Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-q6k6v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-10T23:33:53.921Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Soil Mantled Hillslopes: Intersections of Geomorphology, Soil Science, and Ecology

from Part III - Coupling Hillslope Geomorphology, Soils, Hydrology, and Ecosystems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2016

By
Kyungsoo Yoo  and
Nic Jelinski
Edited by
Edward A. Johnson  and
Yvonne E. Martin
Kyungsoo Yoo
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
Nic Jelinski
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
Edward A. Johnson
Affiliation:
University of Calgary
Yvonne E. Martin
Affiliation:
University of Calgary
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Hillslopes are the most common landforms on the earth's surface, are fundamental drivers of the distribution of soil properties and landscape-scale geomorphic processes and, together with surface waters, form watersheds that are amenable to constraining and balancing the fluxes of water, solutes, and sediments (Bormann, 1994). For these reasons, hillslopes have long been the subject of study for soil scientists, biogeochemists, and geomorphologists.

Although hillslopes are virtually ubiquitous as a landform, most current concepts of terrestrial ecosystem development are built upon studies of soils formed on flat and stable geomorphic surfaces. This bias toward geomorphically inactive land surfaces has been further reinforced by the agronomic legacy involved in the development of the modern field of soil science (Amundson and Yaalon, 1995; Yallon and Berkowicz, 1997). This presents an opportunity to assess the appropriateness of our current concepts of soil formation for understanding the past, present, and future of hillslope soils and hilly ecosystems.

The nexus between hillslopes, anthropogenic systems, and food security continues to intensify and this trend, though complex in its biophysical and socioeconomic contexts (Kiage, 2013), is only growing with populations that are still in upward motion (Conway and Wilson, 2012). A major challenge to researchers remains in understanding exactly how biophysical factors such as climate and soil properties converge under increasing land-use pressure in causing excessive soil degradation (Kiage, 2013).

Hillslope soil processes are thus critical for deepening our understanding of the developments of both natural and anthropogenic ecosystems. This chapter examines the interaction of physical, chemical, and biological processes in the formation of hillslope soils and the ecosystems they support, and emphasizes the fact that these interactions are strongly intertwined on hillslope landforms, where it is difficult to isolate one soil-forming process and examine it independently of the others. Nonetheless, constraining a set of pedogenic processes involving mass and volume fluxes on hillslopes in order to develop a unified theoretical framework for the evaluation of hillslope soil development has become achievable and necessary.

In this chapter, we begin by focusing on the physical processes responsible for shaping hillslope soils – temporarily placing chemical and biological processes into black boxes in the early part of the chapter.

Type
Chapter
Information
A Biogeoscience Approach to Ecosystems , pp. 180 - 214
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Almond, P., Roering, J. and Hales, T. C. (2007). Using soil residence time to delineate spatial and temporal patterns of transient landscape response. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, 112, F03S17, doi:10.1029/2006JF000568.Google Scholar
Amundson, R. (2010). Soil formation. In Geochemistry of Earth Surface Systems: A Derivative of the Treatise on Geochemistry, ed. Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K.. London: Academic Press, p. 241.
Amundson, R. and Yaalon, D. H. (1995). EW Hilgard and John Wesley Powell: efforts for a joint agricultural and geological survey. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 59(1), 4–13.Google Scholar
Amundson, R., Heimsath, A., Owen, J., Yoo, K. and Dietrich, W. E. (2015). Hillslope soils and vegetation. Geomorphology, 234, 122–32.Google Scholar
Anderson, S. P., Dietrich, W. E. and Brimhall, G. H. (2002). Weathering profiles, mass-balance analysis, and rates of solute loss: linkages between weathering and erosion in a small, steep catchment. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 114(9), 1143–58.Google Scholar
Bierman, P. R., Corbett, L. B., Graley, J. A. et al. (2014). Preservation of a preglacial landscape under the center of the Greenland ice sheet. Science, 344(6182), 402–5.Google Scholar
Begall, S., Burda, H. and Schleich, C. E. (2007). Subterranean Rodents: News from Underground. New York: Springer.
