Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T12:21:02.246Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Forged in Nature’s Cauldron

Engineering the Chimpanzee

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2020

Kevin D. Hunt
Affiliation:
Indiana University, Bloomington
Get access

Summary

If we humans were a little less egocentric, we might celebrate chimpanzees rather than humans as nature’s last word. Fast and powerful; capable of running up a flagpole; able to hang by one arm for 15 minutes at a time; at home on the ground and in the trees; endowed by nature almost from birth with the balance and agility of a circus acrobat – they are quite literally superhuman. And beyond these physical attributes they are astonishingly intelligent. Chimpanzees are a natural wonder.

Type
Chapter
Information
Chimpanzee
Lessons from our Sister Species
, pp. 131 - 157
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Avis, V (1962) Brachiation: the crucial issue for man’s ancestry. Southwestern J Anthropol 18, 119148.Google Scholar
Barber, N (1995) The evolutionary psychology of physical attractiveness: sexual selection and human morphology. Ethol Sociobiol 16, 395424.Google Scholar
Basmajian, JV (1957) Electromyography of 2-joint muscles. Anat Rec 129, 371380.Google Scholar
Basmajian, JV (1965/1977) Muscles Alive: Their Functions Revealed by Electromyography. Baltimore, MD: Wilkins & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Blauert, J (1997) Spatial Hearing: The Psychophysics of Human Sound Localization. Hong Kong: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Buck, C, Tolman, N, Tolman, W (1925) The tail as a balancing organ in mice. J Mammal 6, 267271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, JW, Steegmann, AT (1981) Human nasal protrusion, latitude, and climateAm J Phys Anthropol 56, 313319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cartmill, M (1974) Pads and claws in arboreal locomotion. In Primate Locomotion (ed. Jenkins, FA Jr.), pp. 4583. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Cartmill, M, Milton, K (1977) The lorisiform wrist joint and the evolution of “brachiating" adaptations in the Hominoidea. Am J Phys Anthropol 47, 249272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cartmill, M, Hylander, WL, Shafland, J (1987) Human Structure. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Churchill, SE, Shackelford, LL, Georgi, JN, Black, MT (2004) Morphological variation and airflow dynamics in the human noseAm J Hum Biol 16, 625638.Google Scholar
Currey, JD (1984) The Mechanical Adaptations of Bones. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Daegling, DJ (1993) Functional morphology of the human chin. Evol Anthropol 1, 170177.Google Scholar
DuBrul, EL, Sicher, H (1954) The Adaptive Chin. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Endo, B (1970) Analysis of stresses around the orbit due to masseter and temporalis muscles respectively. J Anthrop Soc Nippon, 78, 251266.Google Scholar
Erikson, GE (1963) Brachiation in the new world monkeys and in anthropoid apes. Symp Zool Soc Lond 10, 135164.Google Scholar
Franciscus, RG, Long, JC (1991) Variation in human nasal height and breadth. Am J Phys Anthropol 85, 419427.Google Scholar
Fleagle, JG (2013) Primate Adaptation and Evolution, 3rd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Fleagle, JG, Stern, JT Jr., Jungers, WL, Vangor, AK, Wells, JP (1981) Climbing: a biomechanical link with brachiation and with bipedalism. In Vertebrate Locomotion (ed. Day, MH), pp. 359375. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Freedman, SJ, Gerstman, HL (1972) The role of pinnae in speech intelligibility. J Commun Disorders 5, 286292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodall, J van Lawick (1968) The behaviour of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Anim Behav Monogr 1, 161311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goode, RL, Friedrichs, R, Falk, S (1977) Effect on hearing thresholds of surgical modification of the external ear. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 86 441450,Google Scholar
