Abi-Saab, Rosemary, Droit humanitaire et conflits internes : Origines et évolution de la réglementation internationale, Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva, 1986.

Ador, Gustave and Moynier, Gustave, ‘Les destinées de la Convention de Genève pendant la guerre de Serbie’, Bulletin international des sociétés de secours aux militaires blessés, Vol. 7, No. 28, 1876, pp. 164–176.Google Scholar

Duculesco, Victor, ‘Effet de la reconnaissance de l’état de belligérance par les tiers, y compris les Organisations internationales, sur le statut juridique des conflits armés à caractère non international’, Revue générale de droit international public, Vol. 79, 1975, pp. 125–151.Google Scholar

Lauterpacht, Hersch, Recognition in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 1947.

Lauterpacht, Hersch, (ed.), Oppenheim's International Law, 7th edition, Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1952.

Milanovic, Marko and Hadzi-Vidanovic, Vidan, ‘A taxonomy of armed conflict’, in White, Nigel D. and Henderson, Christian (eds), Research Handbook on International Conflict and Security Law: Jus ad Bellum, Jus in Bello and Jus post Bellum, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2013, pp. 256–314.

Moir, Lindsay, The Law of Internal Armed Conflict, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Moynier, Gustave, Étude sur la Convention de Genève pour l'amélioration du sort des militaires blessés dans les armées en campagne (1864 et 1868), Librairie de Joël Cherbuliez, Paris, 1870.

Neff, Stephen C., War and the Law of Nations: A General History, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

O'Connell, Mary Ellen, ‘Historical Development and Legal Basis’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 1–42.

Oppenheim, Lassa, International Law: A Treatise, Vol. II, War and Neutrality, 2nd edition, Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1912.

Padelford, Norman J., ‘The International Non-Intervention Agreement and the Spanish Civil War’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1937, pp. 578–603.Google Scholar

Ramelli Arteaga, Alejandro, Derecho Internacional Humanitario y Estado de Beligerancia, 2nd edition, Externado University of Colombia, Bogotá, 2004.

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Abi-Saab, Rosemary, Droit humanitaire et conflits internes : Origines et évolution de la réglementation internationale, Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva, 1986.

Akande, Dapo, ‘Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts’, in Wilmshurst, Elizabeth (ed.), International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 32–79.

Anderson, Kenneth, ‘Targeted Killing and Drone Warfare: How We Came to Debate Whether There is a “Legal Geography of War”’, American University Washington College of Law Research Paper, No. 2011–16, 2011, pp. 1–17.

Arimatsu, Louise, ‘Territory, Boundaries and the Law of Armed Conflict’, Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 157–192.Google Scholar

Bartels, Rogier, ‘Transnational Armed Conflict: Does it Exist?’, in Scope of Application of International Humanitarian Law, Proceedings of the 13th Bruges Colloquium, 18–19 October 2012, College of Europe/ICRC, Collegium No. 43, Autumn 2013, pp. 114–128.

Bartels, Rogier, ‘From Jus In Bello to Jus Post Bellum: When Do Non-International Armed Conflicts End?’, in Stahn, Carsten, Easterday, Jennifer S. and Iverson, Jens (eds), Jus Post Bellum: Mapping the Normative Foundations, Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 297–314.

Bianchi, Andrea, ‘Terrorism and Armed Conflict: Insights from a Law & Literature Perspective’, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 24, No. 1,

Blank, Laurie R., ‘Defining the Battlefield in Contemporary Conflict and Counterterrorism: Understanding the Parameters of the Zone of Combat’, Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2010, pp. 1–38.Google Scholar

Bothe, Michael, ‘War Crimes’, in Cassese, Antonio, Gaeta, Paola and Jones, John R.W.D. (eds), The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, Vol. IA, Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 379–426.

Bothe, Michael, Partsch, Karl Josef and Solf, Waldemar A., New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts: Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, 1982.

Cassese, Antonio, ‘The Nicaragua and Tadić Tests Revisited in Light of the ICJ Judgment on Genocide in Bosnia’, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2007, pp. 649–668.Google Scholar

Condorelli, Luigi, ‘War Crimes and Internal Conflicts in the Statute of the International Criminal Court’, in Politi, Mauro and Nesi, Giuseppe (eds), The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Challenge to Impunity, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2001, pp. 107–117.

Corn, Geoffrey S., ‘Hamdan, Lebanon, and the Regulation of Hostilities: The Need to Recognize a Hybrid Category of Armed Conflict’, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 40, No. 2, 2007, pp. 295–355.Google Scholar

Corn, Geoffrey S., ‘Geography of Armed Conflict: Why it is a Mistake to Fish for the Red Herring’, International Law Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Vol. 89, 2013, pp. 77–107.

Corn, Geoffrey S. and Jensen, Eric Talbot, ‘Transnational Armed Conflict: A “Principled” Approach to the Regulation of Counter-Terror Combat Operations’, Israel Law Review, Vol. 42, 2009, pp. 1–34.Google Scholar

Cullen, Anthony, The Concept of Non-International Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

David, Eric, Principes de droit des conflits armés, 5th edition, Bruylant, Brussels, 2012.

Droege, Cordula, ‘Get off my cloud: cyber warfare, international humanitarian law, and the protection of civilians’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 94, No. 886, June 2012, pp. 533–578.Google Scholar

Ferraro, Tristan, ‘The geographic reach of IHL: The law and current challenges’, in Scope of Application of International Humanitarian Law, Proceedings of the 13th Bruges Colloquium, 18–19 October 2012, College of Europe/ICRC, Collegium, No. 43, Autumn 2013, pp. 105–113. (2013a)

Ferraro, Tristan, ‘The applicability and application of international humanitarian law to multinational forces’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 95, No. 891, December 2013, pp. 561–612. (2013b)Google Scholar

Fleck, Dieter, ‘The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 581–610.

Gasser, Hans-Peter, ‘International humanitarian law: An introduction’, in Haug, Hans (ed.), Humanity for All: The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva, 1993, pp. 491–592.

Grignon, Julia, L'applicabilité temporelle du droit international humanitaire, Schulthess, Geneva, 2014.

Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules, ICRC/Cambridge University Press, 2005, available at https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1.

ICRC, International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts, Report prepared for the 28th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, ICRC, Geneva, 2003.

ICRC, International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts, Report prepared for the 30th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, ICRC, Geneva, 2007.