Black, T. A. and Montgomery, D. R. (1991). Sediment transport by burrowing mammals, Marin County, California. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 16, 163–72.Google Scholar
Bormann, F. H. and Likens, G. E. (1994). Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem: Disturbance, Development, and the Steady State Based on the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Brantley, S.L., Goldhaber, M.B., Vala, R.K. (2007). Crossing disciplines and scales to understand the Critical Zone. Elements, 3(5), 302–14.Google Scholar
Brimhall, G. H. and Dietrich, W. E. (1987). Constitutive mass balance relations between chemical composition, volume, density, porosity, and strain in metasomatic hydrochemical systems: results on weathering and pedogenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51(3), 567–87.Google Scholar
Brimhall, G. H., Chadwick, O. A., Lewis, C. J. et al. (1992). Deformational mass-transport and invasive processes in soil evolution. Science, 255(5045), 695–702.Google Scholar
Burke, B. C., Heimsath, A. M., Dixon, J. L., Chappell, J. and Yoo, K. (2009). Weathering the escarpment: chemical and physical rates and processes, south-eastern Australia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 34(6), 768–85.Google Scholar
Chadwick, O. A., Derry, L. A., Vitousek, P. M., Huebert, B. J. and Hedin, L. O. (1999). Changing sources of nutrients during four million years of ecosystem development. Nature, 397(6719), 491–7.Google Scholar
Conway, G. and Wilson, K. (2012). One Billion Hungry: Can We Feed the World? Ithaca, N.Y: Comstock Pub. Associates/Cornell University Press.
Cowie, P. A., Whittaker, A. C., Attal, M. et al. (2008). New constraints on sediment-flux–dependent river incision: Implications for extracting tectonic signals from river profiles. Geology, 36(7), 535–8.Google Scholar
Diamond, J. M. (1999). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: Norton.
Dietrich, W. E., Reiss, R., Hsu, M.-L. and Montgomery, D. R. (1995). A process-based model for colluvial soil depth and shallow landsliding using digital elevation data. Hydrological Processes, 9(3–4), 383–400.Google Scholar
Dixon, J. L., Heimsath, A. M. and Amundson, R. (2009b). The critical role of climate and saprolite weathering in landscape evolution. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 34(11), 1507–21.Google Scholar
Dixon, J. L., Heimsath, A. M., Kaste, J. and Amundson, R. (2009a). Climate-driven processes of hillslope weathering. Geology, 37(11), 975–8.Google Scholar
Dixon, J. L. and Riebe, C. S. (2014). Tracing and pacing soil across slopes. Elements, 10(5), 363–8.Google Scholar
Dotterweich, M. (2013). The history of human-induced soil erosion: geomorphic legacies, early descriptions and research, and the development of soil conservation—a global synopsis. Geomorphology, 201, 1–34.Google Scholar
Du, P. and Walling, D. E. (2011). Using 137Cs measurements to investigate the influence of erosion and soil redistribution on soil properties. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 69(5), 717–26.Google Scholar
Fernandes, N. F. and Dietrich, W. E. (1997). Hillslope evolution by diffusive processes: the timescale for equilibrium adjustments. Water Resources Research, 33(6), 1307–18.Google Scholar
Ferrier, K. L., Huppert, K. L. and Perron, J. T. (2013). Climatic control of bedrock river incision. Nature, 496(7444), 206–9.Google Scholar
Ferrier, K. L., Kirchner, J. W., Riebe, C. S. and Finkel, R. C. (2010). Mineral-specific chemical weathering rates over millennial timescales: measurements at Rio Icacos, Puerto Rico. Chemical Geology, 277(1–2), 101–14.Google Scholar
Foley, J. A., DeFries, R., Asner, G. P. et al. (2005). Global consequences of land use. Science, 309(5734), 570–4.Google Scholar
Furbish, D. J., Hamner, K. K., Schmeeckle, M., Borosund, M. N. and Mudd, S. M. (2007). Rainsplash of dry sand revealed by high-speed imaging and sticky-paper splash targets. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, 112, doi:10.1029/2006JF000498.Google Scholar
Gabet, E. J. (2000). Gopher bioturbation: field evidence for non-linear hillslope diffusion. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25(13), 1419–28.Google Scholar
Gabet, E. J. and Mudd, S. M. (2010). Bedrock erosion by root fracture and tree throw: a coupled biogeomorphic model to explore the humped soil production function and the persistence of hillslope soils. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, F04005, doi:10.1029/2009JF001526.Google Scholar
Gabet, E. J., Reichman, O. J. and Seabloom, E. W. (2003). The effects of bioturbation on soil processes and sediment transport. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 31(1), 249–73.Google Scholar
Gallaway, J. M., Martin, Y. E. and Johnson, E. A. (2009). Sediment transport due to tree root throw: integrating tree population dynamics, wildfire and geomorphic response. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 34(9), 1255–69.Google Scholar
Gilbert, G. K. (1877). Geology of the Henry Mountains, Utah. Washington, DC: U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region.
