Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T14:08:10.163Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Theoretical Models of English as a World Language

from Part I - The Making of Englishes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2019

Daniel Schreier
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Marianne Hundt
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Edgar W. Schneider
Affiliation:
Universität Regensburg, Germany
Get access

Summary

World Englishes (WEs) research has developed into one of the most flourishing and vibrant fields of linguistic inquiry. To capture the sociolinguistic diversification of English, researchers have investigated a multitude of Englishes spoken around the globe as native or second languages. Together with different labels and terms for the different varieties of English, scholars have developed, applied, discussed, and refined different models of and approaches to WEs to account for the spread, forms, and functions of the language worldwide. The chapter gives an overview of the most important research developments in the field and introduces the most prominent models, showing that models with a diachronic dimension, viz. Schneider (2003, 2007) and, most recently, Buschfeld and Kautzsch’s (2017) Extra- and Intra-territorial Forces (EIF) Model, can best account for the complex realities and developments of English worldwide. The latter approach is discussed in some detail as it constitutes the most recent addition to the WEs paradigm. It stands out due to its attempt to integrate postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes and thus bridges a prominent gap in the discipline.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Biewer, C. 2011. Modal auxiliaries in second language varieties of English: A learner’s perspective. In Mukherjee, J. and Hundt, M., eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blommaert, J. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bolton, K. 2003. Chinese Englishes: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bruthiaux, P. 2003. Squaring the circles: Issues in modeling English worldwide. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13(2), 159178.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. 2011. The English language in Cyprus: An empirical investigation of variety status. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cologne.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. 2013. English in Cyprus or Cyprus English? An Empirical Investigation of Variety Status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. 2014. English in Cyprus and Namibia: A critical approach to taxonomies and models of World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition research. In Buschfeld, S., Hoffmann, T., Huber, M. and Kautzsch, A. eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 181202.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. Forthcoming. Children’s English in Singapore: Acquisition, Properties, and Use [Routledge Studies in World Englishes]. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S., Hoffmann, T., Huber, M. and Kautzsch, A.. 2014. The evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and beyond. In Buschfeld, S., Hoffmann, T., Huber, M. and Kautzsch, A. eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 117.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. and Kautzsch, A.. 2014. English in Namibia: A first approach. English World-Wide 35(2), 121–60.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S. and Kautzsch, A.. 2017. Towards an integrated approach to postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes. World Englishes 36(1), 104126.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, S., Kautzsch, A. and Schneider, E. W.. 2018. From colonial dynamism to current transnationalism: A unified view on postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes. In Deshors, S. C., ed. Modelling World Englishes: Assessing the Interplay of Emancipation and Globalization of ESL varieties. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1544.Google Scholar
Coupland, N., ed. 2010. The Handbook of Language and Globalization. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Crystal, D. 2003a. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crystal, D. 2003b. English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Davydova, J. 2012. English in the outer and expanding circles: A comparative study. World Englishes 31(3), 366385.Google Scholar
de Swaan, A. 2002. The World Language System: A Political Sociology and Political Economy of Language. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
de Swaan, A. 2010. Language systems. In Coupland, N., ed. The Handbook of Language and Globalization. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 5676.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. 2016. English in the Netherlands: Functions, Forms and Attitudes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Evans, S. 2009. The evolution of the English-language speech community in Hong Kong. English World-Wide 30(3), 278301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, S. 2014. The evolutionary dynamics of postcolonial Englishes: A Hong Kong case study. Journal of Sociolinguistics 18(5), 571603.Google Scholar
Gilquin, G. and Granger, S.. 2011. From EFL to ESL: Evidence from the International Corpus of Learner English. In Mukherjee, J. and Hundt, M., eds. Exploring Second-Language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 5578.Google Scholar
Görlach, M. [1988] 1990. The development of Standard Englishes. In Görlach, M., ed., Studies in the History of the English Language. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 964.Google Scholar
