Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-gvh9x Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-20T08:20:39.887Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

19 - Memory

from Part II - Learning problems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 October 2009

William B. Svoboda
Get access

Summary

“Memory” is a term for a very wide range of phenomena that involves the storage and retrieval of information (Eccles, 1966). Difficulties in memory and concentration may impede intelligence, leading to ineffective functioning (Dreifuss, 1983).

Types of memory

Memory differs, depending on the type of stimuli and the nature of processing. Most commonly referred to are auditory and visual memory, and, to a lesser extent, emotional memory. Other senses are also linked with memory. The different forms are mediated by different yet interrelated neuroanatomic systems. Some memories may be linked in time or place of their occurrence, but others are not. Memory may be stored as interpretations or as more basic habits (O'Keefe & Nadel, 1978; Baker & Joynt, 1986).

Memories are commonly divided into immediate, recent (short-term), and remote (long-term) types (Boller, 1996).

Memory processing

Memory is a complex process consisting of sequential stages involving orientation, attention, mental tracking, learning, retention, and retrieval of both recent and remote events. Memory efficiency varies greatly between individuals (Rapin, 1985). Remembering depends on the context and frequency of the learning experience, as well as curiosity and interest in what is occurring (Kinsbourne & Caplan, 1979). Memory begins with sensory input, which triggers an anticipatory evaluation, leading to the development of a short-term memory.

Perception

Perception is the detecting and distinguishing of differences in a sensation, which requires that the person remembers the stimulus long enough to perceive important details in order to organize and interpret the information into an appropriate response (Rumbaugh & Washburn, 1966; Rapin, 1985).

