Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-p2v8j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-12T05:59:58.689Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 30 - Rating Instruments for Mood Disorders in Clinical Practice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2024

By
Danielle Hett  and
Steven Marwaha
Edited by
Allan Young ,
Marsal Sanches ,
Jair C. Soares  and
Mario Juruena
Allan Young
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London
Marsal Sanches
Affiliation:
Baylor College of Medicine, Texas
Jair C. Soares
Affiliation:
McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas
Mario Juruena
Affiliation:
King's College London
Get access

Summary

This chapter outlines some of the most widely used clinician-rated (e.g., HAM-D, MADRS, YMRS) and self-rated (e.g., BDI, PHQ-9, QIDS, ISS, ASRM) tools for depression and bipolar disorder and summarises the evidence to date on their psychometric properties and practicality for use in research and clinical practice. The chapter also discusses the emerging research surrounding affective instability (AI), a core trait-like feature known to underpin the development and emergence of mood disorder symptoms and describes how digital technologies can aid in the monitoring of both mood and AI. A novel mood-monitoring methodology, called experience sampling method, is introduced and its benefits over traditional approaches are discussed. The chapter concludes with a summary of the current and upcoming mood rating tools, as well as their future role and potential applications in clinical practice.

Keywords

Mood disordersdepressionbipolarrating toolsHAM-Dclinician-ratedself-ratedaffective instabilitymood monitoring
Type
Chapter
Information
Clinical Textbook of Mood Disorders , pp. 313 - 322
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.Google Scholar
World Health Organisation (WHO). Depressive disorder (depression). 2023. Available from: www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression.Google Scholar
Bauer, MS, Crits-Christoph, P, Ball, WA, et al. Independent assessment of manic and depressive symptoms by self-rating: scale characteristics and implications for the study of mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48(9):807–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, M. Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychol. 1967;6(4):278–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, M, Posternak, MA, Chelminski, I. Is the cutoff to define remission on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression too high? J Nerv Ment Dis. 2005;193(3):170–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bagby, RM, Ryder, AG, Schuller, DR, Marshall, MB. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: has the gold standard become a lead weight? Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(12):2163–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bech, P. The responsiveness of the different versions of the Hamilton Depression Scale. World Psychiatry. 2015;14(3):309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hieronymus, F, Emilsson, JF, Nilsson, S, Eriksson, E. Consistent superiority of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors over placebo in reducing depressed mood in patients with major depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21(4):523–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montgomery, SA, Åsberg, M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;134(4):382–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, J, Turnbull, CD, Strickland, R, Miller, R, Graves, K. The Montgomery‐Åsberg Depression Scale: reliability and validity. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1986;73(5):544–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carmody, TJ, Rush, AJ, Bernstein, I, et al. The Montgomery Äsberg and the Hamilton ratings of depression: a comparison of measures. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;16(8):601–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, AT, Ward, C, Mendelson, M, Mock, J, Erbaugh, J. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4(6):561–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y-P, Gorenstein, C. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review. Braz J Psychiatry. 2013;35(4):416–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gomes-Oliveira, MH, Gorenstein, C, Neto, FL, Andrade, LH, Wang, YP. Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a community sample. Braz J Psychiatry. 2012;34(4):389–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kojima, M, Furukawa, TA, Takahashi, H, et al. Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan. Psychiatry Res. 2002;110(3):291–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segal, DL, Coolidge, FL, Cahill, BS, O’Riley, AA. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) among community-dwelling older adults. Behavr Modif. 2008;32(1):3–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Homaifar, BY, Brenner, LA, Gutierrez, PM, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in persons with traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(4):652–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroenke, K, Spitzer, RL, Williams, JB. The PHQ‐9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitzer, R, Kroenke, K, Williams, J. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA. 1999;282(18):1737–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbody, S, Richards, D, Brealey, S, Hewitt, C. Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): a diagnostic meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(11):1596–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Zwaan, GL, van Dijk, SE, Adriaanse, MC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for assessment of depression in type II diabetes mellitus and/or coronary heart disease in primary care. J Affect Disord. 