In an article of 1991, Toril Moi concluded that, whatever Pierre Bourdieu's work might have to offer feminist theory, its value to feminist literary studies was strictly limited, since, ‘insofar as his is not a theory of textuality at all, a purely Bourdieusian reading’ of literary texts would be ‘unthinkable’. Two years later, Jacques Leenhardt seemed to confirm Moi's contention that Bourdieu's sociology of literature was unable to account for the specificities of the literary form and of the kinds of truth to which it might offer access. He argued that Bourdieu's analyses of literary texts were marked by a questionable dichotomy between sociological reason and literary form, the former corresponding to the domain of objective, scientific truth, the latter relegated to the realm of the sensual, the magical, of embodied belief and repressed truth, against which sociology defined itself. Morag Shiach has also criticized what she sees as the failure by Bourdieu to take any account of literature's specific characteristics. In a critique of the reading Bourdieu offers of Virginia Woolf 's To the Lighthouse in his analyses of ‘masculine domination’, Shiach regrets his tendency ‘to treat the novel as a series of descriptions rather than as a text that might embody contradiction or offer a formal challenge to the categorial differences [between the sexes] with which it begins’.