Aastrup, P. 2003. Muskox site fidelity and group cohesion in Jameson Land, East Greenland. Polar Biology 27: 50–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abdi, H. 2003. Partial regression coefficients. In: Lewis-Beck, M., Bryman, A. and Futing, T. (Eds) Encyclopedia of Social Sciences Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Abe, K. and Moran, P. A. P. 1969. Parental age of homosexuals. British Journal of Psychiatry 115: 313–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aboitiz, F. and Montiel, J. 2003. One hundred million years of interhemispheric communication: the history of the corpus callosum. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 36: 409–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Abraham, K. F., Leafloor, J. O. and Rusch, D. H. 1999. Molt migrant Canada geese in northern Ontario and Western James Bay. Journal of Wildlife Management 63: 649–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adam, B. D. 1985. Age, structure, and sexuality: reflections on the anthropological evidence on homosexual relations. Journal of Homosexuality 11: 19–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adams, E. S. 2005. Bayesian analysis of linear dominance hierarchies. Animal Behaviour 69: 1191–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ader, R., Felten, D. and Cohen, N. 1990. Interactions between the brain and the immune system. Annual Reviews of Pharmacology and Toxicology 30: 561–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adkins-Regan, E. 1988. Sex hormones and sexual orientation in animals. Psychobiology 16: 335–47.Google Scholar

Adkins-Regan, E. and Krakauer, A. 2000. Removal of adult males from the rearing environment increases preference for same-sex partners in the zebra finch. Animal Behaviour 60: 47–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adkins-Regan, E. and Wade, J. 2001. Masculinized sexual partner preference in female zebra finches with sex-reversed gonads. Hormones and Behavior 39: 22–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adriaens, P. R. and DeBlock, A.. 2006. The evolution of a social construction: the case of male homosexuality. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 49: 570–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Agate, R. J., Grisham, W., Wade, J. et al. 2003. Neural not gonadal origin of brain sex differences in a gynandromorphic finch. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100: 4873–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ågmo, A. and Ellingsen, E. 2003. Relevance of non-human animal studies to the understanding of human sexuality. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 44: 293–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Agosta, S. J., Morton, D., Marsh, B. D. and Kuhn, K. M. 2005. Nightly, seasonal, and yearly patterns of bat activity at night roosts in the Central Appalachians. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 1210–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Akçakaya, H. R., McCarthy, M. A. and Pearce, J. L. 1995. Linking landscape data with population viability analysis: management options for the helmeted honeyeater Lichenostomus melanops cassidix. Biological Conservation 73: 169–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Akçay, E. and Roughgarden, J. 2007. Extra-pair paternity in birds: review of the genetic benefits. Evolutionary Ecology Research 9: 855–68.Google Scholar

Akers, J. S. and Conaway, C. H. 1979. Female homosexual behaviour in Macaca mulatta. Archives of Sexual Behavior 8: 63–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aketa, K., Asano, S., Wakai, Y. and Kawamura, A. 2001. Apparent digestibility of eelgrass in dugongs (Dugong dugon). Mammalian Science 82: 23–34.Google Scholar

Alanko, K., Santtila, P., Harlaar, N. et al. 2009a. Common genetic effects of gender atypical behavior in childhood and sexual orientation in adulthood: a study of Finnish twins. Archives of Sexual Behavior 39: 81–92. DOI 10.1007/S10508-008-9457-3.Google ScholarPubMed

Alanko, K., Santtila, P., Witting, K. et al. 2009b. Psychiatric symptoms and same-sex sexual attraction and behavior in light of childhood gender atypical behavior and parental relationships. Journal of Sex Research 46: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alatalo, R. V., Carlson, A., Lundberg, A. and Ulfstrand, S. 1981. The conflict between male polygamy and female monogamy: the case of the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca. American Naturalist 117: 738–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Al-Attia, H. M. 1996. Gender identity and role in a pedigree of arabs with intersex due to 5 alpha reductase-2 deficiency. Psychoneuroendocrinology 21: 651–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alberts, S. C., Watts, H. E. and Altmann, J. 2003. Queuing and queue-jumping: long-term patterns of reproductive skew in male savannah baboons, Papio cynocephalus. Animal Behaviour 65: 821–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Albes, E. 1977. The Axis Deer in Texas. Texas Agricultural Experimental Station. Texas A & M University. Caesar Kleberg Research Program in Wildlife Ecology and Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences.Google Scholar

Albonetti, M. E. and Dessì-Fulgheri, F. 1990. Female-female mounting in the European rabbit. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 55: 128–38.Google Scholar

Alcock, J. and Sherman, P. 1994. The utility of the proximate-ultimate dichotomy in ethology. Ethology 96: 58–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alekseyenko, O. V., Waters, P., Zhou, H. and Baum, M. J. 2007. Bilateral damage to the sexually dimorphic medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus of male ferrets causes a female-typical preference for and a hypothalamic Fos response to male body odors. Physiology and Behavior 90: 438–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, B. M., Perkins, A., van Kirk, E. A., Moss, G. E. and Fitzgerald, J. A. 1993. Hypothalamic and hypophyseal receptors for estradiol in high and low sexually performing rams. Hormones and Behavior 27: 296–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alexander, B. M., Rose, J. D., Stellflug, J. N., Fitzgerald, J. A. and Moss, G. E. 2001. Low-sexually performing rams but not male-oriented rams can be discriminated by cell size in the amygdala and preoptic area: a morphometric study. Behavioural Brain Research 119: 15–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, B. M., Stellflug, J. N., Rose, J. D., Fitzgerald, J. A. and Moss, G. E. 1999. Behavior and endocrine changes in high-performing, low-performing, and male-oriented domestic rams following exposure to rams and ewes in estrus when copulation is precluded. Journal of Animal Science 77: 1869–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alexander, G. M. 2003. An evolutionary perspective of sex-typed toy preferences: pink, blue, and the brain. Archives of Sexual Behavior 32: 7–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, G. M. and Hines, M. 2002. Sex differences in response to children’s toys in nonhuman primates (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Evolution and Human Behavior 23: 467–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, J. E. and Sufka, K. J. 1993. Cerebral lateralization in homosexual males: a preliminary EEG investigation. International Journal of Psychophysiology 15: 269–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alexander, R. D. 1971. The search for an evolutionary philosophy of man. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 84: 99–120.Google Scholar

Alexander, R. D. 1974. The evolution of social behaviour. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5: 325–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, R. D. 1975. The search for a general theory of behaviour. Behavioral Science 20: 77–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ali, S. 1961. The Book of Indian Birds. Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society.Google Scholar

Allen, C. and Bekoff, M. 1997. Species of Mind: The Philosophy and Biology of Cognitive Ethology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Allen, L. S. and Gorski, R. A. 1991. Sexual dimorphism of the anterior commissure and massa intermedia of the human brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology 312: 97–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Allen, L. S. and Gorski, R. A. 1992. Sexual orientation and the size of the anterior commissure in the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 89: 7199–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Allen, L. S., Hines, M., Shryne, J. E. and Gorski, R. A. 1989. Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience 9: 497–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Allen, L. S., Richey, M. F., Chai, Y. M. and Gorski, R. A. 1991. Sex differences in the corpus callosum of the living human being. Journal of Neuroscience 11: 933–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Allen, M. L. and Lemmon, W. B. 1981. Orgasm in female primates. American Journal of Primatology 1: 15–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allman, D. and Miller, J. P. 2005. B cell development and receptor diversity during aging. Current Opinion in Immunology 17: 463–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Altizer, S., Davis, A. K., Cook, K. C. and Cherry, J. J. 2004a. Age, sex, and season affect the risk of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in a southern house finch population. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82: 755–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Altizer, S., Nunn, C. L., Thrall, P. H. et al. 2003. Social organization and parasite risk in mammals: integrating theory and empirical studies. Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 34: 517–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Altizer, S. M., Oberhauser, K. O. and Geurts, K. A. 2004b. Transmission of the protozoan parasite, Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, in monarch butterfly populations. In: Oberhauser, K. and Solensky, M. (Eds) The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Altmann, J. and Alberts, S. C. 2003. Variability in reproductive success viewed from a life-history perspective in baboons. American Journal of Human Biology 15: 401–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Altrichter, M., Drews, C., Carrillo, E. and Sáenz, J. 2001. Sex ratio and breeding of white-lipped peccaries Tayassu pecari (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) in a Costa Rican rainforest. Revista de Biología Tropical 49: 383–9.Google Scholar

