Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T01:43:34.396Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - Broken States

Iraq, Syria, and ISIS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 February 2020

Stephen J. King
Affiliation:
Georgetown University, Washington DC
Get access

Summary

Chapter 5 focuses on broken nation-states during the Arab Spring – Iraq, Syria, and the Islamic State –the human suffering broken states cause (even if they “broke” during efforts to implement and sustain democratic politics) and how elites have tried to put the states back together again.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Arab Winter
Democratic Consolidation, Civil War, and Radical Islamists
, pp. 249 - 300
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abboud, S. 2016. Syria: Hotspot in Global Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Agha, S. 2016. “Quick Facts: What You Need to Know about the Syria Crisis.” Mercy Corps, June 16. www.mercycorps.org/articles/iraq-jordan-lebanon-syria-turkey/quick-facts-what-you-need-know-about-syria-crisis.Google Scholar
Al-Ali, Z. 2014. The Struggle for Iraq’s Future: How Corruption, Incompetence and Sectarianism Have Undermined Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Al-Arabiya. 2014. “Maliki Offers to Arm Citizens Willing to Fight ISIS.” Al-Arabiya, June 10. www.english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/06/10/Iraq-insurgents-overrun-Mosul-govt-HQ.html.Google Scholar
Alkadiri, R. and Toensing, C.. 2003. “The Iraqi Governing Council’s Sectarian Hue.” Middle East Research and Information Project, August 20. www.merip.org/2003/08/the-iraqi-governing-councils-sectarian-hue/.Google Scholar
Al-Khalil, S. 1989. Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Allawi, A. 2008. Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Al-Qarawee, H. H. 2016. From Maliki to Abadi: The Challenge of Being Iraq’s Prime Minister. Middle East Brief. Waltham, MA: Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Brandeis University.Google Scholar
Al-Salhy, S. 2015. “Iraqi Sunnis Join Shia Militias to Fight IS Militants.” Middle East Eye, June 15. www.middleeasteye.net/news/iraqi-sunnis-join-shia-militias-fight-militants.Google Scholar
Al-Sallami, W. 2014. “I Grew Up in Iraq during Saddam’s Worst Days – Here’s What Life Was Like.” Business Insider, July 2. www.businessinsider.com/heres-what-life-in-iraq-was-like-under-saddam-hussein-2014-7.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. 2016. “18,000 People Die in Syrian Custody since 2011.” BBC News, August 18. www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-37115626/18000-people-die-in-syrian-custody-says-amnesty-international.Google Scholar
Asher-Schapiro, A. 2016. “The Young Men Who Started Syria’s Revolution Speak about Daraa, Where It All Began.” Vice News Middle East, March 15. www.vice.com/en_us/article/qv5eqb/the-young-men-who-started-syrias-revolution-speak-about-daraa-where-it-all-began.Google Scholar
Batatu, H. 1999. Syria’s Peasantry: The Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables and Their Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Benotman, N. and Malik, N.. 2016. The Children of the Islamic State. London: Quilliam Foundation.Google Scholar
Borger, J. 2006. “Corruption: The ‘Second Insurgency’ Costing $4bn a Year.” The Guardian, December 2. www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/02/usa.iraq.Google Scholar
Broder, J. 2015. “A Bloody Disaster: The Iraqi Army’s Fight against Isis.” Newsweek, March 7. www.newsweek.com/iraqi-army-fight-against-isis-312105.Google Scholar
Brands, H. and Feaver, P.. 2019. “Lessons from the Iraq War.” National Review, July 8. www.nationalreview.com/magazine/2019/07/08/lessons-from-the-iraq-war/.Google Scholar
Brown, F. 2019. “Can the US Fully Defeat the Islamic State? Here’s What Can Help.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 21. www.carnegieendowment.org/2019/05/21/can-u.s.-fully-defeat-islamic-state-here-s-what-can-help-pub-79171.Google Scholar
Brzuszkiewicz, S. 2019. “An Interview with Daniel Koehler.” European Eye on Radicalization, January 2. www.eeradicalization.com/an-interview-with-daniel-koehler-german-institute-on-radicalization-and-de-radicalization-studies/.Google Scholar
Byman, D. 2016. “Understanding the Islamic State.” International Security, 40(4), 127165. doi:10.1162/ISEC_r_00235.Google Scholar
Callimachi, R. 2016. “To Maintain Supply of Sex Slaves, ISIS Pushes Birth Control.” New York Times, March 12. www.nytimes.com/2016/03/13/world/middleeast/to-maintain-supply-of-sex-slaves-isis-pushes-birth-control.html.Google Scholar
Caryl, C. 2013. “The Democracy Boondoggle in Iraq.” Foreign Policy, March 6. www.foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/06/the-democracy-boondoggle-in-iraq/.Google Scholar