Gilbert, G. K. (1909). The convexity of hilltops. The Journal of Geology, 17(4), 344–350.Google Scholar
Graly, J.A., Bierman, P. R., Reusser, L. J. and Pavich, M. J. (2010). Meteoric 10Be in soil profiles – a global meta-analysis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74(23), 6814–29.Google Scholar
Heimsath, A. M., Chappell, J., Spooner, N. A. and Questiaux, D. G. (2002). Creeping soil. Geology, 30, 111–4.Google Scholar
Heimsath, A. M., Dietrich, W. E., Nishiizumi, K. and Finkel, R. C. (1997). The soil production function and landscape equilibrium. Nature, 388, 358–61.Google Scholar
Heimsath, A. M., Fink, D. and Hancock, G. R. (2009). The “humped” soil production function: eroding Arnhem Land, Australia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 34(12), 1674–84.Google Scholar
Holbrook, W.S. Riebe, C. S., Elwaseif, M. et al. 2014. Geophysical constraints on deep weathering and water storage potential in the Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 39(3), 366–80.Google Scholar
Hole, F. D. 1981. Effects of animals on soil. Geoderma, 25, 75–112.Google Scholar
Huggett, R. J. (1976). Lateral translocation of soil plasma through a small valley basin in the Northaw Great Wood, Hertfordshire. Earth Surface Processes, 1, 99–109.Google Scholar
Humphreys, G. S. and Wilkinson, M. T. (2007). The soil production function: a brief history and its rediscovery. Geoderma, 139(1–2), 73–8.Google Scholar
Hurst, M. D., Mudd, S. M., Walcott, R., Attal, M. and Yoo, K. (2012). Using hilltop curvature to derive the spatial distribution of erosion rates. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, 117, doi:10.1029/2011JF002057.Google Scholar
Hurst, M. D., Mudd, S. M., Yoo, K., Attal, M. and Walcott, R. (2013). Influence of lithology on hillslope morphology and response to tectonic forcing in the northern Sierra Nevada of California. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, 118(2), 832–51.Google Scholar
Instanbulluoglu, E. and Bras, R. L. (2005). Vegetation-modulated landscape evolution: Effects of vegetation on landscape processes, drainage density, and topography. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, F02012, doi:10.1029/2004JF000249.Google Scholar
IUSS Working Group WRB. (2014). World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014: International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Jenny, H. (1941). Factors of Soil Formation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Jenny, H. (1958). Role of the plant factor in the pedogenic functions. Ecology, 39(1), 5–16.Google Scholar
Joeckel, R. M. and Tucker, S. T. (2014). Exceptionally well preserved latest Miocene (Hemphillian) rodent burrows from the Eastern Great Plains, United States, and a review of the burrows of North American rodents. Palaios, 28(11), 793–824.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. L., Domier, J. E. J. and Johnson, D. N. (2005). Animating the biodynamics of soil thickness using process vector analysis: a dynamic denudation approach to soil formation. Geomorphology, 67, 23–46.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. P. L., Whipple, K. X., Sklar, L. S. and Hanks, T. C. (2009). Transport slopes, sediment cover, and bedrock channel incision in the Henry Mountains, Utah. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, 114, F02014, doi:10.1029/2007JF000862.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. O., Mudd, S. M., Pillans, B. et al. (2014). Quantifying the rate and depth dependence of bioturbation based on optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates and meteoric 10 Be. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 39(9), 1188–96.Google Scholar
