Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8kt4b Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-05T22:33:22.389Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 9 - Conclusion

from Part II - Cultural Contact in Southeast Asia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 October 2015

Get access

Summary

CULTURAL CONTACT IN CHINA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA

Cultural contact in China and Southeast Asia, especially Java under study was defined by its tolerant, accommodating and adaptive acculturation processes. The causes could be explored at two levels — the operational and philosophical. At the operational level, the role of the initial key players who served as agents and targets of change and the medium through which cultural contact was effected is examined. In both cases, cultural contact was mainly initiated by traders through foreign trade. These traders were the initial agents of change, followed later by priests. The traders’ primary goal was to trade and the spread of religions was merely a by-product of foreign trade. They were neither effective cultural transmitters nor professional religious preachers. Therefore, the process was slow and intermittent. Despite not having the political and military support of their respective home governments, these traders interacted with the native political, social and business elite in royal courts and marketplaces in urban centres and coastal ports in China and Southeast Asia. Common business interests of the various stakeholders of the international trade accounted for the general lack of severe political, military, religious and social conflicts. Thus, cultural exchange was conducted peacefully through trade and migration.

The non-violent and tolerant operational aspect of such cultural contacts reveal a deeper philosophical outlook embedded in the Asian cultures. The dominant Asian worldview sees harmony and order of human relations with nature and the supernatural as the foundation of peace, harmony and order of the world. In Asian philosophies, man's harmonious relationships with nature and gods, and man's union with God can be achieved through various means such as the Daoist way of following the flow of nature (wuwei), Kejawen's and Sufism's practice of mysticism, and Confucianism's conception of the trinity of Heaven, Earth and Man. In addition, self-cultivation in Asian faiths is a way to shape personal character with a high moral standard and bring about peace and harmony in society. Confucianism's self-cultivation is based on five cardinal human relationships between ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, elder and younger brothers, and between friends. Whereas, both Hinduism's hermitage and Buddhism's Nirvana as well as Kejawen/Sufi mysticism aim to purify one's soul and free oneself from material things and sufferings through meditation and doing penance.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
Print publication year: 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Conclusion
  • Ta Sen Tan
  • Book: Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia
  • Online publication: 21 October 2015
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Conclusion
  • Ta Sen Tan
  • Book: Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia
  • Online publication: 21 October 2015
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Conclusion
  • Ta Sen Tan
  • Book: Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia
  • Online publication: 21 October 2015
Available formats
×