ICRC, Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law, by Melzer, Nils, ICRC, Geneva, 2009.

ICRC, International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts, Report prepared for the 31st International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, ICRC, Geneva, 2011.

ICRC, The Use of Force in Armed Conflicts: Interplay between the Conduct of Hostilities and Law Enforcement Paradigms, Expert Meeting, Report prepared and edited by Gaggioli, Gloria, ICRC, Geneva, 2013.

ICRC, International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts, Report prepared for the 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, ICRC, Geneva, 2015.

Kleffner, Jann K., ‘Scope of Application of International Humanitarian Law’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 43–78. (2013b)

Koh, Harold Hongju, ‘Keynote Address: The Obama Administration and International Law’, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law, Vol. 104, 2010, pp. 207–221.Google Scholar

Kolb, Robert and Hyde, Richard, An Introduction to the International Law of Armed Conflicts, 3rd edition, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2008.

Kreß, Claus, ‘Some Reflections on the International Legal Framework Governing Transnational Armed Conflicts’, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2010, pp. 245–274.Google Scholar

Melzer, Nils, Targeted Killing in International Law, Oxford University Press, 2008.

Meron, Theodor, ‘The Humanization of Humanitarian Law’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 94, No. 2, 2000, pp. 239–278.Google Scholar

Milanovic, Marko, ‘State Responsibility for Genocide’, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2006, pp. 553–604.Google Scholar

Milanovic, Marko, ‘State Responsibility for Genocide: A Follow-Up’, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2007, pp. 669–694. (2007a)Google Scholar

Milanovic, Marko, ‘Lessons for human rights and humanitarian law in the war on terror: comparing Hamdan and the Israeli Targeted Killings case’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 89, No. 866, June 2007, pp. 373–393. (2007b)Google Scholar

Milanovic, Marko, ‘End of IHL application: Overview and challenges’, in Scope of Application of International Humanitarian Law, Proceedings of the 13th Bruges Colloquium, 18–19 October 2012, College of Europe/ICRC, Collegium, No. 43, Autumn 2013, pp. 83–94.

Milanovic, Marko, ‘The Applicability of the Conventions to “Transnational” and “Mixed” Conflicts’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 27–50.

Milanovic, Marko and Hadzi-Vidanovic, Vidan, ‘A taxonomy of armed conflict’, in White, Nigel D. and Henderson, Christian (eds), Research Handbook on International Conflict and Security Law: Jus ad Bellum, Jus in Bello and Jus post bellum, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2013, pp. 256–314.

Moir, Lindsay, ‘The Concept of Non-International Armed Conflict’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 391–414.

Pejic, Jelena, ‘Status of armed conflicts’, in Wilmshurst, Elizabeth and Breau, Susan (eds), Perspectives on the ICRC Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 77–100.

Pejic, Jelena, ‘The protective scope of Common Article 3: more than meets the eye’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 93, No. 881, March 2011, pp. 189–225.Google Scholar

Radin, Sasha, ‘Global Armed Conflict? The Threshold of Extraterritorial Non-International Armed Conflicts’, International Law Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Vol. 89, 2013, pp. 696–743.

Sassòli, Marco, ‘Transnational Armed Groups and International Humanitarian Law’, HPCR Occasional Paper Series, Winter 2006, pp. 1–43.

Sassòli, Marco, Bouvier, Antoine A. and Quintin, Anne, How Does Law Protect in War?, Vol. I, 3rd edition, ICRC, Geneva, 2011.

Schindler, Dietrich, ‘The Different Types of Armed Conflicts According to the Geneva Conventions and Protocols’, Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, Vol. 163, 1979, pp. 117–164.Google Scholar

Schmitt, Michael N., ‘Charting the Legal Geography of Non-International Armed Conflict’, International Law Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Vol. 90, 2014, pp. 1–19.

Schöndorf, Roy S., ‘Extra-State Armed Conflicts: Is There a Need for a New Legal Regime?’, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2004, pp. 1–78.Google Scholar

Shraga, Daphna, ‘The United Nations as an Actor Bound by International Humanitarian Law’, International Peacekeeping, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1998, pp. 64–81.Google Scholar

Shraga, Daphna, ‘The applicability of international humanitarian law to peace operations, from rejection to acceptance’, in Beruto, Gian Luca (ed.), International Humanitarian Law, Human Rights and Peace Operations, Proceedings of the 31st Round Table on Current Problems of International Humanitarian Law, 4–6 September 2008, International Institute of Humanitarian Law, San Remo, 2008, pp. 82–89.

Shraga, Daphna and Zacklin, Ralph, ‘The Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Conceptual, Legal and Practical Issues’, Report to the Symposium on Humanitarian Action and Peacekeeping Operations, 22–24 June 1994, ICRC, Geneva, 2004, pp. 39–48.

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Stewart, James G., ‘Towards a single definition of armed conflict in international humanitarian law: A critique of internationalized armed conflict’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 85, No. 850, June 2003, pp. 313–350.Google Scholar

Vité, Sylvain, ‘Typology of armed conflicts in international humanitarian law: legal concepts and actual situations’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 91, No. 873, March 2009, pp. 69–94.Google Scholar

von Hebel, Herman and Robinson, Darryl, ‘Crimes within the Jurisdiction of the Court’, in Lee, Roy S. (ed.), The International Criminal Court: The Making of the Rome Statute – Issues, Negotiations, Results, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1999, pp. 79–126.

Bugnion, François, The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Protection of War Victims, ICRC/Macmillan, Oxford, 2003. (2003a)

Cassese, Antonio, ‘The status of rebels under the 1977 Geneva Protocol on Non-International Armed Conflicts’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 2, 1981, pp. 416–439.Google Scholar

Dinstein, Yoram, Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 173–199.

Elder, David A., ‘The Historical Background of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Convention of 1949’, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1979, pp. 37–69.Google Scholar

Engdahl, Ola, ‘Compliance with International Humanitarian Law in Multinational Peace Operations’, Nordic Journal of International Law, Vol. 78, No. 4, 2009, pp. 513–526.Google Scholar

Ferraro, Tristan, ‘The applicability and application of international humanitarian law to multinational forces’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 95, No. 891, December 2013, pp. 561–612.Google Scholar

Kleffner, Jann K., ‘The applicability of international humanitarian law to organized armed groups’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 93, No. 882, June 2011, pp. 443–461.Google Scholar

Kolb, Robert, Porretto, Gabriele and Vité, Sylvain, L'application du droit international humanitaire et des droits de l'homme aux organisations internationales: Forces de paix et administrations civiles transitoires, Bruylant, Brussels, 2005.

