Second Corinthians is Paul's great apology in which he opens wide his heart and wants the Corinthians to do the same (6.11–13). In it Paul defends his perceived inconsistencies while morally educating the Corinthians in matters of forgiveness, faithfulness, and sacrificial service. Paul argued that since God approved his ministry, so should the Corinthians. Although interpreters dispute the apologetic nature of Galatians and portions of 1 Corinthians, I would maintain that Paul in 2 Corinthians leaves little doubt of his intentions (7.2; 12.19). Paul's apology in 2 Corinthians is masterfully on a par with the epideictic rhetoric of 1 Thessalonians (Jewett, 1986) and the deliberative rhetoric in 1 Corinthians (M. Mitchell, 1991). Paul's repertoire is complete.

By investigating 2 Corinthians through Greco-Roman rhetorical theory and practice I have addressed the question of the unity of 2 Corinthians. I have focused primarily on disposition, invention, and exigency. From a methodological viewpoint I hope that this monograph will contribute to the goal of the “complete analysis of New Testament rhetoric,” to use Judge's words (1968, p. 45). I expect that it will initiate further discussion and debate on the nature and character of Pauline rhetoric.

My particular thesis is that Paul deliberately fashioned 2 Corinthians in conformity with forensic practice in the Greco-Roman tradition. Specifically, he was responding to damaging charges about his methods and growing suspicions about his motivations. Therefore, he constructed an official apologetic letter.