Grand, TI (1972) A mechanical interpretation of terminal branch feeding. J Mammal 53, 198201.Google Scholar
Hatt, R (1932) The vertebral columns of ricochetal rodents. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 63, 599738.Google Scholar
Hershkovitz, P (1970) The decorative chin. Bull Field Museum Nat Hist 41, 610.Google Scholar
Hunt, KD (1991a) Mechanical implications of chimpanzee positional behavior. Am J Phys Anthropol 86, 521536.Google Scholar
Hunt, KD (1991b) Positional behavior in the Hominoidea. Int J Primatol 12, 95118.Google Scholar
Hunt, KD (1992a) Positional behavior of Pan troglodytes in the Mahale Mountains and Gombe Stream National Parks, Tanzania. Am J Phys Anthropol 87, 83107.Google Scholar
Hunt, KD (1992b) Social rank and body weight as determinants of positional behavior in Pan troglodytes. Primates 33, 347357.Google Scholar
Hylander, WL (1975) Incisor size and diet in anthropoids with special reference to Cercopithecidae. Science, 189, 10951098.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hylander, WL (1979) The functional significance of primate mandibular form. J Morph 160, 223240.Google Scholar
Hylander, WL (1984) Stress and strain in the mandibular symphysis of primates: a test of competing hypotheses. Am J Phys Anthropol 64, 146.Google Scholar
Hylander, WL (1985) Mandibular function and biomechanical stress and scaling. Am Zool 25, 315330.Google Scholar
Hylander, WL (2013) Functional links between canine height and jaw gape in catarrhines with special reference to early hominins. Am J Phys Anthropol 150, 247259.Google Scholar
Hylander, WL, Johnson, KR, Crompton, AW (1987) Loading patterns and jaw movements during mastication in Macaca fascicularis: a bone strain, electromyographic, and cineradiographic analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol 72, 287314.Google Scholar
Hylander, WL, Picq, PG, Johnson, KR (1991) Function of the supraorbital region of primatesArch Oral Biol36(4), 273281.Google Scholar
Kay, RF, Hylander, WL (1978) The dental structure of mammalian folivores with special reference to Primates and Phalangeroidea (Marsupialia). In The Biology of Arboreal Folivores (ed. Montgomery, GG), pp. 173191. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute Press.Google Scholar
Kelley, J (1997) Paleobiological and phylogenetic significance of life history in Miocene hominoids. In Function, Phylogeny, and Fossils (eds. Begun, DR, Ward, CV, Rose, MD) pp. 173208. Boston, MA: Springer.Google Scholar
Isler, K (2005) 3-D kinematics of vertical climbing in hominoids. Am J Phys Anthropol 126, 6681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isler, K, Thorpe, SKS (2003) Gait parameters in vertical climbing of captive, rehabilitant and wild Sumatran orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii). J Exp Biol 206, 40814096.Google Scholar
Joseph, J, Nightingale, A (1952) Electromyography of muscles of posture: leg muscles in males. J Physiology 117, 484491.Google Scholar
Jungers, WL (1976) Hindlimb and pelvic adaptations to vertical climbing and clinging in Megaladapis, a giant subfossil prosimian from Madagascar. Ybk Phys Anthropol 20, 508524.Google Scholar
Jungers, WL (1984) Scaling of the hominoid locomotor skeleton with special reference to lesser apes. In The Lesser Apes: Evolutionary and Behavioral Biology (ed. Preuschoft, H, Chivers, D, Brockelman, W, Creel, N), pp. 146169. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Jurmain, R (1989) Trauma, degenerative disease, and other pathologies among the Gombe chimpanzees. Am J Phys Anthropol 80, 229237.Google Scholar
Jurmain, R (1997) Skeletal evidence of trauma in African apes, with special reference to the Gombe chimpanzees. Primates 38, 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keith, A (1891) Anatomical notes on Malay apes. J Straits Br Asiat Soc 23, 7794.Google Scholar
Kortlandt, A (1968) Handgebrauch bei freilebenden Schim- pansen. In Handgebrauch und Verstandigung bei Affen und Fruhmenschen (ed. Rensch, B), pp. 59102. Bern: Hans Huber.Google Scholar