Type
Chapter
Information
Childhood Epilepsy
Language, Learning and Behavioural Complications
 , pp. 289 - 309
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldenkamp, A. P., Alpherts, W. C. J., Dekker, M. J. A., et al. (1990). Neuropsychological aspects of learning disabilities in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 31 (suppl 4): 9–20CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bachevalier, J., Malkova, L. & Beauregard, M. (1996). Multiple memory systems: a neuropsychological and developmental perspective. In Attention, Memory and Executive Function, ed. G. Reid Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor, pp. 185–98. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes
Bailet, L. L. & Turk, W. R. (1992). Differential growth rates of visual memory and visual motor integration in childhood onset epilepsy. Epilepsia 33 (suppl 3): 8Google Scholar
Baker, A. B. & Joynt, R. J. (1986). Clinical Neurology, Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Harper & Row
Barlow, C. F. (1978). Risk factors of infancy and childhood: interrelationship of seizure disorders and mental retardation. In Mental Retardation and Related Disorders, pp. 68–75. Philadelphia: FA Davis
Battaglia, F. M. (1998). Neuropsychological aspects of TLE in children. 3rd European Congress of Epileptology. Epilepsia 39 (suppl 2): 70Google Scholar
Baxendale, S. A., Paesschen, W., Thompson, P. J., et al. (1998). The relationship between quantitative MRI and neuropsychological functioning in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 39: 158–66CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergin, P. S., Basendale, S. A., Thompson, P. J., et al. (1993). Remote memory in epilepsy. Epilepsia 34 (suppl 6): 70Google Scholar
Binnie, C. D. (1988). Seizures, EEG discharges and cognition. In Epilepsy, Behavior and Cognitive Function, ed. M. R. Trimble & E. H. Reynolds, pp. 45–51. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons
Binnie, C. D., Channon, S. & Marston, D. (1990). Learning disabilities in epilepsy: neurophysiological aspects. Epilepsia 31 (suppl 40): 2–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binnie, C. D., Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, D. G. A., Smit, A. M., et al. (1987). Interactions of epileptiform EEG discharges and cognition. Epilepsy Res. 1: 239–45CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boller, K. (1996). Conceptualizing, describing and measuring components of memory: a summary. In Attention, Memory and Executive Function, ed. G. Reid Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor, pp. 221–32. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes
Brazier, M. A. B. (1979). Brain Mechanisms in Memory and Learning. New York: Raven Press
Brittain, H. (1980). Epilepsy and intellectual functions. In Epilepsy and Behavior, ed. B. M. Kulig, H. Meinardi & G. Stores, pp. 2–13. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger
Brown, S. W. & Reynolds, E. H. (1981). Cognitive impairments in epileptic patients. In Epilepsy and Psychiatry, ed. E. H. Reynolds & M. R. Trimble, pp. 47–163. New York: Churchill Livingstone
Chang, Y. C., Guo, N. W., Wang, S. T., et al. (2001). Working memory of school-aged children with a history of febrile convulsions: a population study. Neurology 57: 37–42CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies-Eysenck, M. (1952). Cognitive factors in epilepsy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 15: 39–44CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delaney, R. C., Rosen, A. J., Mattson, R. H., et al. (1980). Memory function in focal epesy: a comparison of non-surigcal unilateral temporal lobe and frontal lobe samples. Cortex 16: 103–17CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denman, S. B. & Wannamaker, B. B. (1983). Neuropsychological memory scale in temporal lobe epileptic patients. Epilepsia 24: 258Google Scholar
Doyle, J. C., Ornstein, R. & Galin, D. (1974). Lateralized specialization of cognitive mode III: EEG frequency analysis. Psychophysiology 11: 567–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dreifuss, F. E. (1983). Pediatric Epileptology. Boston, MA: John Wright PSG
Durwen, H. F. (1992). Memory deficits in temporal lobe epilepsy as interactive phenomenon between epileptic focus and antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 33 (suppl 3): 138Google Scholar
Eccles, J. C. (1966). Brain and Conscious Experience. New York: Springer-Verlag
Fedio, P. & Mirsky, A. F. (1969). Selective intellectual deficits in children with temporal lobe or centrencephalic epilepsy. Neuropsychologia 7: 287–300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenwick, P. (1981). EEG studies. In Epilepsy and Psychiatry, ed. E. H. Reynolds & M. R. Trimble, pp. 242–53. New York: Churchill Livingstone
Folsom, A. (1953). Psychological testing in epilepsy. I: cognitive function. Epilepsia 2: 15–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, F. R., Douglas, E. F. O. & Penry, J. K. (1973). Environmental interaction and memory during petit mal (absence) seizures. Pediatrics 51: 911–18Google Scholar