Moir, Lindsay, The Law of Internal Armed Conflict, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Murray, Daragh, ‘How International Humanitarian Law Treaties Bind Non-State Armed Groups’, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2015, pp. 101–131.Google Scholar

Naert, Frederik, International Law Aspects of the EU's Security and Defence Policy, with a Particular Focus on the Law of Armed Conflict and Human Rights, Intersentia, Antwerp, 2010.

Schindler, Dietrich, ‘The Different Types of Armed Conflicts According to the Geneva Conventions and Protocols’, Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, Vol. 163, 1979, pp. 117–164.Google Scholar

Shraga, Daphna, ‘The United Nations as an Actor Bound by International Humanitarian Law’, International Peacekeeping, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1998, pp. 64–81.Google Scholar

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, ‘The Addressees of Common Article 3’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 415–431.

Zegveld, Liesbeth, The Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Abresch, William, ‘A Human Rights Law of Internal Armed Conflict: The European Court of Human Rights in Chechnya’, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2005, pp. 741–767.Google Scholar

Bond, James E., ‘Application of the Law of War to Internal Conflict’, Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1973, pp. 345–384.Google Scholar

Bothe, Michael, Partsch, Karl Josef and Solf, Waldemar A., New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts: Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, 1982.

Cassese, Antonio, ‘The Geneva Protocols of 1977 on the Humanitarian law of Armed Conflict and Customary International Law’, UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, Vol. 3, 1984, pp. 55–118.Google Scholar

Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Draper, Gerald I.A.D., ‘The Geneva Conventions of 1949’, Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, Vol. 114, 1965, pp. 59–165.Google Scholar

Gasser, Hans-Peter, ‘Remarks of Hans-Peter Gasser’, in The Sixth Annual American Red Cross-Washington College of Law Conference on International Humanitarian Law: A Workshop on Customary International Law and the 1977 Protocols Additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, American University Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1987, pp. 477–481.Google Scholar

Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules, Cambridge University Press, 2005, available at https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1.

ICRC, Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law, by Melzer, Nils, ICRC, Geneva, 2009.

ICRC, International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts, Report prepared for the 31st International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, ICRC, Geneva, 2011.

Kleffner, Jann K., ‘Friend or Foe? On the Protective Reach of the Law of Armed Conflict: a Note on the SCSL Trial Chamber's Judgment in the Case of “Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon and Gbao”’, in Matthee, Mariëlle, Toebes, Brigit and Brus, Marcel (eds), Armed Conflict and International Law: In Search of the Human Face, Liber Amicorum in Memory of Avril McDonald, Asser Press, The Hague, 2013, pp. 285–302. (2013c)

Kleffner, Jann K., ‘The Beneficiaries of the Rights Stemming from Common Article 3’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 433–447.

Melzer, Nils, Targeted Killing in International Law, Oxford University Press, 2008.

Meron, Theodor, ‘Application of Humanitarian Law in Non-international Armed Conflicts: Remarks by Theodor Meron’, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law, Vol. 85, 1991, pp. 83–85.Google Scholar

Pejic, Jelena, ‘The protective scope of Common Article 3: more than meets the eye’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 93, No. 881, March 2011, pp. 189–225.Google Scholar

Rogers, A.P.V., Law on the Battlefield, 3rd edition, Manchester University Press, 2012.

Sassòli, Marco, ‘Terrorism and War’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 4, No. 5, 2006, pp. 959–981.Google Scholar

Sassòli, Marco, ‘The Role of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in New Types of Armed Conflicts’, in Ben-Naftali, Orna (ed.), International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law, Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 34–94.

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Watkin, Kenneth, ‘21st Century Conflict and International Humanitarian Law: Status Quo or Change?’, in Schmitt, Michael N. and Pejic, Jelena (eds), International Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines, Essays in Honour of Yoram Dinstein, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2007, pp. 265–296.

Zegveld, Liesbeth, The Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Bugnion, François, ‘Jus ad bellum, jus in bello and non-international armed conflicts’, Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Vol. 6, 2003, pp. 167–198. (2003b)Google Scholar

Condorelli, Luigi and Boisson de Chazournes, Laurence, ‘Quelques remarques à propos de l'obligation des Etats de “respecter et faire respecter” le droit international humanitaire “en toutes circonstances”’, in Swinarski, Christophe (ed.), Etudes et essais sur le droit international humanitaire et sur les principes de la Croix-rouge en l'honneur de Jean Pictet, ICRC/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, 1984, pp. 17–35.

Elder, David A., ‘The Historical Background of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Convention of 1949’, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1979, pp. 37–69.Google Scholar

Kalshoven, Frits and Zegveld, Liesbeth, Constraints on the Waging of War: An Introduction to International Humanitarian Law, 4th edition, ICRC/Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Kleffner, Jann K., ‘Protection of the Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 321–357. (2013a)

Lindsey, Charlotte, Women facing war: ICRC study on the impact of armed conflict on women, ICRC, Geneva, 2001.

Lindsey, Charlotte, ‘The Impact of Armed Conflict on Women’, in Durham, Helen and Gurd, Tracey (eds), Listening to the Silences: Women and War, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2005, pp. 21–35.

Moir, Lindsay, The Law of Internal Armed Conflict, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Nowak, Manfred, U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, CCPR Commentary, 2nd revised edition, N.P. Engel, Kehl am Rhein, 2005.

O'Connell, Mary Ellen, ‘Historical Development and Legal Basis’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 1–42.

Pejic, Jelena, ‘Non-discrimination and armed conflict’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 83, No. 841, March 2001, pp. 183–194.Google Scholar

Rogers, A.P.V., Law on the Battlefield, 3rd edition, Manchester University Press, 2012.

Rona, Gabor and McGuire, Robert J., ‘The Principle of Non-Discrimination’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 191–205.

Sassòli, Marco, Bouvier, Antoine A. and Quintin, Anne, How Does Law Protect in War?, Vol. I, 3rd edition, ICRC, Geneva, 2011.

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Tams, Christian J., ‘The Use of Force against Terrorists’, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2009, pp. 359–397.Google Scholar

Ambos, Kai, ‘Article 25: Individual criminal responsibility’, in Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd edition, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2016, pp. 979–1029.

