, K. M., Cordingly, L., Friedman, T., Appleby, L. (2003). Clinical and parenting skills outcomes following joint mother-baby psychiatric admission. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37(5):556562.Google Scholar
Salokangas, R.K.R. (1997a). Living situation, social network and outcome in schizophrenia: A five-year prospective follow-up study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 96: 459468.Google Scholar
Salokangas, R.K.R. (1997b). Structure of schizophrenic symptomatology and its changes over time: Prospective factor analytical study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 95, 3239.Google Scholar
Sameroff, A., Seifer, R., et al. (1987). Early indicators of developmental risk: Rochester longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13: 383394.Google Scholar
Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Korten, A., Ernberg, G., Anker, M., Cooper, J. E., Day, R. (1986). Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures. A preliminary report on the initial evaluation phase of the WHO Collaborative Study on determinants of outcome of severe mental disorders. Psychological Medicine 16(4):909928.Google Scholar
Savadjiev, P., Whitford, T. J., et al. (2013). Sexually Dimorphic White Matter Geometry Abnormalities in Adolescent Onset Schizophrenia. Cerebral Cortex 24(5): 13891396.Google Scholar
Schulz, K. M., Molenda-Figueira, H. A., et al. (2009). Back to the future: The organizational-activational hypothesis adapted to puberty and adolescence. Hormones and Behavior 55(5): 597604.Google Scholar
Selten, J. P., Veen, N. D., Hoek, H. W., Laan, W., Schols, D., van der Tweel, I., Feller, W., Kahn, R. S. (2007). Early course of schizophrenia in a representative Dutch incidence cohort. Schizophrenia Research 97(1–3): 7987.Google Scholar
Shepherd, A. M., Matheson, S. L., et al. (2012). Systematic meta-analysis of insula volume in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 72(9): 775784.Google Scholar
Shipman, S. L., Baker, E. K., et al. (2009). Absence of established sex differences in patients with schizophrenia on a two-dimensional object array task. Psychiatry Research 166(2–3): 158165.Google Scholar
Somers, V. (2007). Schizophrenia: The impact of parental illness on children. British Journal of Social Work 37: 13191334.Google Scholar
Stanley, N., Penhale, B., Rioran, D., Barbour, R. S., Holdern, S. (2003). Child Protection and Mental Health Services: Interprofessional responses to the needs of mothers. Bristol: Policy Press.Google Scholar
Sumich, A., Anilkumar, A. P., et al. (2014). Sex specific event-related potential (ERP) correlates of depression in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Danub 26(1): 2733.Google Scholar
Susser, E., Wanderling, J. (1994). Epidemiology of nonaffective acute remitting psychosis: sex and sociocultural setting. Archives of General Psychiatry 51:294301.Google Scholar
Szeszko, P. R., Strous, R. D., Goldman, R. S., Ashtari, M., Knuth, K. H., Lieberman, J. A., Bilder, R. M. (2002). Neuropsychological correlates of hippocampal volumes in patients experiencing a first episode of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 159(2): 217226.Google Scholar
Thara., R., Rajkumar, S. (1992). Gender differences in schizophrenia. Results of a follow-up study from India. Schizophrenia Research 7(1):6570.Google Scholar
Thormodsen, R., Rimol, L. M., et al. (2013). Age-related cortical thickness differences in adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia compared with healthy adolescents. Psychiatry Research 214(3): 190196.Google Scholar
Tien, A. Y. (1991). Distributions of hallucinations in the population. Psychological Medicine 26, 203208.Google Scholar
Uehara-Aoyama, K., Nakamura, M., et al. (2011). Sexually dimorphic distribution of orbitofrontal sulcogyral pattern in schizophrenia. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 65(5): 483489.Google Scholar
UK Department of Health (2002). Into the Mainstream. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.dh.gov.uk/en/Consultations/Closedconsultations/DH_4075478 (accessed October 10, 2015).Google Scholar
Vazquez-Barquero, J. L., Cuesta Nunez, M. J., Herrera Castanedo, S., Diez Manrique, J. F., Pardo, G., Dunn, G. (1996). Sociodemographic and clinical variables as predictors of the diagnostic characteristics of first episodes of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 94(3):149155.Google Scholar
Videbech, P., Gouliaev, G. (1995). First admission with puerperal psychosis: 7-14 years of follow-up. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 91(3):167173.Google Scholar
von Wilmsdorff, M., Sprick, U., et al. (2010). Sex-dependent behavioral effects and morphological changes in the hippocampus after prenatal invasive interventions in rats: Implications for animal models of schizophrenia. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 65(2): 209219.Google Scholar
Walsh, D., Wiersma, D. (2001). Recovery from psychotic illness: A 15- and 25-year international follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry 178, 506517.Google Scholar
Weintraub, S. (1987). Risk factors in schizophrenia: The Stony Brook high-risk project. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13: 439450.Google Scholar
Weisinger, B., Greenstein, D., et al. (2013). Lack of gender influence on cortical and subcortical gray matter development in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 39(1): 5258.Google Scholar
Wiersma, D., Nienhuis, F. J., et al. (1998). Natural course of schizophrenic disorders: A 15-year follow up of a Dutch incidence cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin 24: 7585.Google Scholar
Wiersma, D., Wanderline, J., et al. (2000). Social disability in schizophrenia: Its development and prediction over 15 years in incidence cohorts in six European centres. Psychological Medicine 30: 11551167.Google Scholar
Wildgust, H. J., Beary, M. (2010). Are there modifiable risk factors which will reduce the excess mortality in schizophrenia? Journal of Psychopharmacology 24(4 Suppl): 3750.Google Scholar
Zhang, F., Chen, Q., et al. (2011). Evidence of sex-modulated association of ZNF804A with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 69(10): 914917.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×