Alvarez, F. and Cónsul, C. 1978. The structure of social behaviour in Theropithecus gelada. Primates 19: 45–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alwin, D. F. and Hauser, R. M. 1975. The decomposition of effects in path analysis. American Sociological Review 40: 37–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amateau, S. K. and McCarthy, M. 2004. Induction of PGE2 by estradiol mediates developmental masculinisation of sex behaviour. Nature Neuroscience 7: 643–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ambady, N., Bernieri, F. J. and Richeson, J. A. 2000. Toward a histology of social behavior: judgmental accuracy from thin slices of the behavioral stream. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 32: 201–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ambady, N., Hallahan, M. and Conner, B. 1999. Accuracy of judgments of sexual orientation from thin slices of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77: 538–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ambady, N. and Rosenthal, R. 1992. Thin slices of expressive behavior as predictors of interpersonal consequences: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 111: 256–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ambs, S. M., Boness, D. J., Bowen, W. D., Perry, E. A. and Fleischer, R. C. 1999. Proximate factors associated with high levels of extraconsort fertilization in polygynous grey seals. Animal Behaviour 58: 527–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Amidon, K. S. 2008. Sex on the brain: the rise and fall of German sexual science. Endeavour 32: 64–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

AnAge 2007. Database of the Human Ageing Genomic Resources. .

Anderson, D. K., Rhees, R. W. and Fleming, D. E. 1985. Effects of prenatal stress on differentiation of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) of the rat brain. Brain Research 332: 113–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anderson, E. 2008. “Being masculine is not about who you sleep with…”: heterosexual athletes contesting masculinity and the one-time rule of homosexuality. Sex Roles 58: 104–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, P. K. 1982. Studies of dugongs Dugong dugon at Shark Bay, Western Australia 1. Analysis of population size, composition, dispersion and habitat use on the basis of aerial survey. Australian Wildlife Research 9: 69–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, P. K. 1997. Shark Bay dugongs in summer I: lek mating. Behaviour 134: 433–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, P. K. 2002. Habitat, niche, and evolution of sirenian mating systems. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 9: 55–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Animal Diversity Web 2007. Website of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan:

Anon 2003. DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder. Psychiatric News 38: 32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Apollonio, M., Focardi, S., Toso, S. and Nacci, L. 1998. Habitat selection and group formation pattern of fallow deer Dama dama in a subMediterranean environment. Ecography 21: 225–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Apollonio, M., Scotti, M. and Gosling, L. M. 2003. Mating success and fidelity to territories in a fallow deer lek: A female removal experiment. Naturwissenschaften 90: 553–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Archie, E. A., Morrison, T. A., Foley, C. A. H., Moss, C. J. and Alberts, S. C. 2006a. Dominance rank relationships among wild female African elephants, Loxodonta africana. Animal Behaviour 71: 117–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Archie, E. A., Moss, C. J. and Alberts, S. C. 2006b. The ties that bind: genetic relatedness predicts the fission and fusion of social groups in wild African elephants. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 273: 513–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arletti, R., Bazani, C., Castelli, M. and Bertolini, A. 1985. Oxytocin improves male copulatory performance in rats. Hormones and Behavior 19: 14–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arletti, R., Benelli, A. and Bertolini, A. 1992. Oxytocin involvement in male and female sexual behaviour. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 652: 180–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arletti, R. and Bertolini, A. 1985. Oxytocin stimulates lordosis behaviour in female rats. Neuropeptides 6: 247–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Armbruster, P. and Lande, R. 1993. A population viability analysis for African elephant (Loxodonta africana): how big should reserves be?Conservation Biology 7: 602–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Armitage, K. B. 1981. Sociality as life-history tactic of ground squirrels. Oecologia 48: 36–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Armitage, K. B. 1998. Reproductive strategies of yellow-bellied marmots: energy conservation and differences between the sexes. Journal of Mammalogy 79: 385–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Armitage, K. B., Downhower, J. F. and Svendsen, G. E. 1976. Seasonal changes in weights of marmots. American Midland Naturalist 96: 36–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arnold, A. P. 2004. Sex chromosomes and brain gender. Nature Reviews 5: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arnold, A. P., Xu, J., Grisham, W. et al. 2004. Sex chromosomes and brain sexual differentiation. Endocrinology 145: 1057–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arnold, T. W. and Martin, P. A. 1992. Winter habitat use by male and female American kestrels, Falco sperverius, in Southwestern Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist 106: 336–41.Google Scholar

Aron, C., Chateau, D., Schaeffer, C. and Roos, J. 1991. Heterotypical sexual behaviour in male mammals: the rat as an experimental model. In: Haug, M., Brain, P. F. and Aron, C. (Eds) Heterotypical Behaviour in Man and Animals, pp. 98–126. London: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aronson, L. R. and Cooper, M. L. 1979. Amygdaloid hypersexuality in male cats re-examined. Physiology and Behavior 22: 257–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arrowood, P. C. 1988. Duetting, pair bonding and agonistic display in parakeet pairs. Behaviour 106: 129–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Asa, C. 1999. Male reproductive success in free-ranging feral horses. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 47: 89–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Asa, C. S., Goldfoot, D. A. and Ginter, O. J. 1979. Sociosexual behaviour and the ovulatory cycle of ponies (Equus caballus) observed in harem groups. Hormones and Behavior 13: 49–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Asa, C. S. and Valdespino, C. 1998. Canid reproductive biology: an integration of proximate mechanisms and ultimate causes. American Zoologist 38: 251–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ashworth, A. E. and Walker, W. M. 1972. Social structure and homosexuality: a theoretical appraisal. The British Journal of Sociology 23: 146–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aste, N., Balthazart, J., Absil, P. et al. 1998. Anatomical and neurochemical definition of the nucleus of the stria terminalis in japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Journal of Comparative Neurology 396: 141–57.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aucoin, M. W. and Wassersug, R. J. 2006. The sexuality and social performance of androgen-deprived (castrated) men throughout history: implications for modern day cancer patients. Social Science and Medicine 63: 3162–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Auger, A. P., Moffatt, C. A. and Blaustein, J. D. 1997. Progesterone-independent activation of rat brain progestin receptors by reproductive stimuli. Endocrinology 138: 511–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aujard, F., Heistermann, M., Thierry, B. and Hodges, J. K. 1998. Functional significance of behavioral, morphological, and endocrine correlates across the ovarian cycle in semifree ranging female Yonkean macaques. American Journal of Primatology 46: 285–309.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baba, T., Endo, T., Honnma, H. et al. 2007. Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and female-to-male transsexuality. Human Reproduction 22: 1011–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bachelot, A., Plu-Bureau, G., Thibaud, E. et al. 2007. Long-term outcome of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Hormone Research 67: 268–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Backhouse, K. M. 1960. The grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) outside the breeding season. A preliminary report. Mammalia 24: 307–12.Google Scholar