Chulov, M. 2014. “How an Arrest in Iraq Revealed Isis’s $2bn Jihadist Network.” The Guardian, June 15. www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/15/iraq-isis-arrest-jihadists-wealth-power.Google Scholar
Chulov, M. et al. 2014. “Iraq Army Capitulates to ISIS Militants in Four Cities.” The Guardian, June 11. www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/11/mosul-isis-gunmen-middle-east-states.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. and Driscoll, G.. 2003. “The Road to Economic Prosperity for a Post-Saddam Iraq.” Heritage Organization, March 5. www.heritage.org/middle-east/report/the-road-economic-prosperity-post-saddam-iraq.Google Scholar
Cook, S. A. and Leheta, A. T.. 2016. “Don’t Blame Sykes-Picot for the Middle East Mess.” Foreign Policy, 13 May. www.foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/13/sykes-picot-isnt-whats-wrong-with-the-modern-middle-east-100-years/.Google Scholar
Cordesman, A. 2006. “The Lost Year in Iraq.” Frontline, July 18. www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/yeariniraq/interviews/cordesman.html.Google Scholar
DeAtkine, N. B. 2015. “Muhammad Taught US How to Fight: The Islamic State and Early Islamic Warfare Tradition.” Middle East Review of International Affairs, 19(3). www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-4026842231/muhammad-taught-us-how-to-fight-the-islamic-state.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. 2004. “What Went Wrong in Iraq.” Foreign Affairs, 83(5), 3556. doi:10.2307/20034066.Google Scholar
Dodge, T. 2014. Seeking to Explain the Rise Of Sectarianism in the Middle East: The Case Study of Iraq. Washington, DC: Project on Middle East Political Science (POMEPS), March 9. www.pomeps.org/seeking-to-explain-the-rise-of-sectarianism-in-the-middle-east-the-case-study-of-iraq.Google Scholar
Dodge, T. and Wasser, B.. 2014. “The Crisis of the Iraqi State.” Adelphi Series, 54(447), 1338. doi:10.1080/19445571.2014.995936.Google Scholar
The Economist. 2014. “Confronting the Islamic State: The Next War against Global Jihadism.” The Economist. September 13. www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2014/09/15/the-next-war-against-global-jihadism.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. 2015. “ISIS and the Challenge of Islamist Extremism.” Political Insight, 6(1), 1215. doi:10.1111/2041-9066.12081.Google Scholar
Friedman, T. 1989. From Beirut to Jerusalem. New York: Farrar Straus, and Giroux.Google Scholar
Hadhari, M. 1981. Istishhad al-Imam Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr [The martyrdom of Imam Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr] Beirut: Hizb al-Da’awah al-Islamiyyah.Google Scholar
Hashim, A. S. 2006. Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency in Iraq. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hashim, A. S. 2014. “The Islamic State: From Al-Qaeda Affiliate to Caliphate.” Middle East Policy, 21(4), 6183. doi: 10.1111/mepo12096.Google Scholar
Henry, C. M. and Springborg, R.. 2010. Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Heydemann, S. 1999. Authoritarianism in Syria: Institutions and Social Conflict, 1946–1970. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Heydemann, S. 2004. Networks of Privilege in the Middle East. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinnebusch, R. 2001. Syria: Revolution from Above. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (HRW). 1993. Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign against the Kurds. New York: Human Rights Watch, July. www.hrw.org/reports/1993/iraqanfal/.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2013. “Iraq: A Broken Justice System.” Human Rights Watch, January 31. www.hrw.org/news/2013/01/31/iraq-broken-justice-system.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group (ICG). 2006. “The Next Iraqi War? Sectarianism and Civil Conflict.” International Crisis Group, February 27. www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/iraq/next-iraqi-war-sectarianism-and-civil-conflict.Google Scholar
Jabar, F. A. 2007. Iraq Four Years after the US-Led Invasion: Assessing the Crisis and Searching for a Way Forward. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, July. www.carnegieendowment.org/2007/07/09/iraq-four-years-after-u.s.-led-invasion-assessing-crisis-and-searching-for-way-forward-pub-19420.Google Scholar
Japan Times. 2016. “Muqtada al-Sadr, Iraq’s powerful and unpredictable Shiite Cleric, Reinvents Himself as a Reform Champion.” Japan Times, 1 May. www.dailydigitalnews.com/single-article-view.php?article=76660.Google Scholar
Jawad, S. N. 2013. “The Iraqi Constitution: Structural Flaws and Political Implications.” London School of Economics Middle East Centre Paper Series, 1, 124. www.eprints.lse.ac.uk/54927/.Google Scholar