French, J., Syakin, A. J., Conner, J. M., et al. (1992). Comparison of intracarotid amobarbital memory scores in patients with mesial versus neocortical onset temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 33 (suppl 3): 87Google Scholar
Gallasi, R., Morreale, A., Lorusso, S., et al. (1988). Epilepsy presenting as memory disturbances. Epilepsia 29: 624–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giovagnoli, A. R., Casazza, M. & Gavanzini, G. (1995). Visual learning on a selective reminding procedure and delayed recall in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 36: 704–11CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gloor, P. (1986). Consciousness as a neurological concept in epileptology: a criical view. Epilepsia 27 (suppl 2): 14–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glowinski, M. (1973). Cognitive deficits in temporal lobe epilepsy: an investigation of memory functioning. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 157: 129–37CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goode, D. J., Penry, J. K. & Dreifuss, F. E. (1970). Effects of paroxysmal spike-wave on continuous visual-motor performance. Epilespia 11: 241–54CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hart, L. A. (1975). How the Brain Works. New York: Basic Books
Hasegawa, H. (2000). Persistent short term memory deficit syndrome with EEG abnormality responding to AED monotherapy. Epilepsia 41 (suppl 7): 239Google Scholar
Helmstaedter, C., Kurthen, M., Linke, D., et al. (1992). Hierarchical restitution of limbic and neocortical functions in right hemispheric language dominant patients with early-onset left temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 33 (suppl 3): 121Google Scholar
Hendriks, M. P. H., Jacobs, S., Aldenkamp, A. P., et al. (1998). Memory complaints and the relation with memory functions in patients with partial seizures originating form the temporal or frontal lobes. 3rd European Congress of Epileptology. Epilepsia 39 (suppl 2): 120Google Scholar
Hutt, S. J. & Gilbert, S. (1980). Effects of evoked spike-wave discharges upon shot-term memory in patients with epilepsy. Cortex 16: 443–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jambaque, I., Dellatolas, G., Dulac, O., et al. (1992). Selective memory deficits in children with partial epilepsy. Epilepsia 33 (suppl 3): 8Google Scholar
Jus, A. & Jus, K. L. (1962). Retrograde amnesia in petit mal. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 6: 163–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kertesz, A. (1983). Localization in Neuropsychology. New York: Academic Press
Kimura, D. (1962). Right temporal-lobe damage. Arch. Neurol. 8: 264–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinsbourne, M. & Caplan, P. J. (1979). Children's Learning and Attention Problems. Boston, MA: Little Brown & Company
Kooi, K. A. & Hovey, H. B. (1957). Alterations in mental functions and paroxysmal cerebral activity. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 1978: 264–71Google Scholar
Kortenkamp, S. R. (1996). Neuropsychologic correlates of subfield-specific hippocampal pathology. Presented at the American Epilepsy Society Conference, San Francisco, CA, 1996
Kurokawa, T., Goya, N., Fukuyama, Y., et al. (1980). West syndrome and Lennox Gastaut syndrome: survey of natural history. Pediatrics 65: 81–8Google ScholarPubMed
Ladavas, E., Umilta, C. & Provinciali, L. (1979). Hemisphere-dependent cognitive performances in epileptic patients. Epilepsia 20: 493–502CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lansdell, M. (1968). Effect of extent of temporal lobe ablations on two lateralized deficits. Physiol. Behav. 3: 271–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeDoux, J. E., Barclay, L. & Premack, A. (1978). The brain and cognitive sciences. Ann. Neurol. 4: 391–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewinski, R. J. (1947). The psychometric pattern. III: epilepsy. Am. J. Orthopsych. 17: 714–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loiseau, P., Strube, E., Broustet, D., et al. (1980). Evaluation of memory function in a population of epileptic patients and matched controls. Acta Neurol. Scand. 62 (suppl): 59–61Google Scholar
Loiseau, P., Strube, E., Broustet, D., et al. (1983). Learning impairment in epileptic patients. Epilepsia 24: 183–92CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luria, A. R., transl. B. Haigh (1973). The Working Brain, An Introduction to Neuropsychology. New York: Basic Books
Lux, S., Helmstaedter, C., Kurhten, M., Hartje, W. & Elger, C. E. (2000). Localizing value of ictal neuropsychological deficits in focal epilepsy. Epilepsia 41 (suppl 7): 153Google Scholar