Bellal, Annyssa, Giacca, Gilles and Casey-Maslen, Stuart, ‘International law and armed non-state actors in Afghanistan’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 93, No. 881, March 2011, pp. 47–79.Google Scholar

Bothe, Michael, ‘The status of captured fighters in non-international armed conflict’, in Tomuschat, Christian, Lagrange, Evelyne and Oeter, Stefan (eds), The Right to Life, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2010, pp. 195–214.

Cassese, Antonio, ‘The Geneva Protocols of 1977 on the Humanitarian law of Armed Conflict and Customary International Law’, UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, Vol. 3, 1984, pp. 55–118.Google Scholar

Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Dörmann, Knut, ‘Wilful killing’, in Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd edition, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2016, pp. 329–331.

Doswald-Beck, Louise, ‘The right to life in armed conflict: does international humanitarian law provide all the answers?’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 88, No. 864, December 2006, pp. 881–904.Google Scholar

Gasser, Hans-Peter, ‘The Sixth Annual American Red Cross-Washington College of Law Conference on International Humanitarian Law: A Workshop on Customary International Law and the 1977 Protocols Additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions; Remarks of Hans-Peter Gasser’, American University Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1987, pp. 415–538, at 477–481.Google Scholar

Gowlland-Debbas, Vera, ‘The right to life and the relationship between human rights and humanitarian law’, in Tomuschat, Christian, Lagrange, Evelyne and Oeter, Stefan (eds), The Right to Life, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2010, pp. 121–150.

Horder, Jeremy (ed.), Homicide Law in Comparative Perspective, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2007.

ICRC, The Use of Force in Armed Conflicts: Interplay between the Conduct of Hostilities and Law Enforcement Paradigms, Expert Meeting, Report prepared and edited by Gaggioli, Gloria, ICRC, Geneva, 2013.

Knuckey, Sarah, ‘Murder in Common Article 3’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 449–467.

Meron, Theodor, ‘Application of Humanitarian Law in Non-international Armed Conflicts: Remarks by Theodor Meron’, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law, Vol. 85, 1991, pp. 83–85.Google Scholar

Nowak, Manfred, U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, CCPR Commentary, 2nd revised edition, N.P. Engel, Kehl, 2005.

Ovey, Clare and White, Robin C.A., Jacobs & White: The European Convention on Human Rights, 4th edition, Oxford University Press, 2006.

Watkin, Kenneth, ‘21st Century Conflict and International Humanitarian Law: Status Quo or Change?’, in Schmitt, Michael N. and Pejic, Jelena (eds), International Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines, Essays in Honour of Yoram Dinstein, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2007, pp. 265–296.

Zegveld, Liesbeth, The Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Zimmermann, Andreas and Geiss, Robin, ‘Mutilations’, in Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd edition, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2016, pp. 528–568.

Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules, Cambridge University Press, 2005, available at https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1.

La Haye, Eve, ‘Mutilation and medical or scientific experiments: Article 8(2)(b)(x)’, in Lee, Roy S. and Friman, Hakan (eds), The International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Transnational Publishers, 2001, pp. 164–167. (2001a)

La Haye, Eve, ‘Violations of Common Article 3’, in Lee, Roy S. and Friman, Hakan (eds), The International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Transnational Publishers, 2001, pp. 207–213. (2001b)

Zimmermann, Andreas and Geiss, Robin, ‘Mutilations’, in Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd edition, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2016, pp. 528–568, at 551.

Bank, Roland, ‘Das Verbot von Folter, unmenschlicher oder erniedrigender Behandlung oder Strafe’, in Grote, Rainer and Marauhn, Thilo (eds), EMRK/GG, Konkordanzkommentar zum europäischen und deutschen Grundrechtsschutz, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 2006, pp. 479–534.

Burgers, J. Herman and Danelius, Hans, The United Nations Convention against Torture: A Handbook on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1988.

Dewulf, Steven, The Signature of Evil: (Re)Defining Torture in International Law, Intersentia, Antwerp, 2011.

Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Doswald-Beck, Louise, Human Rights in Times of Conflict and Terrorism, Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 194–227.

Droege, Cordula, ‘“In truth the leitmotiv”: the prohibition of torture and other forms of ill-treatment in international humanitarian law’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 89, No. 867, September 2007, pp. 515–541.Google Scholar

Evans, Malcolm, ‘Getting to Grips with Torture’, in The Definition of Torture: Proceedings of an Expert Seminar, Association for the Prevention of Torture, Geneva, 2001, pp. 33–49.

Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules, Cambridge University Press, 2005, available at https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1.

Nowak, Manfred, ‘Challenges to the absolute nature of the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment’, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2005, pp. 674–688.Google Scholar

Nowak, Manfred, ‘What Practices Constitute Torture?: US and UN standards’, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2006, pp. 809–841.Google Scholar

Nowak, Manfred and Janik, Ralph R.A., ‘Torture, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 317–342.

Nowak, Manfred and McArthur, Elizabeth, The United Nations Convention Against Torture: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2008.

Reyes, Hernán, ‘The worst scars are in the mind: psychological torture’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 89, No. 867, September 2007, pp. 591–617.Google Scholar

Rodley, Nigel S., ‘The definition(s) of torture in international law’, Current Legal Problems, Vol. 55, 2002, pp. 467–493.Google Scholar

Rodley, Nigel S., ‘The prohibition of torture: absolute means absolute’, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2006, pp. 145–160.Google Scholar

Rodley, Nigel S. and Pollard, Matt, The Treatment of Prisoners under International Law, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2009.

Röling, B.V.A. and Rüter, C.F., The Tokyo Judgment: The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (I.M.T.F.E.), 29 April 1946–12 November 1948, 2 volumes, University Press, Amsterdam, 1977.

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Elliott, H. Wayne, ‘Hostages or Prisoners of War: War Crimes at Dinner’, Military Law Review, Vol. 149, 1995, pp. 241–274.Google Scholar

Gasser, Hans-Peter and Dörmann, Knut, ‘Protection of the Civilian Population’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 231–320, at paras 508 and 535.

Gucciardo, Dorotea, ‘Hostages’, in Vance, Jonathan F. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Prisoners of War and Internment, 2nd edition, Grey House Publishing, Millerton, New York, 2006, pp. 183–186.

