In the summer of 1763, the British Cabinet, headed by Lord George Grenville, announced the introduction of the first of a series of new taxes in the thirteen British colonies in North America. After signing the Treaty of Paris, the British government had resolved to assure its multiple victories by increasing its standing military forces in North America, a strategy which inevitably implied considerable expenditures. According to Richard Bonney, “the need after 1763 for a permanent military establishment in the American colonies at a likely cost of some £224,000 per annum (civil administration had cost a mere £50,000) meant that new tax revenues had to be found in the colonies to meet the bill.” The fiscal innovations were soon confronted with strong protests. The rejection of the Navigation Acts, the Sugar Act, and the Stamp Act by the colonists was one of the major catalysts of revolution and of the war of independence (1776–1783) by the new United States, according to most standard historical interpretations.