Jenkins, B. M. 2014. The Dynamics of Syria’s Civil War. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, n. d. www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE115.html.Google Scholar
Johns, D. 2006. “The Crimes of Saddam Hussein.” PBS, January 24. www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_index.html.Google Scholar
Khedery, A. 2015. “Iraq in Pieces.” Foreign Affairs, November/December. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iraq/2015-09-22/iraq-pieces.Google Scholar
King, S. J. 2009. The New Authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Knights, M. 2019. “Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Force Reform: Reintegration or Consolidation of Militia Power?” The Defense Post, July 3. www.thedefensepost.com/2019/07/03/iraq-popular-mobilization-units-reform-opinion/.Google Scholar
Kupchan, C. and Ülgen, S.. 2019. “The US Is Still Needed in Syria.” Project Syndicate, July 2. www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/trump-syria-premature-withdrawal-by-charles-a-kupchan-and-sinan-ulgen-2019-07?barrier=accesspaylog.Google Scholar
Lando, B. 2007. “How George H. W. Bush Helped Saddam Hussein Prevent an Iraqi Uprising.” Alternet, March 27. www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=103x271807.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. D. 2014. The Islamic State: A Counter-Strategy for a Counter-State. Middle East Security Report. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of War, July. www.understandingwar.org/report/islamic-state-counter-strategy-counter-state.Google Scholar
Long, A. 2008. “The Anbar Awakening.” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 50(2), 6794. doi:10.1080/00396330802034283.Google Scholar
Macleod, H. 2011. “Syria: How It All Began.” Public Radio International, April 23. www.pri.org/stories/2011-04-23/syria-how-it-all-began.Google Scholar
Manfreda, P. 2019. “Impacts of the Iraq War on The Middle East.” Thoughtco, February 4. www.thoughtco.com/iraq-war-effect-on-middle-east-2353056.Google Scholar
Mansour, R. 2016. The Sunni Predicament in Iraq. Washington, DC: Carnegie Middle East Center, March. www.carnegieendowment.org/files/CMEC_59_Mansour_Sunni_Final.pdf.Google Scholar
Mansour, R. 2018. “The Popular Mobilisation Forces and the Balancing of Formal and Informal Power.” LSE Middle East Centre Blog. March 15. www.blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2018/03/15/the-popular-mobilisation-forces-and-the-balancing-of-formal-and-informal-power/.Google Scholar
McCary, J. A. 2009. “The Anbar Awakening: An Alliance of Incentives.” Washington Quarterly, 32(1), 4359. doi:10.1080/01636600802544905.Google Scholar
Moaveni, A. 2015. “ISIS and Enforcers in Syria Recount Collaboration, Anguish and Escape.” New York Times, November 21. www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/world/middleeast/isis-wives-and-enforcers-in-syria-recount-collaboration-anguish-and-escape.html.Google Scholar
Moghadam, A. 2008. “The Salafi-Jihad as a Religious Ideology, Combating Terrorism Center at West Point.” Combating Terrorism Center Sentinel, 1(3). www.ctc.usma.edu/the-salafi-jihad-as-a-religious-ideology/.Google Scholar
Newton, J. 2016. “A Split Second from Death: Gay Man Plummets to the Ground after ISIS Murderers Throw Him from a Roof in Iraq.” Daily Mail, August 11. www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3734616/A-split-second-death-Gay-man-plummets-ground-ISIS-murderers-throw-roof-Iraq.html.Google Scholar
Ozerdem, A. 2010. “Insurgency, Militias and DDR as Part of Security Sector Reconstruction in Iraq: How to Not Do It.” Disasters, 34 (Suppl. 1), S40S59. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norton, A. R. 2007. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Otterman, S. 2005. “Iraq’s Prewar Military Capabilities.” Council on Foreign Relations, February 3. www.cfr.org/backgrounder/iraq-iraqs-prewar-military-capabilities.Google Scholar
Palmer, R. 2015. “Radical Islam’s New Top Target: Rome.” The Trumpet, July 17. www.thetrumpet.com/11921-radical-islams-new-top-target-rome.Google Scholar
Phillips, C. 2015. “Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria.” Third World Quarterly, 36(2), 357376. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.10157.Google Scholar
Porter, T.2016. “Residents of Besieged Syrian Towns Forced to Eat Grass, Dogs and Cats to Fend Off Starvation.” International Business Times, January 6. www.ibtimes.co.uk/residents-besieged-syrian-towns-forced-eat-grass-dogs-cats-fend-off-starvation-1536413.Google Scholar
Rosiny, S. 2015. “The Rise and Demise of the IS Caliphate.” Middle East Policy Council, 22(2), 94107. www.mepc.org/rise-and-demise-caliphate.Google Scholar