Hammer, Ellen and Salvin, Marina, ‘The Taking of Hostages in Theory and Practice’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 38, No. 1, 1944, pp. 20–33.Google Scholar

Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules, Cambridge University Press, 2005, available at https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1.

Herrmann, Irène and Palmieri, Daniel, ‘A haunting figure: The hostage through the ages’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 87, No. 857, March 2005, pp. 135–145.Google Scholar

Kuhn, Arthur K., ‘Editorial Comment: The Execution of Hostages’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 36, 1942, pp. 271–274.Google Scholar

Lambert, Joseph J., Terrorism and Hostages in International Law: A Commentary on the Hostages Convention 1979, Grotius Publications, Cambridge, 1990.

Pilloud, Claude, ‘La question des otages et les Conventions de Genève’, Revue international de la Croix Rouge, Vol. 32, No. 378, June 1950, pp. 430–447.Google Scholar

Rosenstock, Robert, ‘International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages: Another International Community Step Against Terrorism’, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1980, pp. 169–195.Google Scholar

Salinas Burgos, Hernán, ‘The taking of hostages and international humanitarian law’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 29, No. 270, June 1989, pp. 196–216.Google Scholar

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, ‘War Crimes before the Special Court for Sierra Leone: Child Soldiers, Hostages, Peacekeepers and Collective Punishments’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2010, pp. 1009–1034. (2010a)Google Scholar

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Tuck, David, ‘Taking of Hostages’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 297–316.

Wright, Lord, ‘The Killing of Hostages as a War Crime’, British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 25, 1948, pp. 296–310.Google Scholar

Barber, Rebecca, ‘Facilitating humanitarian assistance in international humanitarian and human rights law’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 91, No. 874, June 2009, pp. 371–397.Google Scholar

Bond, James E., ‘Application of the Law of War to Internal Conflict’, Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1973, pp. 345–384.Google Scholar

Bothe, Michael, Partsch, Karl Josef and Solf, Waldemar A., New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts: Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, 1982.

Doswald-Beck, Louise, Human Rights in Times of Conflict and Terrorism, Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 331–344.

Doswald-Beck, Louise, ‘Judicial Guarantees’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 469–494.

Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules, Cambridge University Press, 2005, available at https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1.

Sassòli, Marco, ‘Taking Armed Groups Seriously: Ways to Improve Their Compliance with International Humanitarian Law’, Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2010, pp. 5–51.Google Scholar

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, ‘Courts of Armed Opposition Groups: Fair Trials or Summary Justice?’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2009, pp. 489–513.Google Scholar

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Somer, Jonathan, ‘Jungle justice: passing sentence on the equality of belligerents in non-international armed conflict’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 89, No. 867, September 2007, pp. 655–690.Google Scholar

Willms, Jan, ‘Justice through Armed Groups’ Governance – An Oxymoron?’, SFB-Governance Working Paper Series, No. 40, October 2012.Google Scholar

Bastick, Megan, Grimm, Karin and Kunz, Rahel, Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict: Global Overview and Implications for the Security Sector, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, 2007.

Brammertz, Serge and Jarvis, Michelle (eds), Prosecuting Conflict-Related Sexual Violence at the ICTY, Oxford University Press, 2016.

Durham, Helen, ‘International Humanitarian Law and the Protection of Women’, in Durham, Helen and Gurd, Tracey (eds), Listening to the Silences: Women and War, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2005, pp. 95–107.

Gardam, Judith G. and Jarvis, Michelle J., Women, Armed Conflict and International Law, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2001.

Haeri, Medina and Puechguirbal, Nadine, ‘From helplessness to agency: examining the plurality of women's experiences in armed conflict’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 92, No. 877, March 2010, pp. 103–122.Google Scholar

Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules, Cambridge University Press, 2005, available at https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1.

Inter-Agency Standing Committee, Guidelines for Integrating Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action: Reducing risk, promoting resilience and aiding recovery, 2015.

Lindsey, Charlotte, Women facing war: ICRC Study on the impact of armed conflict on women, ICRC, Geneva, 2001.

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, ‘Lost in translation: UN responses to sexual violence against men and boys in situations of armed conflict’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 92, No. 877, March 2010, pp. 259–277. (2010b)Google Scholar

Solangon, Sarah and Patel, Preeti, ‘Sexual violence against men in countries affected by armed conflict’, Journal of Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 12, No. 4, 2012, pp. 417–442.Google Scholar

Viseur Sellers, Patricia, ‘The Context of Sexual Violence: Sexual Violence as Violations of International Humanitarian Law’, in McDonald, Gabrielle Kirk and Swaak-Goldman, Olivia (eds), Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2000, pp. 263–332.

Viseur Sellers, Patricia and Rosenthal, Indira, ‘Rape and Other Sexual Violence’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 343–368.

World Health Organization, World report on violence and health, Report edited by Krug, Etienne G. et al., WHO, Geneva, 2002.

World Health Organization, Guidelines for medico-legal care for victims of sexual violence, WHO, Geneva, 2003.

Bellinger III, John B. and Padmanabhan, Vijay M., ‘Detention Operations in Contemporary Conflicts: Four Challenges for the Geneva Conventions and Other Existing Law’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 105, No. 2, 2011, pp. 201–243.Google Scholar

Byers, Michael, ‘Legal Opinion on the December 18, 2005 “Arrangement for the Transfer of Detainees between the Canadian Forces and the Ministry of Defence of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan”’, Liu Institute for Global Issues, 7 April 2006.

Droege, Cordula, ‘Transfers of detainees: legal framework, non-refoulement and contemporary challenges’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 90, No. 871, September 2008, pp. 669–701.Google Scholar

Gillard, Emanuela-Chiara, ‘There's no place like home: States’ obligations in relation to transfers of persons’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 90, No. 871, September 2008, pp. 703–750.Google Scholar

Gisel, Laurent, ‘The principle of non-refoulement in relation to transfers’, in Detention in Armed Conflicts, Proceedings of the 15th Bruges Colloquium, 16–17 October 2014, College of Europe/ICRC, Collegium, No. 45, Autumn 2015, pp. 113–130.