2016;190:68–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGuire, L, Kiecolt-Glaser, JK, Glaser, R. Depressive symptoms and lymphocyte proliferation in older adults. J Abnorm Psychol. 2002;111(1):192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beard, C, Hsu, K, Rifkin, L, Busch, A, Björgvinsson, T. Validation of the PHQ-9 in a psychiatric sample. J Affect Disord. 2016;193:267–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kocalevent, R-D, Hinz, A, Brähler, E. Standardization of the depression screener patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) in the general population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013;35(5):551–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levis, B, Benedetti, A, Thombs, BD. Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: individual participant data meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019;365:1476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rush, AJ, Trivedi, MH, Ibrahim, HM, et al. The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(5):573–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trivedi, MH, Rush, A, Ibrahim, H, et al. The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Clinician Rating (IDS-C) and Self-Report (IDS-SR), and the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Clinician Rating (QIDS-C) and Self-Report (QIDS-SR) in public sector patients with mood disorders: a psychometric evaluation; Psychometrics of the QIDS in public sector patients; MH Trivedi and others. Psychol Med. 2004;34(1):73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reilly, TJ, MacGillivray, SA, Reid, IC, Cameron, IM. Psychometric properties of the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;60:132–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, RC, Biggs, JT, Ziegler, VE, Meyer, DA. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry. 1978;133(5):429–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tohen, M, Jacobs, TG, Grundy, SL, et al. Efficacy of olanzapine in acute bipolar mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(9):841–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strejilevich, S, Martino, DJ, Murru, A, et al. Mood instability and functional recovery in bipolar disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013;128(3):194–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marwaha, S, Hett, D, Johnson, S, et al. The impact of manic symptoms in first‐episode psychosis: findings from the UK National EDEN study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2021;144(4):358–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohammadi, Z, Pourshahbaz, A, Poshtmashhadi, M, et al. Psychometric properties of the Young Mania Rating Scale as a mania severity measure in patients with bipolar I disorder. Pract Clin Psychol. 2018;6(3):175–82.Google Scholar
Spearing, MK, Post, RM, Leverich, GS, Brandt, D, Nolen, W. Modification of the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) Scale for use in bipolar illness (BP): the CGI-BP. Psychiatry Res. 1997;73(3):159–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, MB, Lavori, PW, Friedman, B, et al. The Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation: a comprehensive method for assessing outcome in prospective longitudinal studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44(6):540–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morriss, R, Lobban, F, Riste, L, et al. Clinical effectiveness and acceptability of structured group psychoeducation versus optimised unstructured peer support for patients with remitted bipolar disorder (PARADES): a pragmatic, multicentre, observer-blind, randomised controlled superiority trial. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(11):1029–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leon, AC, Solomon, DA, Mueller, TI, et al. A brief assessment of psychosocial functioning of subjects with bipolar I disorder: the LIFE-RIFT. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2000;188(12):805–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warshaw, MG, Keller, MB, Stout, RL. Reliability and validity of the longitudinal interval follow-up evaluation for assessing outcome of anxiety disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 1994;28(6):531–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tondo, L, Vazquez G, H, Baldessarini R, J. Depression and mania in bipolar disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017;15(3):353–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Judd, LL, Akiskal, HS, Schettler, PJ, et al. The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(6):530–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23(1):56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serretti, A, Olgiati, P. Profiles of “manic” symptoms in bipolar I, bipolar II and major depressive disorders. J Affect Disord. 2005;84(2–3):159–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berk, M, Malhi, G, Mitchell, P, et al. Scale matters: the need for a Bipolar Depression Rating Scale (BDRS). Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;110:39–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berk, M, Dodd, S, Dean, OM, et al. The validity and internal structure of the Bipolar Depression Rating Scale: data from a clinical trial of N‐acetylcysteine as adjunctive therapy in bipolar disorder. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2010;22(5):237–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruschi, A, Mazza, M, Camardese, G, et al. Psychopathological features of bipolar depression: Italian validation of the Bipolar Depression Rating Scale (I-BDRS). Front Psychol. 2018;9:1047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, TD, Crist, N, La Rosa, N, et al. Are existing self‐ratings of acute manic symptoms in adults reliable and valid? – A systematic review. Bipolar Disord. 2020;22(6):558–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodd, AL, Mansell, W, Morrison, AP, Tai, S. Extreme appraisals of internal states and bipolar symptoms: the Hypomanic Attitudes and Positive Predictions Inventory. Psychol Assess. 