Sadowski, Y. M. 1987. “Patronage and the Ba’th: Corruption and Control in Contemporary Syria.” Arab Studies Quarterly, 9(4), 442461. www.jstor.org/stable/41857946.Google Scholar
Samaha, N. 2019. “Can Assad Win The Peace?” European Council on Foreign Relations, May 15. www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/can_assad_win_the_peace_syria.Google Scholar
Sassoon, J. 2012. Saddam Hussein’s Ba’th Party: Inside an Authoritarian Regime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Semenov, K. 2019. “New Name, Same Old Problems: Syria Talks Kick Off in Kazakh Capital.” Al-Monitor, April 30. www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/04/russia-turkey-iran-nursultan-astana-talks.html.Google Scholar
Shadid, A. 2005. Night Draws Near: Iraq’s People in the Shadow of America’s War. New York: Holt.Google Scholar
Sly, L. 2015. “How the Battle against the Islamic State Is Redrawing the Map of the Middle East,” Washington Post, January 1. www.washingtonpost.com/world/on-the-front-lines-of-the-war-against-the-islamic-state-a-tangled-web/2015/12/30/d944925a-9244-11e5-befa-99ceebcbb272_story.html.Google Scholar
Sorenson, D. 2014. “Priming Strategic Communications: Countering the Appeal of ISIS.” Parameters, 44(3), 2536. www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Priming-Strategic-Communications%3A-Countering-the-of-Sorenson/006ff61e6054a8707be5c6577410030eb0002c4d.Google Scholar
Stansfield, G. 2016. “Explaining the Aims, Rise, and Impact of the Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham.”Middle East Journal, 40(1), 146151. www.muse.jhu.edu/article/607730/pdf.Google Scholar
Stern, J. and Berger, J. M.. 2015. ISIS: The State of Terror. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Syrian Center for Policy Research. 2015. Alienation and Violence Report. Damascus: Syrian Center for Policy Research, March 30. www.scpr-syria.org/scpr-alienation-and-violence-report-2014-2/.Google Scholar
Tekdal, A. 2011. “The Troubles in Syria: Spawned by French Divide and Rule.” Middle East Policy, 18(4). www.mepc.org/troubles-syria-spawned-french-divide-and-rule.Google Scholar
Terrill, A. W. 2014. “Understanding the Strengths and Vulnerabilities of ISIS.” Parameters, 44(3), 1323. www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-397579199/understanding-the-strengths-and-vulnerabilities-of.Google Scholar
United Nations (UN). 2014. United Nations Security Council Report from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 and 1989, November 13. Geneva: United Nations.Google Scholar
Van Dam, N. 1996. The Struggle for Power and Society under Assad and the Ba’th Party. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Waldner, D. 2001. State Building and Late Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Walt, S. 2015. “ISIS as Revolutionary State: New Twist on an Old Story.” Foreign Affairs, November/December. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/isis-revolutionary-state.Google Scholar
Warrick, J. 2015. Black Flags: The Rise of ISIS. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Warrick, J. and Mekhennet, S.. 2016. “ISIS Readies for Fall of Caliphate.” Breaking 911, July 13. www.breaking911.com/isis-readies-for-fall-of-caliphate/.Google Scholar
Westcott, L. 2016. “ISIS Is Committing Genocide against Yazidis, Christians, and Shiites: John Kerry.” Newsweek, March 17. www.newsweek.com/isis-genocide-kerry-yazidis-christians-shia-437944.Google Scholar
Wilbanks, M. and Karsh, E.. 2010. “How the Sons of Iraq Stabilized Iraq.” Middle East Quarterly, 17(4), 5770. www.academia.edu/11230859/How_the_Sons_of_Iraq_Stabilized_Postwar_Iraq.Google Scholar
Woodward, B. 2004. Plan of Attack. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Zelin, A. 2014. “The Islamic State of Syria and Iraq Has a Consumer Protection Office,” The Atlantic, June 6. www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/06/the-isis-guide-to-building-an-islamic-state/372769/.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Broken States
  • Stephen J. King, Georgetown University, Washington DC
  • Book: The Arab Winter
  • Online publication: 14 February 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108769792.006
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Broken States
  • Stephen J. King, Georgetown University, Washington DC
  • Book: The Arab Winter
  • Online publication: 14 February 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108769792.006
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Broken States
  • Stephen J. King, Georgetown University, Washington DC
  • Book: The Arab Winter
  • Online publication: 14 February 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108769792.006
Available formats
×