Macleod, C. M., Dekaban, A. S. & Hunt, E. (1978). Memory impairment in epileptic patients: selective effects of phenobarbital concentrations. Science 202: 1102–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, V. & Jones, H. G. (1957). Patterns of cognitive test performance as functions of the lateral localization of cerebral abnormalities in the temporal lobe. J. Ment. Sci. 103: 758–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayeux, R., Brandt, J., Rosen, J., et al. (1980). Interictal memory and language impairment in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 30: 120–25CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntyre, M., Pritchard, P. B. III & Lombroso, C. T. (1976). Left and right temporal epileptics: a controlled inspection of some psychological differences. Epilepsia 17: 377–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellanby, J., Hawkins, C. & Wilkes, I. (1984). The relationship between seizures and amnesia in experimental epilepsy. Acta Neurol. Scand. 99: 119–24CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merritt, K. A., Ornstein, P. A. & Spicker, B. (1994). Children's memory for a salient medical procedure: implications for testimony. Pediatrics 94: 17–23Google ScholarPubMed
Meyer, V. & Falconer, M. A. S. (1960). Defects of learning ability with massive lesions of the temporal lobe. J. Ment. Sci. 106: 472–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, B. (1968). Visual recognition and recall after right temporal-lobe excision in man. Neuropsychologica 6: 191–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, B. (1975). Psychological aspects of focal epilepsy and its neurological management. In Neurosurgical Management of the Epileptics: Advances in Neurology, ed. D. P. Purpura, J. R. Penry & R. D. Walter, Vol. 8, pp. 299–321. New York: Raven Press
Milner, B. & Scoville, W. B. (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 20: 11–21Google Scholar
Mirsky, A. F., Primac, D. W., Ajmone-Marsan, C., et al. (1960). A comparison of the psychological test performance of patients with focal and non-focal epilepsy. Exp. Neurol. 2: 75–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mungas, D., Ehlers, D., Walton, N. & McCutchen, C. B. (1985). Verbal learning differences in epileptic patients with left and right temporal lobe foci. Epilepsia 26: 340–45CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Keefe, J. & Nadel, L. (1978). The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. Oxford: Oxford University Press
O'Leary, D. S., Seidenberg, M., Berent, S., et al. (1981). Effects of age of onset of tonic-clonic seizures on neuropsychological performance in children. Epilepsia 22: 197–204CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piazzini, A., Canevini, M. P., Sgro, V., et al. (1998). Perception of memory difficulties in patients with epilepsy. 3rd European Congress of Epileptology. Epilepsia 39 (suppl 2): 119Google Scholar
Powell, G. E., Polkey, C. E. & McMillan, T. (1975). The new Maudsley series of temporal lobectomy. I: short term cognitive effects. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 24: 109–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quadfasel, A. F. & Pruyser, P. W. (1955). Cognitive deficits in patients with psychomotor epilepsy. Epilepsia 4: 80–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapin, I. (1985). Brain dysfunction in children. In Brenneman's Practice of Pediatrics, ed. V. C. Kelley, Vol. 9, pp. 1–95. Philadelphia: Harper & Row
Rausch, R., Babb, T. L., Ary, C. M., et al. (1992). Hippocampal neuron loss and mossy fiber sprouting contribute to verbal memory deficits in temporal lobe epileptic patients. Epilepsia 33 (suppl 3): 136Google Scholar
Rausch, R., Lieb, J. P. & Crandall, P. A. (1978). Neuropsychological correlates of depth spiek activation in epielptic patients. Arch. Neurol. 35: 699–705CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Read, D. E. (1981). Solving deductive-reasoning problems after unilateral temporal lobectomy. Brain Lang. 12: 116–27CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reitan, R. S. (1974). Psychological testing of epileptic patients. In Handbook of Clinical Neurology, ed. O. Magnus & A. M. Lorentz, Vol. 15, pp. 559–75. New York: American Elsevier
Renier, W. O. (1987). Restritive factiors in the education of children with epilepsy from a medical point of view. In Education and Epilepsy 1987, ed. A. O. Aldenkamp, W. C. J. Alpherts, H. Meinardi & G. Stores, pp. 3–14. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger
Riga, D., Saletti, V., Collino, L., et al. (1998). Neuropsychology of frontal epileptic activity. 3rd European Congress of Epileptology. Epilepsia 39 (suppl 2): 120Google Scholar
Rumbaugh, D. M. & Washburn, D. A. (1966). Attention and memory in relation to learning: a comparative adaptation perspective. In Attention, Memory and Executive Function, ed. G. Reid Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor, pp. 199–220. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes
Sawrie, S. M., Martin, R. C., Knowlton, R. C., et al. (2000). Verbal memory and temporal lobe metabolism: a quantitative FDG-PET study. Epilepsia 41 (suppl 7): 62Google Scholar
Sharp, G. B., Williams, S. P., Griebel, M. I., et al. (2000). Verbal learning and memory in children with controlled seizures. Epilepsia 41 (suppl 7): 152Google Scholar