Larson, SG, Stern, JT Jr (1998) Maintenance of above‐branch balance during primate arboreal quadrupedalism: coordinated use of forearm rotators and tail motion. Am J Phys Anthropol 129, 7181.Google Scholar
Lewontin, RC (1978) Adaptation. Sci Am 239, 212230.Google Scholar
MacConnaill, MA, Basmajian, JV (1969) Muscles and Movements: A Basis for Human Kinesiology. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.Google Scholar
Napier, JR (1967) Evolutionary aspects of primate locomotion. Am J Phys Anthropol 27, 333342.Google Scholar
Reynolds, VF, Reynolds, F (1965) Chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest. In Primate Behaviour (ed. De Vore, I), pp. 368424. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Riesenfeld, A (1969) The adaptive mandible: an experimental studyCells Tissues Organs 72, 246262.Google Scholar
Ripley, S (1967) The leaping of langurs, a problem in the study of locomotor adaptation. Am J Phys Anthropol 26, 149170.Google Scholar
Robinson, L (1914) The story of the chin. Ann Rep Smithsonian Inst, 1914, 599610.Google Scholar
Rose, M (1975) Functional proportions of primate lumbar vertebral bodies. J Hum Evol 4, 2138.Google Scholar
Russo, GA, Shapiro, LJ (2011) Morphological correlates of tail length in the catarrhine sacrum. J Hum Evol 61, 223232.Google Scholar
Sarmiento, EE (1987) The phylogenetic position of Oreopithecus and its significance in the origin of the Hominoidea. Am Mus Novit 2881, 144.Google Scholar
Sarmiento, EE (1989) A mechanical model of ape and human climbing and its bearing on body proportions. Am J Phys Anthropol 78, 296.Google Scholar
Schmitt, D (1994) Compliant walking in primates. J Zool Soc Lond 248, 149160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, AH (1930) The skeleton of the trunk and limbs of higher primates. Hum Biol 2, 303438.Google Scholar
Schultz, AH (1936) Characters common to higher primates and characters specific for man. Quant Rev Biol 11, 259283, 425–455.Google Scholar
Schultz, AH (1961) Vertebral column and thorax. Primatologia 4, 166.Google Scholar
Sonntag, CF (1923) On the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the chimpanzee. Proc Zool Soc Lond 23, 323429.Google Scholar
Stanford, CB, Wrangham, RW (1998) Chimpanzee and Red Colobus: The Ecology of Predator and Prey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Stern, JT Jr. (1971) Functional Myology of the Hip and Thigh of Cebid Monkeys and Its Implications for the Evolution of Erect Posture. Basel: Karger.Google Scholar
Stern, JT Jr., Wells, JP, Jungers, WL, Vangor, AK (1980) An electromyographic study of serratus anterior in atelines and Alouatta: implications for hominoid evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol 52, 323334.Google Scholar
Susman, RL (1979) Comparative and functional morphology of hominoid fingers. Am J Phys Anthropol 50, 215236.Google Scholar
Takemoto, H (2008) Morphological analyses and 3D modeling of the tongue musculature of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Am J Primatol 70, 966975.Google Scholar
Tuttle, RH, Basmajian, JV (1974) Electromyography of the forearm musculature in the gorilla and problems related to knuckle-walking. In Primate Locomotion (ed. Jenkins, FA Jr.), pp. 293345. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Tuttle, RH, Basmajian, JV (1977) Electromyography of pongid shoulder muscles and hominoid evolution: I. Retractors of the humerus and rotators of the scapula. Ybk Phys Anthropol 20, 491497.Google Scholar
Tyson, E (1699) Orang-outang, sive Homo sylvestris: or The Anatomy of a Pygmie Compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape and a Man. London: Osborne.Google Scholar
Ward, CV (1993) Torso morphology and locomotion in Proconsul nyanzae. Am J Phys Anthropol 92, 291328.Google Scholar
Wolf, M, Naftali, S, Schroter, RC, Elad, D (2004) Air-conditioning characteristics of the human nose. J Laryngology & Otology 118, 8792.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ziegler, A (1964) Brachiating adaptations of chimpanzee upper limb musculature. Am J Phys Anthropol 22, 1532.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×