Bagatell, C. J., Heiman, J. R., Rivier, J. E. and Bremner, W. J. 1994. Effects of endogenous testosterone and estradiol on sexual behavior in normal young men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 78: 711–16.Google ScholarPubMed

Bagemihl, B. 1999. Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Bailey, J. M. and Bell, A. P. 1993. Familiality of female and male homosexuality. Behavior Genetics 23: 313–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bailey, J. M. and Benishay, D. S. 1993. Familial aggregation of female sexual orientation. American Journal of Psychiatry 150: 272–7.Google ScholarPubMed

Bailey, J. M., Bobrow, D., Wolfe, M. and Mikach, S. 1995. Sexual orientation of adult sons of gay fathers. Developmental Psychology 31: 124–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bailey, J. M., Gaulin, S., Agyei, Y. and Gladue, B. A. 1994. Effects of gender and sexual orientation on evolutionarily relevant aspects of human mating psychology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66: 1081–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bailey, J. M. and Pillard, R. C. 1991. A genetic study of male sexual orientation. Archives of General Psychiatry 48: 1089–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bailey, J. M., Pillard, R. C., Dawood, K. et al. 1999. A family history study of male sexual orientation using three independent samples. Behavior Genetics 29: 79–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bailey, J. M., Pillard, R. C., Neale, M. C. and Agyei, Y. 1993. Heritable factors influence sexual orientation in women. Archives of General Psychiatry 50: 217–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bailey, J. M., Willerman, L. and Parks, C. 1991. A test of the maternal stress theory of human homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior 20: 277–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bailey, J. V., Farquhar, C., Owen, C. and Mangtani, P. 2004. Sexually transmitted infections in women who have sex with women. Sexually Transmitted Infections 80: 244–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bailey, N. W. and Zuk, M. 2009. Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24: 439–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bainbridge, D. R. J. 2000. Evolution of mammalian pregnancy in the presence of the maternal immune system. Reviews of Reproduction 5: 67–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baird, A. D., Wilson, S. J., Bladin, P. F., Saling, M. M. and Reutens, D. C. 2003a. The amygdala and sexual drive: insights from temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Annals of Neurology 55: 87–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baird, A. D., Wilson, S. J., Bladin, P. F., Saling, M. M. and Reutens, D. C. 2003b. Sexual outcome after epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy and Behavior 4: 268–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baird, J. B. 2006. The impact of self-esteem, media internalization, sexual orientation, and ethnicity on drive for muscularity in men who workout in gyms. MA thesis, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, USA.Google Scholar

Baker, A. J., Pereira, S. L. and Paton, T. A. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds. Biological Letters 3: 205–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baker, R. R. and Bellis, M. A. 1993a. Human sperm competition: ejaculate adjustment by males and the function of masturbation. Animal Behaviour 46: 861–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, R. R. and Bellis, M. A. 1993b. Human sperm competition: ejaculate manipulation by females and a function for the female orgasm. Animal Behaviour 46: 887–909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bakker, J., van Ophemert, J. and Slob, A. K. 1993. Organization of partner preference and sexual behaviour and its nocturnal rhythmicity in male rats. Behavioral Neuroscience 107: 1049–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bakker, J., Honda, S.-I., Harada, N. and Balthazart, J. 2002a. Sexual partner preference requires a functional aromatase (Cyp19) gene in male mice. Hormones and Behavior 42: 158–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bakker, J., Honda, S.-I., Harada, N. and Balthazart, J. 2002b. The aromatase knock-out mouse provides new evidence that estradiol is required during development in the female for the expression of sociosexual behaviors in adulthood. Journal of Neuroscience 22: 9104–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baldwin, J. D. and Baldwin, J. I. 1989. The socialization of homosexuality and heterosexuality in a non-western society. Archives of Sexual Behavior 18: 13–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldwin, J. D. and Baldwin, J. I. 1997. Gender differences in sexual interest. Archives of Sexual Behavior 26: 181–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baldwin, J. M. 1896. A new factor in evolution. American Naturalist 30: 441–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldwin, J. M. 1902. Development and Evolution. London: MacMillan Co.Google Scholar

Ball, G. F. and Balthazart, J. 2004. Hormonal regulation of brain circuits mediating male sexual behavior in birds. Physiology and Behavior 83: 329–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ballenberghe, V, van and Miquelle, D. G. 1993. Mating in moose: timing, behaviour, and male access patterns. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 1687–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Balsam, K. F. and Mohr, J. J. 2007. Adaptation to sexual orientation stigma: a comparison of bisexual and lesbian/gay adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology 54: 305–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Balthazart, J., Baillien, M., Charlier, T. D., Cornil, C. A. and Ball, G. F. 2003. The neuroendocrinology of reproductive behaviour in Japanese quail. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 25: 69–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Balthazart, J., Castagna, C. and Ball, G. F. 1997. Aromatase inhibition blocks the activation and sexual differentiation of appetitive male sexual behaviour in Japanese quail. Behavioral Neuroscience 111: 381–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bamshad, M., Wooding, S., Salisbury, B. A. and Stephens, J. C. 2004. Deconstructing the relationship between genetics and race. Nature Genetics 5: 598–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bancroft, J. 2005. The endocrinology of sexual arousal. Journal of Endocrinology 186: 411–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bancroft, J., Axworthy, D. and Ratcliffe, S. 1982. The personality and psycho-sexual development of boys with 47 XXY chromosome constitution. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 23: 169–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bancroft, J., Sanders, D., Davidson, D. and Warner, P. 1983. Mood, sexuality, hormones, and the menstrual cycle. III. Sexuality and the role of androgens. Psychosomatic Medicine 45: 509–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bandeira de Melo, L. F., Lima Sabato, M. A., Vaz Magni, E. M., Young, R. J. and Coelho, C. M. 2007. Secret lives of maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger 1815): as revealed by GPS tracking collars. Journal of Zoology, London 271: 27–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bandura, A. 1977. Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Bandura, A. 1989. Social cognitive theory. In: Vasta, R. (Ed.) Annals of Child Development, vol. 6. pp. 1–60. Six theories of child development. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar

Banks, A. and Gartrell, N. K. 1995. Hormones and Sexual orientation: a questionable link. Journal of Homosexuality 28: 247–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Banks, E. M. 1956. Social organization in red jungle fowl hens (Gallus gallus subsp.). Ecology 37: 239–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barash, D. P. 1973. The social biology of the olympic marmot. Animal Behaviour Monographs 6: 171–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barash, D. P. 1974. The social behaviour of the hoary marmot (Marmota caligata). Animal Behaviour 22: 256–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barboza, P. S. and Bowyer, R. T. 2000. Sexual segregation in dimorphic deer: a new gastrocentric hypothesis. Journal of Mammalogy 81: 473–89.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barboza, P. S. and Bowyer, R. T. 2001. Seasonality of sexual segregation in dimorphic deer: extending the gastrocentric model. Alces 37: 275–92.Google Scholar