Sherwin, I. & Efron, R. (1980). Temporal ordering deficits following anterior temporal lobectomy. Brain Lang. 11: 195–203CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stores, G. (1971). Cognitive function in children with epilepsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 13: 390–93CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stores, G. (1976). The investigation and management of school children with epilepsy. Publ. Health, Lond. 90: 171–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stores, G. (1978). School children with epilepsy at risk for learning and behavior problems. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 20: 502–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stores, G. (1981). Problems of learning and behavior in children with epilepsy. In Epilepsy and Psychiatry, ed. E. H. Reynolds & M. R. Trimble, pp. 33–48. New York: Churchill Livingstone
Stores, G. (1987). Effects on learning of “subclinical” seizure discharges. In Education and Epilepsy 1987, ed. A. P. Aldenkamp, W. C. J. Alpherts, H. Meinardi & G. Stores, pp. 14–21. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger
Stores, G., Hart, J. & Piran, N. (1978). Inattentiveness in school children with epilepsy. Epilepsia 19: 169–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swartz, B. E., Hlagren, E., Daims, R., Mulford, P. & Syndulko, K. (1993). Neurocognitive function in frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 34 (suppl 6): 33Google Scholar
Torgesen, J. K. (1996). A model of memory from an information processing perspective: the special case of phonological memory. In Attention, Memory and Executive Function, ed. G. Reid Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor, pp. 157–84. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes
Trimble, M. R. (1980). Anti-epileptic drugs and behavior – discussion notes. In Epilepsy and Behavior'79, ed. B. M. Kulig, H. Meinardi & G. Stores, pp. 76–9. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger
Trimble, M. R. (1988). Biological Psychiatry. New York: John Wiley & Sons
Trimble, M. R. & Thompson, P. J. (1981). Memory, anticonvulsant drugs and seizures. Acta Neurol. Scand. 64 (suppl): 31–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Troster, A. I., Barr, W. B., Warmflash, V., et al. (1991). The role of encoding in rapid forgetting associated with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 32 (suppl 3): 73Google Scholar
Vargha-Kahdem, F. (2001). Generalized versus selective cognitive impairments resulting from brain damage sustained in childhood. In Epilepsia and Learning Disabilities, ed. G. F. Ayala, M. Elia, C. M. Cornaggia & M. M. Trimble. Epilepsia 42: 37–40CrossRef
Von Isser, A. (1977). Psycholinguistic abilities in children with epilepsy. Exceptional ChildrenFebruary: 270–72CrossRef
Wagner, R. K. (1996). From simple structure to complex function: major trends in the development of theories, models, and measurements of memory. In Attention, Memory and Executive Function, ed. G. Reid Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor, pp. 139–56. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes
Warrington, E. K., Logue, V. & Pratt, R. T. C. (1971). The anatomical localization of selective impairment of auditory verbal short-term memory. Neuropsychologica 9: 377–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waxman, S. G. & Geschwind, N. (1975). The interictal behavior syndrome of temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 32: 1580–86CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerveld, M. (2002). Inferring function from structure: relationship of magnetic resonance imaging-directed hippocampal abnormality and memory function in epilepsy. Epilepsy Currents 2: 3–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westerveld, M., Spencer, S. S., Stoddard, K. R., et al. (1999). Perceived memory impairments and objective test findings in epilepsy. Epilepsia 40 (suppl 7): 46Google Scholar
Widman, G., Helmstaedter, C., Lehnertz, K., et al. (1999). Anterior mesial temporal lobe: a “working memory” structure?Epilepsia 40 (suppl 7): 50Google Scholar
Zimmerman, F. T., Burgemeister, B. B. & Putnam, T. J. (1951). Intellectual and emotional makeup of the epileptic. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 65: 545–56CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Memory
  • William B. Svoboda
  • Book: Childhood Epilepsy
  • Online publication: 26 October 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511545092.021
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Memory
  • William B. Svoboda
  • Book: Childhood Epilepsy
  • Online publication: 26 October 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511545092.021
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Memory
  • William B. Svoboda
  • Book: Childhood Epilepsy
  • Online publication: 26 October 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511545092.021
Available formats
×