Görlach, M. 1998. The origins and development of emigrant Englishes. In Görlach, M., ed. Even More Englishes. Studies 1996–1997. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1938.Google Scholar
Graddol, D. 1997. The Future of English: A Guide to Forecasting the Popularity of English in the 21st Century. London: British Council.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. F. 1997. Colonisation, migration, and functions of English. In Schneider, E. W., ed. Englishes Around the World, Vol. 1: General Studies, British Isles, North America (Studies in Honour of Manfred Görlach). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 4758.Google Scholar
Hall, R. A. 1962. The life cycle of pidgin languages. Lingua 11, 151156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, M. 2014. Stylistic and sociolinguistic variation in Schneider’s Nativization Phase: T-affrication and relativization in Ghanaian English. In Buschfeld, S., Hoffmann, T., Huber, M. and Kautzsch, A. eds. The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 86106.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1976. Models of English for the Third World: White man’s linguistic burden or language pragmatics? TESOL Quarterly 10(2), 221239.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1985. Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. In Quirk, R. and Widdowson, H. G., eds. English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for The British Council, 1130.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1988. The sacred cows of English. English Today 16 4(4), 38.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1992a. Models for non-native Englishes. In Kachru, B. B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 4874.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1992b. World Englishes: Approaches, issues and resources. Language Teaching 25(1), 114.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 1992c. Teaching World Englishes. In Kachru, B. B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 355365.Google Scholar
Kachru, B. B. 2005. Asian Englishes Beyond the Canon. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Leitner, G. 1992. English as a pluricentric language. In Clyne, M., ed. Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 179237.Google Scholar
Mair, C. 2013. The world system of Englishes: Accounting for the transnational importance of mobile and mediated vernaculars. English World-Wide 34(3), 253278.Google Scholar
McArthur, T. 1987. The English languages? English Today 11 3(3), 911.Google Scholar
McArthur, T. 1998. The English Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Meierkord, C. 2012. Interactions across Englishes: Linguistic Choices in Local and International Contact Situations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, R. and Bhatt, R. M.. 2008. World Englishes: The Study of New Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Moag, R. F. [1982] 1992. The life cycle of non-native Englishes: A case study. In Kachru, B. B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 233252.Google Scholar
Modiano, M. 2003. Euro-English: A Swedish perspective. English Today 74 19(2), 3541.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, J. 2007. Steady states in the evolution of New Englishes: Present-day Indian English as an equilibrium. Journal of English Linguistics 35(2), 157187.Google Scholar
Onysko, A. 2016. Modeling world Englishes from the perspective of language contact. World Englishes 35(2), 196220. doi:10.1111/weng.12191.Google Scholar
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and Svartvik, J.. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and, Svartvik., J. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79(2), 233281.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2008. Accommodation versus identity? A response to Trudgill. Language in Society 37(2), 262267.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2011. English around the World: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2014. New reflections on the evolutionary dynamics of World Englishes. World Englishes 33(1), 932.Google Scholar
Schneider, E. W. 2018. English and colonialism. In Seargeant, P. and Hewings, A., eds. The Routledge Handbook of English Language Studies. Malden, MA: Routledge, 4258.Google Scholar
Seargeant, P. 2012. Exploring World Englishes: Language in a Global Context. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seargeant, P. and Tagg, C., 2011. English on the internet and a “post-varieties” approach to language. World Englishes 30(4), 496514.Google Scholar
Strang, B. M. H. 1970. A History of English. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Strevens, P. 1992. English as an international language: Directions in the 1990s. In Kachru, B. B., ed. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2747.Google Scholar
Thusat, J., Anderson, E., Davis, S., Ferris, M., Javed, A., Laughlin, A. et al. 2009. Maltese English and the nativization phase of the dynamic model. English Today 97 25(2), 2532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trudgill, P. 2004. New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, P. 2008. Colonial dialect contact in the history of European languages: On the irrelevance of identity to new-dialect formation. Language in Society 37(2), 241254.Google Scholar
Van Rooy, B. 2010. Societal and linguistic perspectives on variability inworld Englishes. World Englishes 29(1), 320.Google Scholar
Weston, D. 2011. Gibraltar’s position in the dynamic model of postcolonial English. English World-Wide 32(3), 338367.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×