2011;23(3):635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, C-L, Yang, Y-K, Chen, M, et al. Patient- and family-rated scale for bipolar disorder symptoms: internal state scale. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2003;19(4):170–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mansell, W, Jones, SH. The Brief-HAPPI: a questionnaire to assess cognitions that distinguish between individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder and non-clinical controls. J Affect Disord. 2006;93(1–3):29–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackali, Z, Akkaya, C, Aydemir, Ö. The Turkish adaptation, validity, and reliability of the internal states scale. Arch Neuropsychiatry. 2016;53(3):222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altman, E, Hedeker, D, Peterson, JL, Davis, JM. A comparative evaluation of three self-rating scales for acute mania. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50(6):468–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altman, EG, Hedeker, D, Peterson, JL, Davis, JM. The Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;42(10):948–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, TH, Johnson, SL. Rejection sensitivity is associated with quality of life, psychosocial outcome, and the course of depression in euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder. Cogn Ther Res. 2013;37(6):1169–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinstock, LM, Broughton, MK, Tezanos, KM, et al. Adjunctive yoga versus bibliotherapy for bipolar depression: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Ment Health Phys Activity. 2016;11:67–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stange, JP, Molz, AR, Black, CL, et al. Positive overgeneralization and Behavioral Approach System (BAS) sensitivity interact to predict prospective increases in hypomanic symptoms: a behavioral high-risk design. Behav Res Ther. 2012;50(4):231–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alvarez, M. [Translation and adaptation in the Spanish environment of the Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale]. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2005;33(3):180–7.Google Scholar
Shugar, G, Schertzer, S, Toner, BB, Di Gasbarro, I. Development, use, and factor analysis of a self-report inventory for mania. Compr Psychiatry. 1992;33(5):325–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bräunig, P, Shugar, G, Krüger, S. An investigation of the Self-Report Manic Inventory as a diagnostic and severity scale for mania. Compr Psychiatry. 1996;37(1):52–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooke, RG, Krüger, S, Shugar, G. Comparative evaluation of two self-report mania rating scales. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;40(4):279–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marwaha, S, Balbuena, L, Winsper, C, Bowen, R. Mood instability as a precursor to depressive illness: a prospective and mediational analysis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2015;49(6):557–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broome, M, Saunders, K, Harrison, P, Marwaha, S. Mood instability: significance, definition and measurement. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;207(4):283–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stange, JP, Sylvia, LG, da Silva Magalhaes, PV, et al. Affective instability and the course of bipolar depression: results from the STEP-BD randomised controlled trial of psychosocial treatment. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;208(4):352–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houben, M, Van Den Noortgate, W, Kuppens, P. The relation between short-term emotion dynamics and psychological well-being: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2015;141(4):901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eldesouky, L, Thompson, RJ, Oltmanns, TF, English, T. Affective instability predicts the course of depression in late middle-age and older adulthood. J Affect Disord. 2018;239:72–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aminoff, SR, Jensen, J, Lagerberg, TV, et al. An association between affective lability and executive functioning in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2012;198(1):58–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henry, C, Van den Bulke, D, Bellivier, F, et al. Affective lability and affect intensity as core dimensions of bipolar disorders during euthymic period. Psychiatry Res. 2008;159(1–2):1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, PD, Greenberg, BR, Serper, MR. The Affective Lability Scales: development, reliability, and validity. J Clin Psychol. 1989;45(5):786–93.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, RJ, Diener, E, Emmons, RA. Affect intensity and reactions to daily life events. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51(4):803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, KE, Chambless, DL, Ahrens, A. Are emotions frightening? An extension of the fear of fear construct. Behav Res Ther. 1997;35(3):239–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Look, AE, Flory, JD, Harvey, PD, Siever, LJ. Psychometric properties of a short form of the Affective Lability Scale (ALS-18). Pers Individ Dif. 2010;49(3):187–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, CZ, Shapiro, N, Chambless, DL, Ahrens, AH. Are emotions frightening? II: an analogue study of fear of emotion, interpersonal conflict, and panic onset. Behavr Res Ther. 1998;36(1):3–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marwaha, S, Price, C, Scott, J, et al. Affective instability in those with and without mental disorders: a case control study. J Affect Disord. 2018;241:492–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, CD, Gunthert, K, Wenze, S, German, R. The subscale specificity of the Affective Control Scale: ecological validity and predictive validity of feared emotions. Motivation Emotion. 