Jones, C. G., Lawton, J. H. and Shachak, M. (1994). Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos, 69(3), 373–86.Google Scholar
Kaste, J. M., Heimsath, A. M. and Bostick, B. C. (2007). Short-term soil mixing quantified with fallout radionuclides. Geology, 35(3), 243–6.Google Scholar
Kiage, L. M. (2013). Perspectives on the assumed causes of land degradation in the rangelands of Sub-Saharan Africa. Progress in Physical Geography, 37(5), 664–84.Google Scholar
Klaminder, J., Yoo, K., Olid, C., Ramebäck, H. and Vesterlund, A. (2014). Using short-lived radionuclides to estimate rates of soil motion in frost boils. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 25(3), 184–93 Google Scholar
Koven, C., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P. et al. (2009). On the formation of high-latitude soil carbon stocks: effects of cryoturbation and insulation by organic matter in a land surface model. Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L21501, doi:10.1029/2009GL040150.Google Scholar
Kurtz, A.C., Derry, L. A., Chadwick, O. A. and Alfano, M. J. (2000). Refractory element mobility in volcanic soils. Geology, 28(8), 683–6.Google Scholar
Lal, R. (2007). Anthropogenic influences on world soils and implications to global food security. In Advances in Agronomy, ed. Sparks, D. L.. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 69–93.
le Roux, P. C. Boelhouwers, J., Davis, J. K. et al. (2011). Spatial association of lemming burrows with landforms in the Swedish subarctic mountains: implications for periglacial feature stability. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 43(2), 223–8.Google Scholar
Marcy, A. and Hadly, E. (2011). Digging morphology and the interaction between soil and climate determine pocket gopher (Thomomys) distribution across time and space. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 31, 151.Google Scholar
Matsuoka, N. (2001). Solifluction rates, processes and landforms: a global review. Earth-Science Reviews, 55(1), 107–34.Google Scholar
Mazoyer, M. (2006). A History of World Agriculture: from the Neolithic Age to the Current Crisis. New York: Monthly Review Press.
McKean, J., Dietrich, W. E., Finkel, R. C., Southon, J. R. and Caffee, M. W. (1993). Quantification of soil production and downslope creep rates from cosmogenic 10Be accumulations on a hillslope profile. Geology, 21(4), 343–6.Google Scholar
Merritts, D. J., Chadwick, O. A., Hendricks, D. M., Brimhall, G. H. and Lewis, C. J. (1992). The mass balance of soil evolution on late Quaternary marine terraces, northern California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 104(11), 1456–70.Google Scholar
Meysman, F., Middelburg, J. and Heip, C. (2006). Bioturbation: a fresh look at Darwin's last idea. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21(12), 688–95.Google Scholar
Mudd, S. M. and Furbish, D. J. (2005). Lateral migration of hillcrests in response to channel incision in soil-mantled landscapes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, doi:10.1029/2005JF000313.Google Scholar
Mudd, S. M. and Yoo, K. (2010). Reservoir theory for studying the geochemical evolution of soils. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, F03030, doi:10.1029/2009JF001591.Google Scholar
Oh, N.-H. and Richter, D. D. (2005). Elemental translocation and loss from three highly weathered soil-bedrock profiles in the southeastern United States. Geoderma, 126(1–2), 5–25.Google Scholar
Pender, J. and Hazell, P. (2000). Promoting Sustainable Development in Less-Favored Areas. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/16035/1/vf000004.pdf [Accessed March 18, 2015].