Hathaway, James C., ‘Leveraging Asylum’, Texas International Law Journal, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2010, pp. 503–536.Google Scholar

Horowitz, Jonathan, ‘Transferring Wartime Detainees and a State's Responsibility to Prevent Torture’, American University National Security Law Brief, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2012, pp. 43–66.Google Scholar

Lauterpacht, Elihu and Bethlehem, Daniel, ‘The scope and content of the principle of non-refoulement: Opinion’, in Feller, Erika, Türk, Volker and Nicholson, Frances (eds), Refugee Protection in International Law: UNHCR's Global Consultations on International Protection, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 87–177.

Meron, Theodor, ‘The Humanization of Humanitarian Law’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 94, No. 2, 2000, pp. 239–278.Google Scholar

Sanderson, Mike, ‘The Syrian Crisis and the Principle of Non-Refoulement’, International Law Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Vol. 89, 2013, pp. 776–801.

Sassòli, Marco and Tougas, Marie-Louise, ‘International Law Issues Raised by the Transfer of Detainees by Canadian Forces in Afghanistan’, McGill Law Journal, Vol. 56, No. 4, 2011, pp. 959–1010.Google Scholar

Skoglund, Lena, ‘Diplomatic Assurances Against Torture – An Effective Strategy? A Review of Jurisprudence and Examination of the Arguments’, Nordic Journal of International Law, Vol. 77, No. 4, 2008, pp. 319–364.Google Scholar

Debuf, Els, Captured in War: Lawful Internment in Armed Conflict, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2013.

Deeks, Ashley S., ‘Administrative Detention in Armed Conflict’, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol. 40, No. 3, 2009, pp. 403–436.Google Scholar

Dingwall, Joanna, ‘Unlawful confinement as a war crime: the jurisprudence of the Yugoslav Tribunal and the common core of international humanitarian law applicable to contemporary armed conflicts’, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2004, pp. 133–179.Google Scholar

Dörmann, Knut, ‘Detention in Non-International Armed Conflicts’, in Watkin, Kenneth and Norris, Andrew J. (eds.), Non-International Armed Conflict in the Twenty-first Century, International Law Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Vol. 88, 2012, pp. 347–366.

Hampson, Françoise J., ‘Is Human Rights Law of Any Relevance to Military Operations in Afghanistan?’, in Schmitt, Michael N. (ed.), The War in Afghanistan: A Legal Analysis, International Law Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Vol. 85, 2009, pp. 485–524.

Heffes, Ezequiel, ‘Detentions by Armed Opposition Groups in Non-International Armed Conflicts: Towards a New Characterization of International Humanitarian Law’, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2015, pp. 229–250.Google Scholar

ICRC, ‘Procedural principles and safeguards for internment/administrative detention in armed conflict and other situations of violence’, in International Humanitarian Law and the challenges of contemporary armed conflicts, Report prepared for the 30th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, Geneva, 2007, Annex 1, reproduced in International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 87, No. 858, June 2005, pp. 375–391.

ICRC, Internment in Armed Conflict: Basic Rules and Challenges, Opinion Paper, November 2014.

Pejic, Jelena, ‘Procedural principles and safeguards for internment/administrative detention in armed conflict and other situations of violence’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 87, No. 858, June 2005, pp. 375–391.Google Scholar

Pejic, Jelena, ‘Conflict Classification and the Law Applicable to Detention and the Use of Force’, in Wilmshurst, Elizabeth (ed.), International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 80–116.

Rona, Gabor, ‘Is There a Way Out of the Non-International Armed Conflict Detention Dilemma?’, International Law Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Vol. 91, 2015, pp. 32–59.

Rowe, Peter, ‘Is There a Right to Detain Civilians by Foreign Armed Forces during a Non-International Armed Conflict?’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 61, No. 3, 2012, pp. 697–711.Google Scholar

See also the select bibliography of the commentary on Article 12 of the First Convention.

Bothe, Michael, Partsch, Karl Josef and Solf, Waldemar A., New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts, Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, 1982.

Breau, Susan C., ‘Commentary on selected Rules from the ICRC Study: Protected persons and objects’, in Wilmshurst, Elizabeth and Breau, Susan C. (eds), Perspectives on the ICRC Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 169–203.

Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Dunant, Henry, A Memory of Solferino, ICRC, Geneva, reprint 1986.

Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules, Cambridge University Press, 2005, available at https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1.

ICRC, Management of Dead Bodies after Disasters: A Field Manual for First Responders, ICRC, Geneva, 2009.

ICRC, War Surgery: Working with Limited Resources in Armed Conflict and Other Situations of Violence, Vol. 1 by Giannou, Christos and Baldan, Marco and Vol. 2 by Giannou, Christos, Baldan, Marco and Molde, Åsa, ICRC, Geneva, 2009 and 2013 respectively.

ICRC, First Aid in Armed Conflicts and Other Situations of Violence, ICRC, Geneva, 2010.

ICRC, Health Care in Danger: Violent Incidents Affecting the Delivery of Health Care, January 2012 to December 2013, ICRC, Geneva, 2014.

ICRC, Promoting Military Operational Practice that Ensures Safe Access to and Delivery of Health Care, ICRC, Geneva, 2014.

Kleffner, Jann K., ‘Protection of the Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 321–357. (2013a)

Lindsey, Charlotte, Women facing war: ICRC Study on the impact of armed conflict on women, ICRC, Geneva, 2001.

Müller, Amrei, The Relationship between Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and International Humanitarian Law: An Analysis of Health-Related Issues in Non-International Armed Conflicts, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2013.

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Barrat, Claudie, Status of NGOs in International Humanitarian Law, Brill Nijhoff, Leiden, 2014.

Blondel, Jean-Luc, ‘L'assistance aux personnes protégées’, Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 69, No. 767, October 1987, pp. 471–489.Google Scholar

Blondel, Jean-Luc, ‘The meaning of the word “humanitarian” in relation to the Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 29, No. 273, December 1989, pp. 507–515.Google Scholar

Blondel, Jean-Luc, ‘Genèse et évolution des Principes fondamentaux de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge’, Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 73, No. 790, August 1991, pp. 369–377.Google Scholar

Bouchet-Saulnier, Françoise, ‘Consent to humanitarian access: An obligation triggered by territorial control, not States’ rights’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 96, No. 893, March 2014, pp. 207–217.Google Scholar

Bugnion, François, The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Protection of War Victims, ICRC/Macmillan, Oxford, 2003, Book II, Part Two. (2003a)

de Geouffre de La Pradelle, Paul, ‘Une conquête méthodique : le droit d'initiative humanitaire dans les rapports internationaux’, in Swinarski, Christophe (ed.), Études et essais sur le droit international humanitaire et sur les principes de la Croix-Rouge en l'honneur de Jean Pictet, ICRC/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, 1984, pp. 945–950.

