Interest in a new generation of engineering systems enabled with cognition, started with cognitive radio, a term that was coined by Mitola and McGuire (1999). In that article, the idea of cognitive radio was introduced within the software-defined radio (SDR) community. Subsequently, Mitola (2000) elaborated on a so-called “radio knowledge representation language” in his own doctoral dissertation. Furthermore, in a short section entitled “Research issues” at the end of his doctoral dissertation, Mitola went on to say the following:

Then, in Haykin (2005a), the first journal paper on cognitive radio, detailed expositions of signal processing, control, learning and adaptive processes, and game-theoretic ideas that lie at the heart of cognitive radio were presented for the first time. Three fundamental cognitive tasks, embodying the perception–action cycle of cognitive radio, were identified in that 2005 paper:

• radio-scene analysis of the radio environment performed in the receiver;

• transmit-power control and dynamic spectrum management, both performed in the transmitter; and

• global feedback, enabling the transmitter to act and, therefore, control data transmission across the forward wireless (data) channel in light of information about the radio environment fed back to it by the receiver.