Barker, F. K., Cibois, A., Schikler, P., Feinstein, J. and Cracraft, J. 2004. Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 101: 11040–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barnett, S. A. 1958. An analysis of social behaviour in wild rats. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 130: 107–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barrette, C. 1977. Social behaviour of captive mutjacs Muntiacus reevesi (Ogilby 1839). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 43: 188–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barrette, C. 1991. The size of axis deer fluid groups in Wilpatu National Park, Sri Lanka. Mammalia 55: 207–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartels, A. and Zeki, S. 2000. The neural basis of romantic love. NeuroReport 11: 3829–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bartlett, N. H. and Vasey, P. L. 2006. A retrospective study of childhood gender-atypical behavior in Samoan fa'afafine. Archives of Sexual Behavior 35: 659–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bartlett, N. H., Vasey, P. L. and Bukowski, W. M. 2000. Is gender identity disorder in children a mental disorder?Sex Roles 43: 753–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartley, A. J., Jones, D. W. and Weinberger, D. R. 1997. Genetic variability of human brain size and cortical gyral patterns. Brain 120: 257–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barton, R. A. 1996. Neocortex size and behavioural ecology in primates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 263: 173–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barton, R. A. 1998. Visual specialization and brain evolution in primates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 265: 1933–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barton, R. A. and Harvey, P. H. 2000. Mosaic evolution of brain structure in mammals. Nature 405: 1055–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bartoš, L. and Holečková, J. 2006. Exciting ungulates: male-male mounting in fallow, white-tailed and red deer. In: Sommer, V. and Vasey, P. L. (eds.) Homosexual Behaviour in Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective, pp. 154–71. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bartoš, L., Sustr, P., Janovsky, P. and Bertagnoli, J. 2003. Sika deer (Cervus nippon) lekking in a free-ranging population in Northern Austria. Folia Zoologica 52: 1–10.Google Scholar

Bateson, P. and Hinde, R. A. 1987. Developmental changes in sensitivity to experience. In: Bornstein, M. H. (ed.) Sensitive Periods in Development, pp. 19–34. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Baucom, D. H. and Danker-Brown, P. 1979. Influence of sex roles on the development of learned helplessness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 47: 928–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bauer, G. R. and Welles, S. L. 2001. Beyond assumptions of negligible risk: sexually transmitted diseases and women who have sex with women. American Journal of Public Health 91: 1282–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bauer, M. and Breed, W. G. 2008. Testis mass of the spinifex hopping mouse and its impact on fertility potential. Journal of Zoology 274: 349–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bauers, K. A. and Hearn, J. P. 1994. Patterns of paternity in relation to male social rank in the stumptail macaque, Macaca arctoides. Behaviour 129: 149–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baum, M. J. 1976. Effects of testosterone propionate administered perinatally on sexual behaviour of female ferrets. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology 90: 399–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baum, M. J. 2006. Mammalian animal models of psychosexual differentiation: when is ‘translation’ to the human situation possible?Hormones and Behavior 50: 579–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baum, M. J. 2009. Sexual differentiation of pheromone processing: links to male-typical mating behavior and partner preference. Hormones and Behaviour 55: 579–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baum, M. J., Brown, J. J. G., Kica, E. et al. 1994. Effect of a null mutation of the c-fos proto-oncogene on sexual behaviour of male mice. Biology of Reproduction 50: 1040–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baum, M. J. and Erskine, M. S. 1984. Effect of neonatal gonadectomy and administration of testosterone on coital masculinization in the ferret. Endocrinology 115: 2440–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baum, M. J., Erskine, M. S., Kornberg, E. and Weaver, C. E. 1990. Prenatal and neonatal testosterone exposure interact to affect differentiation of sexual behaviour and partner preferences in female ferrets. Behavioral Neuroscience 104: 183–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baum, M. J., Gallagher, C. A., Martin, J. T. and Damassa, D. A. 1982. Effects of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or estradiol administered neonatally on sexual behaviour of female ferrets. Endocrinology 111: 773–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baum, M. J. and Kelliher, K. R. 2009. Complementary roles of the main and accessory olfactory systems in mammalian mate recognition. Annual Review of Physiology 71: 141–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baumeister, R. F. 2000. Gender differences in erotic plasticity: the female sex drive as socially flexible and responsive. Psychological Bulletin 126: 347–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beach, F. A. 1942. Comparison of copulatory behaviour of male rats raised in isolation, cohabitation, and segregation. Journal of Genetic Psychology 60: 121–36.Google Scholar

Beach, F. A. 1968. Factors involved in the control of mounting behaviour by female mammals. In: Diamond, M. (Ed.) Perspectives in Reproduction and Sexual Behaviour, pp. 83–131. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Beach, F. A. 1987. Alternative interpretations of the development of G-I/R. In: Reinisch, J. M., Rosenblum, L. A. and Sanders, S. A. (Eds) Masculinity/Femininity: Basic Perspectives, pp. 29–34. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bearman, P. S. and Brückner, H. 2002. Opposite-sex twins and adolescent same-sex attraction. American Journal of Sociology 107: 1179–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Becker, J. T., Bass, S. M., Dew, M. A. et al. 1992. Hand preference, immune system disorder and cognitive function among gay/bisexual men: the Multicenter AIDS/Cohort Study (MACS). Neuropsychologia 30: 229–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beehler, B. and Pruett-Jones, S. G. 1983. Display dispersion and diet of birds of paradise: a comparison of nine species. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 13: 229–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beekman, M., Peeters, C. and O’Riain, M. J. 2006. Developmental divergence: neglected variable in understanding the evolution of reproductive skew in social animals. Behavioral Ecology 17: 622–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beer, J. M. and Horn, J. M. 2000. The influence of rearing order on personality development within two adoption cohorts. Journal of Personality 68: 789–819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beers, J. R. 1996. The desire to parent in gay men. PhD Thesis, Columbia University, USA.Google Scholar

Bell, A. P. 1975. Research in homosexuality: back to the drawing board. Archives of Sexual Behavior 4: 421–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bell, A. P. and Weinberg, M. S. 1978. Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Bell, A. P., Weinberg, M. S. and Hammersmith, S. 1981. Sexual Preference: its Development in Men and Women. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Bellis, M. A. and Baker, R. R. 1990. Do females promote sperm competition? Data for humans. Animal Behaviour 40: 997–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belsky, J., Steinberg, L. and Draper, P. 1991. Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: an evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development 62: 647–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Belthoff, J. R. and Gauthreaux, S. A.. 1991. Partial migration and differential winter distribution of house finches in the Eastern USA. Condor 93: 374–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bem, D. J. 1996. Exotic becomes erotic: a developmental theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review 103: 320–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bem, D. 2008. Is there a causal link between childhood gender nonconformity and adult homosexuality?Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health 12: 61–79.Google Scholar

Bem, S. L. 1974. The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 42: 155–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bem, S. L. 1981. Gender schema theory: a cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review 88: 354–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bem, S. L. 1987. Masculinity and femininity exist only in the mind of the perceiver. In: Reinisch, J. M., Rosenblum, L. A. and Sanders, S. A. (Eds). Masculinity/Femininity: Basic Perspectives, pp. 304–11. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bender, L. C. 2000. Relationships between social group size of Columbian black-tailed deer and habitat cover in Washington. Northwestern Naturalist 81: 49–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bene, E. 1965a. On the genesis of male homosexuality: an attempt at clarifying the role of the parents. British Journal of Psychiatry 111: 803–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bene, E. 1965b. On the genesis of female homosexuality. British Journal of Psychiatry 111: 815–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bennett, E. L. and Sebastian, A. C. 1988. Social organization and ecology of proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in mixed coastal forest in Sarawak. International Journal of Primatology 9: 233–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bennett, P. M. and Owens, I. P. F. 2002. Evolutionary Ecology of Birds: Life Histories, Mating Systems and Extinction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bentz, E.-K., Hefler, L. A., Kaufmann, U., Huber, J. C., Kolbus, A. and Tempfer, C. B. 2008. A polymorphism of the CYP17 gene related to sex steroid metabolism is associated with female-to-male but not male-to-female transexualism. Fertility and Sterility 90: 56–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bercovitch, F. B., Bashaw, M. J. and del Castillo, S. M. 2006. Sociosexual behavior, male mating tactics, and the reproductive cycle of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis. Hormones and Behavior 50: 314–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bergerud, A. T. 1974. Rutting behaviour of Newfoundland caribou. In: Geist, V. and Walther, F. (eds.) The Behaviour of Ungulates and its Relation to Management, pp. 395–435. IUCN Publ. New Ser. 24, Vol. 1.Google Scholar

