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25 - Transcranial Doppler monitoring

from Monitoring the local and distal effects of carotid interventions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 December 2009

By
Michael Gaunt
Edited by
Jonathan Gillard ,
Martin Graves ,
Thomas Hatsukami  and
Chun Yuan
Michael Gaunt
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Jonathan Gillard
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Martin Graves
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Thomas Hatsukami
Affiliation:
University of Washington
Chun Yuan
Affiliation:
University of Washington
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Summary

Introduction

History and development of transcranial doppler (TCD)

The idea of investigating the intracranial circulation with ultrasound was first proposed in 1960 by Kaneko working in Osaka while developing the clinical uses of sonography (Kaneko, 1986; Satomursa and Kaneko, 1986). At that time the skull was considered a significant barrier to the penetration of ultrasound and the investigators chose to concentrate on investigating the extracranial circulation instead.

However the problem can be minimized by using a lower frequency of ultrasound and utilizing areas of the skull where the bone is thin enough to allow ultrasound waves to penetrate. Fortunately, one of the areas of thin bone is located in the temporal region and this area allows insonation of all the main cerebral arteries arising from the circle of Willis, namely the anterior cerebral, middle cerebral and posterior cerebral arteries. The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is particularly important as this is the main blood supply to the parietal area of the brain which contains the main motor and sensory cortices, the most important clinical areas affected by stroke.

The first transcranial Doppler recordings were performed by Rune Aaslid in the Department of Neurosurgery in Bern in the summer of 1981 utilizing a 2 MHz pulsed Doppler machine originally designed for cardiac use (Aaslid et al., 1982). Today, advances in microprocessor technology have enabled the development of specialized systems which have helped to establish TCD as a useful method for studying cerebral hemodynamics and detecting cerebral embolization in a wide variety of clinical and research situations.

Type
Chapter
Information
Carotid Disease
The Role of Imaging in Diagnosis and Management
 , pp. 341 - 357
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

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