Fast, Larissa, ‘Unpacking the principle of humanity: Tensions and implications’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 97, Nos 897/898, Spring/Summer 2015, pp. 111–131.Google Scholar

Forsythe, David P., ‘International Humanitarian Assistance: The Role of the Red Cross’, Buffalo Journal of International Law, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1996–1997, pp. 235–260.Google Scholar

Gentile, Pierre, ‘Humanitarian organizations involved in protection activities: a story of soul-searching and professionalization’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 93, No. 884, December 2011, pp. 1165–1191.Google Scholar

Gillard, Emanuela-Chiara, ‘The law regulating cross-border relief operations’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 95, No. 890, June 2013, pp. 351–382.Google Scholar

Harroff-Tavel, Marion, ‘Neutrality and Impartiality – The importance of these principles for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the difficulties involved in applying them’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 29, No. 273, December 1989, pp. 536–552.Google Scholar

Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules, Cambridge University Press, 2005, available at https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1.

ICRC, ‘ICRC Q&A and lexicon on humanitarian access’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 96, No. 893, March 2014, pp. 359–375.

ICRC, The Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, ICRC, Geneva, August 2015.

ICRC and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, The Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: Ethics and Tools for Humanitarian Action, ICRC, November 2015.

Junod, Sylvie S., ‘Le mandat du CICR durant un conflit armé. Le mandat et les activités du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge’, The Military Law and Law of War Review, Vol. 43, 2004, pp. 103–110.Google Scholar

Kalshoven, Frits, ‘Impartiality and Neutrality in Humanitarian Law and Practice’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 29, No. 273, December 1989, pp. 516–535.Google Scholar

Kolb, Robert, ‘De l'assistance humanitaire : la résolution sur l'assistance humanitaire adoptée par l'Institut de droit international à sa session de Bruges en 2003’, Revue international de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 86, No. 856, December 2004, pp. 853–878.Google Scholar

Kuijt, Emilie Ellen, Humanitarian Assistance and State Sovereignty in International Law: Towards a Comprehensive Framework, Intersentia, Cambridge, 2015.

Labbé, Jérémie and Daudin, Pascal, ‘Applying the humanitarian principles: Reflecting on the experience of the International Committee of the Red Cross’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 97, Nos 897/898, Spring/Summer 2015, pp. 183–210.Google Scholar

Lattanzi, Flavia, ‘Humanitarian Assistance’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 231–255.

Nishat, Nishat, ‘The Right of Initiative of the ICRC and Other Impartial Humanitarian Bodies’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 495–508.

Oxford Guidance on the Law Relating to Humanitarian Relief Operations in Situations of Armed Conflict, by Akande, Dapo and Gillard, Emanuela-Chiara, commissioned and published by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 2016.

Plattner, Denise, ‘Assistance to the civilian population: the development and present state of international humanitarian law’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 32, No. 288, June 1992, pp. 249–263.Google Scholar

Ryngaert, Cédric, ‘Humanitarian Assistance and the Conundrum of Consent: A Legal Perspective’, Amsterdam Law Forum, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2013, pp. 5–19.Google Scholar

Sandoz, Yves, ‘Le droit d'initiative du Comité international de la Croix-rouge’, German Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 22, 1979, pp. 352–373.Google Scholar

Schwendimann, Felix, ‘The legal framework of humanitarian access in armed conflict’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 93, No. 884, December 2011, pp. 993–1008.Google Scholar

Spieker, Heike, ‘Humanitarian Assistance, Access in Armed Conflict and Occupation’, version of March 2013, in Wolfrum, Rüdiger (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Oxford University Press, http://www.mpepil.com.

Stoffels, Ruth Abril, ‘Legal regulation of humanitarian assistance in armed conflict: Achievements and gaps’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 86, No. 855, September 2004, pp. 515–546.Google Scholar

Swinarski, Christophe, ‘La notion d'un organisme neutre et le droit international’, in Swinarski, Christophe (ed.), Études et essais sur le droit international humanitaire et sur les principes de la Croix-Rouge en l'honneur de Jean Pictet, ICRC/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, 1984, pp. 819–835.

Swiss Confederation, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Humanitarian Access in Situations of Armed Conflict: Practitioners’ Manual, 2014.

Toebes, Brigit, ‘Health and Humanitarian Assistance: Towards an Integrated Norm under International Law’, Tilburg Law Review, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2013, pp. 133–151.Google Scholar

Vukas, Budislav, ‘Humanitarian Assistance in Cases of Emergency’, version of March 2013, in Wolfrum, Rüdiger (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Oxford University Press, http://www.mpepil.com.

Aïvo, Gérard, ‘Le rôle des accords spéciaux dans la rationalisation des conflits armés non internationaux’, Revue québécoise de droit international, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2014, pp. 1–30.Google Scholar

Bell, Christine, ‘Peace Agreements: Their Nature and Legal Status’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100, No. 2, 2006, pp. 373–412.Google Scholar

Bell, Christine, On the Law of Peace: Peace Agreements and the Lex Pacificatoria, Oxford University Press, 2008.

Cassese, Antonio, ‘The Special Court and International Law: The Decision Concerning the Lomé Agreement Amnesty’, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2004, pp. 1130–1140.Google Scholar

Corten, Olivier and Klein, Pierre, ‘Are Agreements between States and Non-State Entities Rooted in the International Legal Order?’, in Cannizzaro, Enzo (ed.), The Law of Treaties: Beyond the Vienna Convention, Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 3–24.

Ewumbue-Monono, Churchill, ‘Respect for international humanitarian law by armed non-state actors in Africa’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 88, No. 864, December 2006, pp. 905–924.Google Scholar

ICRC, The Roots of Behaviour in War: Understanding and Preventing IHL Violations, by Muñoz-Rojas, Daniel and Frésard, Jean-Jacques, ICRC, Geneva, October 2005.

ICRC, Increasing Respect for International Humanitarian Law in Non-International Armed Conflicts, ICRC, Geneva, February 2008.

ICRC, ‘A collection of codes of conduct issued by armed groups’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 93, No. 882, June 2011, pp. 483–501.