Berenbaum, S. A. and Bailey, J. M. 2003. Effects on gender identity of prenatal androgens and genital appearance: evidence from girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88: 1102–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berenbaum, S. A., Duck, S. C. and Bryk, K. 2000. Behavioral effects of prenatal versus postnatal androgen excess in children with 21-hydroxylase-deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85: 727–33.Google ScholarPubMed

Berenbaum, S. A. and Hines, M. 1992. Early androgens are related to childhood sex-typed toy preferences. Psychological Science 3: 203–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berenbaum, S. A. and Snyder, E. 1995. Early hormonal influences on childhood sex-typed activity and playmate preferences: implications for development of sexual orientation. Developmental Psychology 31: 31–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berge, C. 1998. Heterochronic processes in human evolution: an ontogenetic analysis of the hominid pelvis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 105: 441–59.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berger, B. J., Kolton, S., Zenilman, J. M. et al. 1995. Bacterial vaginosis in lesbians: a sexually transmitted disease. Clinical Infectious Diseases 21: 1402–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berger, J. 1985. Instances of female-like behaviour in a male ungulate. Animal Behaviour 33: 333–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berger, J. and Gompper, M. E. 1999. Sex ratios in extant ungulates: products of contemporary predation or past life histories?Journal of Mammalogy 80: 1084–1113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bergerud, A. T. and Gratson, M. W. 1988. Survival and breeding strategies of grouse. In: Bergerud, A. T. and Gratson, M. W. (Eds) Adaptive Strategies and Population Ecology of Northern Grouse, pp. 473–577. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Berglund, H., Lindström, P., Dhejne-Helmy, C. and Savic, I. 2008. Male-to-female transsexuals show sex-atypical hypothalamus activation when smelling odorous steroids. Cerebral Cortex 18: 1900–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berglund, H., Lindström, P. and Savic, I. 2006. Brain response to putative pheromones in lesbian women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103: 8269–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berman, L. A. 2003. The Puzzle: Exploring the Evolutionary Puzzle of Male Homosexuality. Wilmette, IL: Godot Press.Google Scholar

Berndt, R. M. and Berndt, C. H. 1992. The World of the First Australians: Aboriginal Traditional life: Past and Present. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. (Ed.) Primate Behavior vol.1, pp. 71–109, New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Bernstein, I. S. 1970. Primate status hierarchies. In: Rosenblum, L. A. (Ed.) Primate Behavior, vol. 1, pp. 71–109. New York: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernstein, I. S. 1975. Activity patterns in a gelada monkey group. Folia Primatologica 23: 50–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernstein, I. S., Judge, P. G. and Ruehlmann, T. E. 1993. Sex differences in adolescent rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) behaviour. American Journal of Primatology 31: 197–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berridge, K. C. 2003. Pleasures of the brain. Brain and Cognition 52: 106–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berry, S. M., Romero, R., Gomez, R. et al. 1995. Premature parturition is characterized by in utero activation of the fetal immune system. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 173: 1315–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berta, A. and Wyss, A. R. 1994. Pinniped phylogeny. In: Berta, A. and Deméré, T. A. (Eds) Contributions in marine mammal paleontology honouring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History 29: 33–56.Google Scholar

Bertram, B. C. R. 1975. Social factors influencing reproduction in wild lions. Journal of Zoology, London 177: 463–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bertram, B. C. R. 1980. Vigilance and group size in ostriches Struthio camelus. Animal Behaviour 28: 278–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bertran, J. and Margalida, A. 1999. Copulatory behavior of the bearded vulture. Condor 101: 164–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bertran, J. and Margalida, A. 2003. Male-male mountings in polyandrous bearded vultures Gypaetus barbatus: an unusual behaviour in raptors. Journal of Avian Biology 34: 334–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beyer, C. 1999. Estrogen and the developing mammalian brain. Anatomical Embryology 199: 379–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bielert, C. and van der Walt, L. A. 1982. Male chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) sexual arousal: mediation by visual cues from female conspecifics. Psychoneuroendocrinology 7: 31–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bigner, J. J. and Jacobsen, R. B. 1989. The value of children to gay and heterosexual fathers. Journal of Homosexuality 18: 163–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Billeter, J.-C., Rideout, E. J., Dornan, A. J. and Goodwin, S. F. 2006. Control of male sexual behaviour in Drosophila by the sex determining pathway. Current Biology 16: R766–R776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P., Gittleman, J. L. and Purvis, A. 1999. Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia). Biological Reviews 74: 143–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bird, A. 2002. DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory. Genes and Development 16: 6–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Birke, L. 2000. Sitting on the fence: biology, feminism and gender-bending environments. Women’s Studies International Forum 23: 587–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Birkhead, T. R. 1978. Behavioural adaptations to high density nesting in the common guillemot Uria aalge. Animal Behaviour 26: 321–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Birkhead, T. R., Hatchwell, B. J., Lindner, R. et al. 2001. Extra-pair paternity in the common murre. Condor 103: 158–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Birkhead, T. R. and Møller, A. P. 1992. Sperm Competition in Birds: Evolutionary Causes and Consequences. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Birkhead, T. R. and Nettleship, D. N. 1984. Alloparental care in the common murre (Uria aalge). Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 2121–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bissett, C. and Bernard, R. T. F. 2007. Habitat selection and feeding ecology of the cheetah (Acinonix jubatus) in thicket vegetation: is the cheetah a savanna specialist?Journal of Zoology, London 271: 310–17.Google Scholar

Black, D., Gates, G., Sanders, S. and Taylor, L. 2000. Demographics of the gay and lesbian population in the United States: evidence from available systematic data sources. Demography 37: 139–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Black, I. B. 1986. Trophic molecules and evolution of the nervous system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 83: 8249–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blackshaw, J. K., Blackshaw, A. W. and McGlone, J. J. 1997. Buller steer syndrome review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 54: 97–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blaffer Hrdy, S. and Whitten, P. L. 1987. Patterning of sexual activity. In: Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W. and Struhsaker, T. T. (Eds). Primate Societies, pp. 370–84. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Blakey, J. K. 1996. Nest-sharing by female Blue Tits. British Birds 89: 279–80.Google Scholar

Blanchard, R. 1991. Clinical observations and systematic studies of autogynephilia. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 17: 235–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blanchard, R. 2001. Fraternal birth order and the maternal immune hypothesis of male homosexuality. Hormones and Behavior 40: 105–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blanchard, R. 2004. Quantitative and theoretical analyses of the relation between older brothers and homosexuality in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology 230: 173–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blanchard, R. 2008a. Review and theory of handedness, birth order, and homosexuality in men. Laterality 13: 51–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blanchard, R. 2008b. Sex ratio of older siblings in heterosexual and homosexual, right-handed and non-right-handed men. Archives of Sexual Behavior 37: 977–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blanchard, R. and Bogaert, A. F. 1996. Homosexuality in men and number of older brothers. American Journal of Psychiatry 153: 27–31.Google ScholarPubMed