Ping, C.-L., Michaelson, G. J., Kimble, J. M. et al. (2008). Cryogenesis and soil formation along a bioclimate gradient in Arctic North America. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, doi:10.1029/2008JG000744.Google Scholar
Porder, S. and Hilley, G.E. (2011). Linking chronosequences with the rest of the world: predicting soil phosphorus content in denuding landscapes. Biogeochemistry, 102(1–3), 153–66.Google Scholar
Proser, I. P., Dietrich, W. E. and Stevenson, J. (1995). Flow resistance and sediment transport by concentrated overland flow in a grassland valley. Geomorphology, 13, 71–86.Google Scholar
Ramankutty, N., Evan, A. T., Monfreda, C. and Foley, J. A. (2008). Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22, GB1003, doi:10.1029/2007GB002952.Google Scholar
Rempe, D. M. and Dietrich, W. E. (2014). A bottom-up control on fresh-bedrock topography under landscapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(18), 6576–81.Google Scholar
Resner, K., Yoo, K., Sebestyen, S. D. et al. (2014). Invasive earthworms deplete key soil inorganic nutrients (Ca, Mg, K, and P) in a northern hardwood forest. Ecosystems, 18, 89–102.Google Scholar
Richards, P. J., Hohenthal, J. M. and Humphreys, G. S. (2011). Bioturbation on a south-east Australian hillslope: estimating contributions to soil flux. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 36(9), 1240–53.Google Scholar
Richardson, S. J., Peltzer, D. A., Allen, R. B., McGlone, M. S. and Parfitt, R. L. (2004). Rapid development of phosphorus limitation in temperate rainforest along the Franz Josef soil chronosequence. Oecologia, 139(2), 267–76.Google Scholar
Richter, D. D. and Markewitz, D. (2001). Understanding Soil Change: Soil Sustainability over Millennia, Centuries and Decades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Riebe, C. S., Kirchner, J. W. and Finkel, R. C. (2004). Erosional and climatic effects on long-term chemical weathering rates in granitic landscapes spanning diverse climate regimes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 224, 547–62.Google Scholar
Riebe, C. S., Kirchner, J. W., Granger, D. E. and Finkel, R. C. (2001). Strong tectonic and weak climatic control of long-term chemical weathering rates. Geology, 29(6), 511–4.Google Scholar
Roering, J. J., Almond, P., Tonkin, P. and McKean, J. (2002). Soil transport driven by biological processes over millennial time scales. Geology, 30(12), 1115–8.Google Scholar
Roering, J. J., Almond, P., Tonkin, P. and McKean, J. (2004). Constraining climatic controls on hillslope dynamics using a coupled model for the transport of soil and tracers: application to loess-mantled hillslopes, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, 109, F01010, doi:10.1029/2003JF000034.Google Scholar
Roering, J., Kirchner, J. W. and Dietrich, W. E. (1999). Evidence for nonlinear, diffusive sediment transport on hillslopes and implications for landscape morphology. Water Resources Research, 35(3), 853–70.Google Scholar
Roering, J. J., Marshall, J., Booth, A. M., Mort, M. and Jin, Q. (2010). Evidence for biotic controls on topography and soil production. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 298(1–2), 183–90.Google Scholar
Ruben, R., Pender, J. and Kuyvenhoven, A., eds. (2007). Sustainable Poverty Reduction in Less-Favoured Areas. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publications.