Jakovljevic, Bosko, ‘Armed conflict in Yugoslavia: Agreements in the field of international humanitarian law and practice’, Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict, Vol. 5, No. 3, 1992, pp. 108–111. (1992a)Google Scholar

Jakovljevic, Bosko, ‘The Agreement of May 22, 1992, on the Implementation of International Humanitarian Law in the Armed Conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina’, Jugoslovenska Revija za Medunarodno Pravo, Nos 2–3, 1992, pp. 212–221. (1992b)

Ramelli Arteaga, Alejandro, Derecho Internacional Humanitario y Estado de Beligerancia, 2nd edition, Externado University of Colombia, Bogotá, 2004, pp. 45–53.

Roberts, Anthea and Sivakumaran, Sandesh, ‘Lawmaking by Nonstate Actors: Engaging Armed Groups in the Creation of International Humanitarian Law’, The Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2012, pp. 107–152.Google Scholar

Sassòli, Marco, ‘Taking Armed Groups Seriously: Ways to Improve their Compliance with International Humanitarian Law’, International Humanitarian Legal Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2010, pp. 5–51.Google Scholar

Sassòli, Marco, Bouvier, Antoine A. and Quintin, Anne, How Does Law Protect in War?, Vol. I, 3rd edition, ICRC, Geneva, 2011, pp. 1713–1717.

Sassòli, Marco and Tougas, Marie-Louise, ‘International Law Issues Raised by the Transfer of Detainees by Canadian Forces in Afghanistan’, McGill Law Journal, Vol. 56, No. 4, 2011, pp. 959–1010.Google Scholar

Siordet, Frédéric, ‘Les Conventions de Genève et la guerre civile (suite)’, Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge et Bulletin international des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 32, No. 375, March 1950, pp. 187–212.Google Scholar

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, ‘Lessons for the law of armed conflict from commitments of armed groups: identification of legitimate targets and prisoners of war’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 93, No. 882, June 2011, pp. 463–482.Google Scholar

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012.

van Steenberghe, Raphaël, ‘Théorie des sujets’, in van Steenberghe, Raphaël (ed.), Droit international humanitaire : un régime spécial de droit international?, Bruylant, Brussels, 2013, pp. 15–71.

Veuthey, Michel, ‘Learning from History: Accession to the Conventions, Special Agreements, and Unilateral Declarations’, in Relevance of International Humanitarian Law to Non-State Actors, Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium, 25–26 October 2002, College of Europe/ICRC, Collegium, No. 27, Spring 2003, pp. 139–151.

Vierucci, Luisa, ‘Special Agreements between Conflicting Parties in the Case-law of the ICTY’, in Swart, Bert, Zahar, Alexander and Sluiter, Göran (eds), The Legacy of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 401–433.

Vierucci, Luisa, ‘Applicability of the Conventions by Means of Ad Hoc Agreements’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 509–522.

Fleck, Dieter, ‘The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. 581–610.

Moir, Lindsay, The Law of Internal Armed Conflict, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Bellal, Annyssa and Casey-Maslen, Stuart, ‘Enhancing Compliance with International Law by Armed Non-State Actors’, Goettingen Journal of International Law, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2011, pp. 175–197.Google Scholar

Bílková, Veronika, ‘Belligerent reprisals in non-international armed conflicts’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 63, No. 1, 2014, pp. 31–65.Google Scholar

Blewitt, Graham T., ‘The Necessity for Enforcement of International Humanitarian Law’, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), Vol. 89, 1995, pp. 298–300.Google Scholar

Bothe, Michael, Partsch, Karl Josef and Solf, Waldemar A., New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts: Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, 1982.

De Hemptinne, Jérôme, ‘Prohibition of Reprisals’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 575–596.

Dinstein, Yoram, Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law, Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 173–199.

Draper, Gerald I.A.D., ‘The implementation and enforcement of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and of the Two Additional Protocols of 1978’ (sic), Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, Vol. 164, 1979, pp. 1–54.Google Scholar

Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules, Cambridge University Press, 2005, available at https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1.

ICRC, Increasing Respect for International Humanitarian Law in Non-International Armed Conflicts, ICRC, Geneva, February 2008.

ICRC, Advisory Service on International Humanitarian Law, Preventing and repressing international crimes: Towards an ‘integrated’ approach based on domestic practice, Report of the Third Universal Meeting of National Committees for the Implementation of International Humanitarian Law, prepared by Rosa, Anne-Marie La, Vols I–II, ICRC, Geneva, February 2014.

La Haye, Eve, War Crimes in Internal Armed Conflicts, Cambridge University Press, 2008.

La Rosa, Anne-Marie and Wuerzner, Carolin, ‘Armed groups, sanctions and the implementation of international humanitarian law’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 90, No. 870, June 2008, pp. 327–341.Google Scholar

Meron, Theodor, ‘International Criminalization of Internal Atrocities’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 89, No. 3, 1995, pp. 554–577.Google Scholar

Milanovic, Marko and Hadzi-Vidanovic, Vidan, ‘A taxonomy of armed conflict’, in White, Nigel D. and Henderson, Christian (eds), Research Handbook on International Conflict and Security Law: Jus ad Bellum, Jus in Bello and Just post bellum, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2013, pp. 256–314.

Moir, Lindsay, The Law of Internal Armed Conflict, Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Morris, Madeline H., ‘International Guidelines Against Impunity: Facilitating Accountability’, Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 59, No. 4, 1996, pp. 29–39.Google Scholar

Perna, Laura, The Formation of the Treaty Law of Non-International Armed Conflicts, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2006.

Pfanner, Toni, ‘Various mechanisms and approaches for implementing international humanitarian law and protecting and assisting war victims’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 91, No. 874, June 2009, pp. 279–328.Google Scholar

Plattner, Denise, ‘The penal repression of violations of international humanitarian law applicable in non-international armed conflicts’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 30, No. 278, October 1990, pp. 409–420.Google Scholar

Sassòli, Marco, ‘Taking Armed Groups Seriously: Ways to Improve Their Compliance with International Humanitarian Law’, Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2010, pp. 5–51.Google Scholar

Sassòli, Marco, Bouvier, Antoine A. and Quintin, Anne, How Does Law Protect in War?, Vol. I, 3rd edition, ICRC, Geneva, 2011.

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012.

Sivakumaran, Sandesh, ‘The Addressees of Common Article 3’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 415–431.