Blanchard, R. and Bogaert, A. F. 2004. Proportion of homosexual men who owe their sexual orientation to fraternal birth order: an estimate based on two national probability samples. American Journal of Human Biology 16: 151–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M., Bogaert, A. F., Breedlove, S. M. and Ellis, L. 2006. Interaction of fraternal birth order and handedness in the development of male homosexuality. Hormones and Behavior 49: 405–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blanchard, R. and Klassen, P. 1997. H-Y antigen and homosexuality in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology 185: 373–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blanchard, R., Leonard, H., Clemmensen, B. A. and Steiner, B. W. 1987. Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria. Archives of Sexual Behavior 16: 139–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blanchard, R. and Lippa, R. A. 2008. The sex ratio of older siblings in non-right-handed homosexual men. Archives of Sexual Behavior 37: 970–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blanchard, R., McConkey, J. G., Roper, V. and Steiner, B. W. 1983. Measuring physical aggressiveness in heterosexual, homosexual, and transsexual males. Archives of Sexual Behavior 12: 511–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Cohen-Kettens, P. T., Gooren, L. J. G. and Bailey, J. M. 1996. Birth order and sibling sex ratio in two samples of Dutch gender-disphoric homosexual males. Archives of Sexual Behavior 25: 495–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Siegelman, M., Dickey, R. and Klassen, P. 1998. The relation of birth order to sexual orientation in men and women. Journal of Biosocial Science 30: 511–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blettner, M., Saverbrei, W., Schlehofer, B., Scheuchenpflug, T. and Friedenreich, C. 1999. Traditional reviews, meta-analyses and pooled analyses in epidemiology. International Journal of Epidemiology 28: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Block, J. H. 1973. Conceptions of sex role: some cross-cultural and longitudinal perspectives. American Psychologist 28: 512–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blount, B. G. 1990. Issues in bonobo (Pan paniscus) sexual behavior. American Anthropologist 92: 702–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blum, E. 2004. Does natal territory quality predict human dispersal choices? A test of Emlen’s model of family formation. PhD Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, USA.Google Scholar

Blumstein, D., Daniel, J. C. and Sims, R. A. 2003. Group size but not distance to cover influences agile wallaby (Macropus agilis) time allocation. Journal of Mammalogy 84: 197–204.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blumstein, D. T. and Armitage, K. B. 1999. Cooperative breeding in marmots. Oikos 84: 369–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blumstein, P. and Schwartz, P. 1977. Bisexuality: some social psychological issues. Journal of Social Issues 33: 30–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blurton-Jones, M. M., Roberts, J. A. and Tuszynski, M. H. 1999. Estrogen receptor immunoreactivity in the adult primate brain: Neural distribution and association with p75, trkA, and choline acetyltransferase. Journal of Comparative Neurology 405: 529–42.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bobrow, D. and Bailey, J. M. 2001. Is male homosexuality maintained via kin selection?Evolution and Human Behavior 22: 361–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bocklandt, S. and Hamer, D. H. 2003. Beyond hormones: a novel hypothesis for the biological basis of male sexual orientation. Journal of Endocrinological Investigations 26(Suppl 3): 8–12.Google ScholarPubMed

Bocklandt, S., Horvath, S., Vilain, E. and Hamer, D. H. 2006. Extreme skewing of X chromosome inactivation in mothers of homosexual men. Human Genetics 118: 671–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bogaert, A. F. 1997. Birth order and sexual orientation in women. Behavioral Neuroscience 111: 1395–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bogaert, A. F. 1998. Physical development and sexual orientation in women: height, weight, and age of puberty comparisons. Personality and Individual Differences 24: 115–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bogaert, A. F. 2000. Birth order and sexual orientation in a national probability sample. Journal of Sex Research 37: 361–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bogaert, A. F. 2003a. The interaction of fraternal birth order and body size in male sexual orientation. Behavioral Neuroscience 117: 381–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bogaert, A. F. 2003b. Number of older brothers and sexual orientation: new tests and the attraction/behaviour distinction in two national probability samples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84: 644–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bogaert, A. F. 2004. Asexuality: prevalence and associated factors in a national probability sample. Journal of Sex Research 41: 279–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bogaert, A. F. 2006a. Biological versus nonbiological older brothers and men’s sexual orientation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103: 10771–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bogaert, A. F. 2006b. Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality. Review of General Psychology 10: 241–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bogaert, A. F. 2010. Physical development and sexual orientation in men and women: an analysis of NATSAL-2000. Archives of Sexual Behavior 39: 110–16. DOI 10.007/s10508-008-9398-x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bogaert, A. F. and Blanchard, R. 1996. Physical development and sexual orientation in men: height, weight and age of puberty differences. Personality and Individual Differences 21: 77–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bogaert, A. F. and Cairney, J. 2004. The interaction of birth order and parental age on sexual orientation: an examination in two samples. Journal of Biosocial Science 36: 19–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bogaert, A. F. and Friesen, C. 2002. Sexual orientation and height, weight, and age of puberty: new tests from a British national probability sample. Biological Psychology 59: 135–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bogaert, A. F., Friesen, C. and Klentrou, P. 2002. Age of puberty and sexual orientation in a national probability sample. Archives of Sexual Behavior 31: 73–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bogaert, A. F. and Liu, J. 2006. Birth order and sexual orientation in men: evidence for two independent interactions. Journal of Biosocial Sciences 38: 811–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bolhuis, J. J. 1991. Mechanisms of avian imprinting: a review. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 66: 303–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bolk, L. 1926. On the problem of anthropogenesis. Proceedings of the Section of Sciences, Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam 29: 465–75.Google Scholar

Bolwig, N. 1980. Early social development and emancipation of Macaca nemestrina and species of Papio. Primates 21: 357–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bon, R. and Campan, R. 1989. Social tendencies of the Corsican mouflon Ovis ammon musimon in the Caroux-Espinouse Massif (South of France). Behavioral Processes 19: 57–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bon, R. and Campan, R. 1996. Unexplained sexual segregation in polygamous ungulates: a defense of an ontogenetic approach. Behavioural Processes 38: 131–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bonenfant, C., Loe, L. E., Mysterud, A. et al. 2004. Multiple causes of sexual segregation in European red deer: enlightenments from varying breeding phenology at high and low latitude. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 271: 883–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boonratana, R. 2002. Social organization of proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in the lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 56: 57–75.Google Scholar

Borges, T., Eisele, G. and Byrd, C. 2001. Review of androgenic anabolic steroid use. Report to the Office of Safeguards and Security, US Department of Energy.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Borkowski, J. 2000. Influence of the density of a sika deer population on activity, habitat use, and group size. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1369–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Borner, M., Fitzgibbon, C. D., Borner, M. et al. 1987. The decline of the Serengeti Thomson’s gazelle population. Oecologia 83: 32–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bornstein, S. R. and Chrousos, G. P. 1999. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)- and non-ACTH-mediated regulation of the adrenal cortex: neural and immune inputs. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84: 1729–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bos, H. M. W., Sandfort, T. G. M., de Bruyn, E. H. and Hakvoort, E. M. 2008. Same-sex attraction, social relationships, psychosocial functioning, and school performance in early adolescence. Developmental Psychology 44: 59–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bos, H. M. W., van Balen, F. and van den Boom, D. C. 2003. Planned lesbian families: their desire and motivation to have children. Human Reproduction 18: 2216–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bosch, P. C. and Svendsen, G. E. 1987. Behavior of male and female vicuna (Vicugna vicugna Molina 1782) as it relates to reproductive effort. Journal of Mammalogy 68: 425–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bosinski, H. A. G., Peter, M., Bonatz, G. et al. 1997. A higher rate of hyperandrogenic disorders in female-to-male transsexuals. Psychoneuroendocrinology 22: 361–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bossema, I. and Roemers, E. 1985. Mating strategy, including mate choice, in mallards. Ardea 73: 147–57.Google Scholar