Ruhe, R. V. and Walker, P. H. (1968). Hillslope models and soil formation. I. Open systems. Transactions of the 9th International Congress on Soil Science 6(4), 551–60.Google Scholar
Schaetzl, R. J. and Anderson, S. (2005). Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Selby, M. J. (1993). Hillslope Materials and Processes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Simonson, R.W. (1959). Outline of a generalized theory of soil genesis. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 23(2), 152–6.Google Scholar
Sklar, L. S. and Dietrich, W. E. (2001). Sediment and rock strength controls on river incision into bedrock. Geology, 29(12), 1087–90.Google Scholar
Sommer, M. and Schlichting, E. (1997). Archetypes of catenas in respect to matter—a concept for structuring and grouping catenas. Geoderma, 76, 1–33.Google Scholar
Stiles, C. A., Mora, C. I. and Driese, S. G. (2003). Pedogenic processes and domain boundaries in a vertisol climosequence: evidence from titanium and zirconium distribution and morphology. Geoderma, 116(3–4), 279–99.Google Scholar
Trimble, S. W. (2008). Man-induced Soil Erosion on the Southern Piedmont, 1700–1970,. Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water Conservation Society.
Trimble, S. W. (2013). Historical Agriculture and Soil Erosion in the Upper Mississippi Valley Hill Country. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
US Natural Resources Conservation. (1998). Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture/Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Vitousek, P. M. (2004). Nutrient Cycling and Limitation: Hawai'i as a Model System. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Vitousek, P. M., Chadwick, O., Matson, P. et al. (2003). Erosion and the rejuvenation of weathering-derived nutrient supply in an old tropical landscape. Ecosystems, 6(8), 762–72.Google Scholar
Walker, T. and Syers, J. (1976). Fate of phosphorus during pedogenesis. Geoderma, 15(1), 1–19.Google Scholar
West, N., Kirby, E., Bierman, P. and Clarke, B. A. (2014). Aspect-dependent variations in regolith creep revealed by meteoric 10Be. Geology, 42(6), 507–10.Google Scholar
Whipple, K. X. and Tucker, G. E. (1999). Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 104(B8), 17661–74.Google Scholar
White, A. F., Schulz, M. S., Vivit, D. V. et al. (2008). Chemical weathering of a marine terrace chronosequence, Santa Cruz, California I: interpreting rates and controls based on soil concentration-depth profiles. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 36–68.Google Scholar
Wright, J. P. and Jones, C. G. (2006). The concept of organisms as ecosystem engineers ten years on: progress, limitations, and challenges. BioScience, 56(3), 203–9.Google Scholar
Yallon, D. and Berkowicz, S. (1997). History of Soil Science: International Perspectives. Reiskirchen, Germany: Catena Verlag.
Yoo, K. and Mudd, S. M. (2008a). Discrepancy between mineral residence time and soil age: Implications for the interpretation of chemical weathering rates. Geology, 36(1), 35–8.Google Scholar
Yoo, K. and Mudd, S. M. (2008b). Toward process-based modeling of geochemical soil formation across diverse landforms: a new mathematical framework. Geoderma, 146(1–2), 248–60.Google Scholar
Yoo, K., Amundson, R, Heimsath, A. M. and Dietrich, W. E. (2005). Process-based model linking pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) activity to sediment transport and soil thickness. Geology, 33(11), 917–20.Google Scholar
Yoo, K., Amundson, R., Heimsath, A. M., Dietrich, W. E. and Brimhall, G. H. (2007). Integration of geochemical mass balance with sediment transport to calculate rates of soil chemical weathering and transport on hillslopes. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, 112, F02013, doi:10.1029/2005JF000402.Google Scholar
Yoo, K., Fisher, B., Ji, J., Anthony Aufdenkampe, A. and Klaminder, J. (2015). The geochemical transformation of soils by agriculture and its dependence on soil erosion: an application of the geochemical mass balance approach. Science of The Total Environment, 521–522, 326–35.Google Scholar
Yoo, K., Ji, J., Aufdenkampe, A. and Klaminder, J. (2011). Rates of soil mixing and associated carbon fluxes in a forest versus tilled agricultural field: Implications for modeling the soil carbon cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, 116, G01014, doi:10.1029/2010JG001304.Google Scholar
Yoo, K., Mudd, S. M., Sanderman, J., Amundson, R. and Blum, A. (2009). Spatial patterns and controls of soil chemical weathering rates along a transient hillslope. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 288(1), 184–93.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×