2015;39(6):984–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salters‐Pedneault, K, Gentes, E, Roemer, L. The role of fear of emotion in distress, arousal, and cognitive interference following an emotional stimulus. Cogn Behav Ther. 2007;36(1):12–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robins, CJ, Keng, SL, Ekblad, AG, Brantley, JG. Effects of mindfulness‐based stress reduction on emotional experience and expression: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychol. 2012;68(1):117–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, JG, Davila, J. Development of an interview for anxiety-relevant interpersonal styles: preliminary support for convergent and discriminant validity. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2003;25(1):1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riskind, JH, Kleiman, EM. Looming cognitive style, emotion schemas, and fears of loss of emotional control: two studies. Intl J Cogn Ther. 2012;5(4):392–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faurholt-Jepsen, M, Munkholm, K, Frost, M, Bardram, JE, Kessing, LV. Electronic self-monitoring of mood using IT platforms in adult patients with bipolar disorder: a systematic review of the validity and evidence. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16(1):1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, R, Csikszentmihalyi, M. The experience sampling method. In Csikszentmihalyi, M. Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology. Springer, 2014; 21–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M, Larson, R. Validity and reliability of the experience-sampling method. In Csikszentmihalyi, M. Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology. Springer, 2014; 35–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Watt, A, Odendaal, W, Louw, K, Seedat, S. Distant mood monitoring for depressive and bipolar disorders: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dubad, M, Winsper, C, Meyer, C, Livanou, M, Marwaha, S. A systematic review of the psychometric properties, usability and clinical impacts of mobile mood-monitoring applications in young people. Psychol Med. 2018;48(2):208–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bopp, JM, Miklowitz, DJ, Goodwin, GM, et al. The longitudinal course of bipolar disorder as revealed through weekly text messaging: a feasibility study. Bipolar Disord. 2010;12(3):327–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miklowitz, DJ, Price, J, Holmes, EA, et al. Facilitated integrated mood management for adults with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2012;14(2):185–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shiffman, S, Stone, AA, Hufford, MR. Ecological momentary assessment. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2008;4:1–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wenze, SJ, Armey, MF, Miller, IW. Feasibility and acceptability of a mobile intervention to improve treatment adherence in bipolar disorder: a pilot study. Behav Modif. 2014;38(4):497–515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Depp, CA, Ceglowski, J, Wang, VC, et al. Augmenting psychoeducation with a mobile intervention for bipolar disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2015;174:23–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, S, Deville, M, Mayes, D, Lobban, F. Self-management in bipolar disorder: the story so far. J Ment Health. 2011;20(6):583–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houle, J, Gascon-Depatie, M, Bélanger-Dumontier, G, Cardinal, C. Depression self-management support: a systematic review. Patient Educ Couns. 2013;91(3):271–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kordy, H, Wolf, M, Aulich, K, et al. Internet-delivered disease management for recurrent depression: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2016;85(2):91–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kauer, SD, Reid, SC, Crooke, AHD, et al. Self-monitoring using mobile phones in the early stages of adolescent depression: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2012;14(3):e1858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BinDhim, NF, Alanazi, EM, Aljadhey, H, et al. Does a mobile phone depression-screening app motivate mobile phone users with high depressive symptoms to seek a health care professional’s help? J Med Internet Res. 2016;18(6):e5726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murnane, EL, Cosley, D, Chang, P, et al. Self-monitoring practices, attitudes, and needs of individuals with bipolar disorder: implications for the design of technologies to manage mental health. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2016;23(3):477–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilderbeck, AC, Saunders, KE, Price, J, Goodwin, GM. Psychiatric assessment of mood instability: qualitative study of patient experience. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204(3):234–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, C, Hartmann, J, Kramer, I, et al. Effects of momentary self-monitoring on empowerment in a randomized controlled trial in patients with depression. Eur Psychiatry. 2015;30(8):900–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Os J, , Verhagen, S, Marsman, A, et al. The experience sampling method as an mHealth tool to support self‐monitoring, self‐insight, and personalized health care in clinical practice. Depress Anxiety. 2017;34(6):481–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bos, FM, Snippe, E, Bruggeman, R, Wichers, M, van der Krieke, L. Insights of patients and clinicians on the promise of the experience sampling method for psychiatric care. Psychiatr Serv. 2019;70(11):983–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bos, FM, Snippe, E, Bruggeman, R, et al. Recommendations for the use of long-term experience sampling in bipolar disorder care: a qualitative study of patient and clinician experiences. Int J Bipolar Disord. 2020;8(1):1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×