Boswell, J. 1980. Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Boulden, W. T. 2001. Gay men living in a rural environment. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services 12: 63–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourc’his, D. and Bestor, T. H. 2004. Meiotic catastrophe and retrotransposon reactivation in male germ cells lacking Dnmt3L. Nature 431: 96–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bourgeois, J. P. 1997. Synaptogenesis, heterochrony and epigenesis in the mammalian neocortex. Acta Paediatrica Suppl. 422: 27–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bouzat, J. L. 2001. The population genetic structure of the Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) in an agricultural landscape. Biological Conservation 99: 277–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowland, A. E., Bishop, K. S., Taylor, P. J. et al. 2001. Estimation and management of genetic diversity in small populations of plains zebra (Equus quagga) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 29: 563–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowlby, J. 1969 Attachment and Loss, Vol 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Bowyer, R. T. 2004. Sexual segregation in ruminants: definitions, hypotheses, and implications for conservation and management. Journal of Mammalogy 85: 1039–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowyer, R. T., Kie, J. G. and van Ballenberghe, V. 1996. Sexual segregation in black-tailed deer: effects of scale. Journal of Wildlife Management 60: 10–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boyd, L. E. 1991. The behaviour of Przewalski’s horses and its importance to their management. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 29: 301–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boyd, R. and Richerson, P. J. 1985. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Brackbill, H. 1941. Possible homosexual mating of the Rock Dove. Auk 58: 581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bradford, N. J. 1983. Transgenderism and the cult of Yellamma: heat, sex, and sickness in south Indian ritual. Journal of Anthropological Research 39: 307–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Braithwaite, L. W. 1981. Ecological studies of the black swan III. Behaviour and social organization. Australian Wildlife Research 8: 135–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brandth, B. 2002. Gender identity in European family farming: a literature review. Sociologia Ruralis 42: 181–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Branney, P. and White, A. 2008. Big boys don’t cry: depression and men. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 14: 256–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bredesen, D. E., Rao, R. V. and Mehlen, P. 2006. Cell death in the nervous system. Nature 443: 796–802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Breed, G. A., Bowen, W. D., McMillan, J. I. and Leonard, M. L. 2006. Sexual segregation of seasonal foraging habitats in a non-migratory marine mammal. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 273: 2319–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Breed, W. G. 1983. Sexual dimorphism in the Australian hopping mouse, Notomys alexis. Journal of Mammalogy 64: 536–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brennan, T. and Hegarty, P. 2007. Who was Magnus Hirschfeld and why do we need to know?History and Philosophy of Psychology 9: 12–28.Google Scholar

Brereton, A. R. 1995. Coercion-defense hypothesis: the evolution of primate sociality. Folia Primatologica 64: 207–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brett, M. A., Roberts, L. F., Johnson, T. W. and Wassersug, R. J. 2007. Eunuchs in contemporary society: expectations, consequences, and adjustments to castration (Part II). Journal of Sexual Medicine 4: 946–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bribiescas, R. G. 2001. Reproductive ecology and life history of the human male. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 44: 148–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bried, J., Duriez, O. and Juin, G. 1999. A first case of female-female pairing in the black-faced sheathbill Chionis monor. Emu 99: 292–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Briskie, J. V. 1998. Avian genitalia. Auk 115: 826–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

British Broadcasting Corporation 2006. Oslo gay animal show draws crowds. . Downloaded on 4 May 2007.

Britton, D. M. 1990. Homophobia and homosociality: an analysis of boundary maintenance. The Sociological Quarterly 31: 423–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Broad, K. D., Curley, J. P. and Keverne, E. B. 2006. Mother-infant bonding and the evolution of mammalian social relationships. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B 361: 2199–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brockelman, W. Y., Reichard, U., Treesucon, U. and Raemaekers, J. J. 1998. Dispersal, pair formation and social structure in gibbons (Hylobates lar). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 42: 329–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Broders, H. G. and Forbes, G. J. 2004. Interspecific and intersexual variation in roost-site selection of northern long-eared and little brown bats in the Greater Fundy National Park ecosystem. Journal of Wildlife Management 68: 602–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bromhall, C. 2004. The Eternal Child. London: Ebury Press.Google Scholar

Brookhart, J. M. and Dey, F. L. 1941. Reduction of sexual behaviour in male guinea pigs by hypothalamic lesions. American Journal of Physiology 133: 551–4.Google Scholar

Broomhall, L. S., Mills, M. G. L. and DuToit, J. T. 2003. Home range and habitat use by cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in the Kruger National Park. Journal of Zoology 261: 119–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brotto, L. A., Knudson, G., Inskip, J., Rhodes, K. and Erskine, Y. 2010. Asexuality: a mixed-methods approach. Archives of Sexual Behavior 39: 599–618. DOI 10.1007/s10508-008-9434-x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brown, C. R. and Brown, M. B. 1988. Genetic evidence of multiple parentage in broods of cliff swallows. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 23: 379–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, C. R. and Brown, M. B. 1996. Coloniality in the Cliff Swallow. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Brown, C. R., Covas, R., Anderson, M. D. and Brown, M. B. 2003. Multistate estimates of survival and movement in relation to colony size in the social weaver. Behavioral Ecology 14: 463–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, J. L. 1987. Helping and Communal Breeding in Birds: Ecology and Evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, K. M. 1998. Proximate and ultimate causes of adoption in ring-billed gulls. Animal Behaviour 56: 1520–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brown, M. B. and Brown, C. R. 1988. Access to winter food sources by bright-versus dull colored house finches. Condor 90: 729–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, M. F., Gratton, T. P. and Stuart, J. A. 2007. Metabolic rate does not scale with body mass in cultured mammalian cells. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 292: R2115–R2121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, W. M., Finn, C. J. and Breedlove, S. M. 2002a. Sexual dimorphism in digit-length ratios of laboratory mice. Anatomical Record 267: 231–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brown, W. M., Finn, C. J., Cooke, B. M. and Breedlove, S. M. 2002b. Differences in finger length ratios between self-identified “butch” and “femme” lesbians. Archive of Sexual Behavior 31: 123–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Browne, P., Place, N. J., Vidal, J. D. et al. 2006. Endocrine differentiation of fetal ovaries and testes of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta): timing of androgen-independent versus androgen-driven genital development. Reproduction 132: 649–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Browne, S. J. 2004. Some aspects of chaffinch Fringilla coelebs biology, based on an analysis of individuals ringed during 1991 to 2003 in Norfolk, England. Ringing and Migration 22: 75–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bruce, L. L. and Butler, A. B. 1984. Telencephalic connections in lizards. I. Projections to cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology 229: 585–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brugger, C. and Taborsky, M. 1994. Male incubation and its effect on reproductive success in the black swan, Cygnus atratus. Ethology 96: 138–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bu, L. and Lephart, E. D. 2007. AVPV neurons containing estrogen receptor-beta in adult male rats are influenced by soy isoflavones. BMC Neuroscience 8: 13–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bubela, T. M. and Happold, D. C. D. 1993. The social organization and mating system of an Australian subalpine rodent, the broad-toothed rat, Mastacomys fuscus Thomas. Wildlife Research 20: 405–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bucala, R., Lahita, R. G., Fishman, J. and Cerami, A. 1987. Anti-oestrogen antibodies in users of oral contraceptives, and in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 67:167–75.Google ScholarPubMed

Buchanan, O. M. 1966. Homosexual behaviour in wild orange-fronted parakeets. Condor 68: 399–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buechner, H. K. and Schloeth, R. 1965. Ceremonial mating behaviour in Uganda kob (Adenota kob thomasi Neumann). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 22: 209–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buhrich, N., Bailey, J. M. and Martin, N. G. 1991. Sexual orientation, sexual identity, and sex-dimorphic behaviors in male twins. Behavior Genetics 21: 75–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bullough, V. L. 2004. Sex will never be the same: the contributions of Alfred C. Kinsey. Archives of Sexual Behavior 33: 277–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burgdorf, J. and Panksepp, J. 2006. The neurobiology of positive emotions. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 30: 173–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burger, A. E. 1981. Time budgets, energy needs and kleptoparasitism in breeding Lesser Sheathbills (Chionis minor). Condor 83: 106–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burger, J. and Burger, C. G. 1975. Territoriality in the Laughing Gull (L. atricilla). Behaviour 55: 301–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burger, J. and Shisler, J. 1978. Nest site selection and competitive interactions of herring and laughing gulls in New Jersey. Auk 95: 252–66.Google Scholar

Burish, M. J., Kueh, H. Y. and Wang, S. S.-H. 2004. Brain architecture and social complexity in modern and ancient birds. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 63: 107–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burke, A. C., Nelson, C. E., Morgan, B. A. and Tabin, C. 1995. Hox genes and the evolution of vertebrate axial morphology. Development 121: 333–46.Google ScholarPubMed

Burley, N. T. and Foster, V. S. 2004. Digit ratio varies with sex, egg order and strength of mate preference in zebra finches. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 271: 239–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burley, N. T. and Symanski, R. 1998. “A taste for the beautiful”: Latent aesthetic mate preferences for white crests in two species of Australian grassfinches. American Naturalist 152: 792–802.Google ScholarPubMed

Burr, C. 1993. Homosexuality and biology. The Atlantic Monthly March issue: 47–65.Google Scholar

Buss, D. M. 1989. Sex difference in human mate preferences: evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12: 1–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buss, D. M. 1995. Evolutionary psychology: a new paradigm for psychological science. Psychological Inquiry 6: 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buss, D. M., Abbott, M., Angleitner, A. et al. 1990. International preferences in selecting mates: a study of 37 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 21: 5–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buss, I. O. and Smith, N. S. 1966. Observations on reproduction and breeding behaviour of the African elephant. Journal of Wildlife Management 30: 375–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buss, R. R., Sun, W. and Oppenheim, R. W. 2006. Adaptive roles of programmed cell death during nervous system development. Annual Reviews of Neuroscience 29: 1–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Buston, P. M., Reeve, H. K., Cant, M. A., Vegrencamp, S. L. and Emlen, S. T. 2007. Reproductive skew and the evolution of group dissolution tactics: a synthesis of concession and restraint models. Animal Behaviour 74: 1643–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Butterstein, G. M., Schadler, M. H., Lysogorski, E., Robin, L. and Sipperly, S. 1985. A naturally occurring plant compound, 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone, stimulates reproductive responses in rats. Biology of Reproduction 32: 1018–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Buunk, B. P., Dijkstra, P., Fetchenhauer, D. and Kenrick, D. T. 2002. Age and gender differences in mate selection criteria for various involvement levels. Personal Relationships 9: 271–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Byers, J. A. and Bekoff, M. 1981. Social, spacing, and cooperative behavior of the collared peccary, Tayassu tajacu. Journal of Mammalogy 62: 767–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Byne, W. 1994. The biological evidence challenged. Scientific American 270: 26–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Byne, W. 1998. The medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic regions of the rhesus monkey: cytoarchitectonic comparison with the human and evidence for sexual dimorphism. Brain Research 783: 346–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Byne, W., Lasco, M. S., Kemether, E. et al. 2000. The interstitial nuclei of the human anterior hypothalamus: an investigation of sexual variation in volume and cell size, number and density. Brain Research 856: 254–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Byne, W. and Parsons, B. 1993. Human sexual orientation: the biologic theories reappraised. Archives of General Psychiatry 50: 228–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Byne, W., Tobet, S., Mattiace, L. A. et al. 2001. The interstitial nuclei of the human anterior hypothalamus: an investigation of variation with sex, sexual orientation, and HIV status. Hormones and Behavior 40: 86–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Byrne, R. W. and Whiten, A. 1988. Machiavellian Intelligence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Cabón-Raczyńska, K., Krasińska, M., Krasiński, Z. A. and Wójcik, J. M. 1987. Rhythm of daily activity and behaviour of European bison in the Białowieża forest in the period without snow cover. Acta Theriologica 32: 335–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cáceres, M., Lachuer, J., Zapala, M. A. et al. 2003. Elevated gene expression levels distinguish human from non-human primate brains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100: 13030–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caister, L. E., Shields, W. M. and Gosser, A. 2003. Female tannin avoidance: a possible explanation for habitat and dietary segregation of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta) in Niger. African Journal of Ecology 41: 201–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caldwell, D. K. and Caldwell, M. C. 1977. Cetaceans. In: Sebeok, T. A. (Ed.) How Animals Communicate, pp. 794–808. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Caldwell, J. D. 1992. Central oxytocin and female sexual behaviour. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 652: 166–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caldwell, J. D., Johns, J. M., Faggin, B. M., Senger, M. A. and Pedersen, C. A. 1994. Infusion of an oxytocin antagonist into the medial preoptic area prior to progesterone inhibits sexual receptivity and increases rejection in female rats. Hormones and Behavior 28: 288–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Caldwell, M. A. and Peplau, L. A. 1984. The balance of power in lesbian relationships. Sex Roles 10: 27–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Calhim, S., Shi, J. and Dunbar, R. I. M. 2006. Sexual segregation among feral goats: testing between alternative hypotheses. Animal Behaviour 72: 31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campagna, C. and Lewis, M. 1992. Growth and distribution of a Southern elephant seal colony. Marine Mammal Science 8: 387–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, R. A., Gales, N. J., Lento, G. M. and Baker, C. S. 2008. Islands in the sea: extreme female natal site fidelity in the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea. Biology Letters 4: 139–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Camperio-Ciani, A., Cermelli, P. and Zanzotto, G. 2008a. Sexually antagonistic selection in human male homosexuality. PloS ONE 3: e2282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Camperio-Ciani, A., Corna, F. and Capiluppi, C. 2004. Evidence for maternally inherited factors favouring male homosexuality and promoting female fecundity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 271: 2217–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Camperio-Ciani, A., Iemmola, F. and Blecher, S. R. 2008b. Genetic factors increase fecundity in female maternal relatives of bisexual men as in homosexuals. Journal of Sexual Medicine 6: 449–55.Google Scholar

Campos-Outcalt, D. and Hurwitz, S. 2002. Female-to-female transmission of syphilis: a case report. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29: 119–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cant, M. A. 1998. A model for the evolution of reproductive skew without reproductive suppression. Animal Behaviour 55: 163–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cant, M. A. and Johnstone, R. A. 2000. Power struggles, dominance testing, and reproductive skew. American Naturalist 155: 406–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Paterson, A. D. and Bogaert, A. F. 2002. How many gay men owe their sexual orientation to fraternal birth order?Archives of Sexual Behavior 31: 63–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cao, L., Liu, Z., Wang, X. et al. 2005. Winter group size and comparison of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) in the Helan Mountains, China. Acta Theriologica Sinica 25: 200–4.Google Scholar