Africa Watch Committee. 1990. Somalia: A Government at War with Its Own People. New York: Africa Watch Committee.Google Scholar

Afzerlius, Adam. 1967. Sierra Leone Journal 1795–1796. Uppsala, Sweden: Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensa.Google Scholar

Ahmed, Ismail. 2000. “Remittances and Their Economic Impact in Post-War Somaliland.” Disasters 24: 380–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Akerlof, George. 1997. “Social Distance and Social Decisions.” Econometrica 65: 1005–1028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Akerlof, George, and Kranton, Rachel. 2000. “Economics and Identity.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115: 715–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, Baqir, Reza, and Easterly, William. 1999. “Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114: 1234–1284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, Devleeschauwer, Arnaud, Easterly, William, Kurlat, Sergio, and Wacziarg, Romain. 2003. “Fractionalization.” Journal of Economic Growth 8: 155–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, and La Ferrara, Eliana. 2002. “Who Trusts Others?” Journal of Public Economics 85: 207–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, and Spolaore, Enrico. 2003. The Size of Nations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Anderson, Annelise. 1979. The Business of Organized Crime: A Cosa Nostra Family. Palo Alto: The Hoover Institution.Google Scholar

Anderson, David A. 1999. “The Aggregate Burden of Crime.” Journal of Law and Economics 42: 611–642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, Gary M., and Gifford, Jr Adam. 1991. “Privateering and the Private Production of Naval Power.” Cato Journal 11: 99–122.Google Scholar

Anderson, Gary M., and Gifford, Jr Adam. 1995. “Order Out of Anarchy: The International Law of War.” Cato Journal 15: 25–38.Google Scholar

Anderson, Terry L., Benson, Bruce L., and Flanagan, Thomas E.. 2006. Self-Determination: The Other Path for Native Americans. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Anderson, Terry L., and Hill, Peter J.. 2004. The Not So Wild, Wild West: Property Rights on the Frontier. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google ScholarPubMed

Anderson, Terry L., and McChesney, Fred S.. 2002. Property Rights: Cooperation, Conflict and Law. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Arlacchi, Pino. 1988. Mafia Business: The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Armstrong, Robert. 1883. The History of Liddesdale, Eskdale, Ewesdale, Wauchopdale, and the Debateable Land. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Arnot, Frederick S. 1889. Garenganze; or, Seven Years’ Pioneer Mission Work in Central Africa. London: James E. Hawkins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arnot, Frederick S. 1893. Bihe and Garenganze; or Four Years Further Work and Travel in Central Africa. London: James E. Hawkins.Google Scholar

Ashworth, Tony. 1980. Trench Warfare, 1914–1918: The Live and Let Live System. New York: Holmes and Meier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Auty, Richard M. 2001. “The Political Economy of Resource-Driven Growth.” European Economic Review 46: 839–846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Axelrod, Robert. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Baland, Jean-Marie, and Francois, Patrick. 2000. “Rent-Seeking and Resource Booms.” Journal of Development Economics 61: 527–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Balfour, James. 1754. Practicks: Or a System of the More Ancient Law of Scotland. Edinburgh: Printed by Thomas and Walter Ruddimans, for A. Kincaid and A. Donaldson.Google Scholar

Baptista, P.J. 1873. “Journey of the ‘Pombeiros.’” In: The Lands of Cazembe: Lacerda's Journey to Cazembe, and Journey of Pombeiros, etc., edited by Burton, Richard F., pp. 167–244. London: John Murray.Google Scholar

Barclay, Harold. 1990. People without Government: An Anthropology of Anarchy. London: Kahn and Averill.Google Scholar

Barton, R.F. 1967. “Procedure among the Ifugao.” In: Law and Warfare, edited by Bohannan, Paul, pp. 161–182. Garden City: The Natural History Press.Google Scholar

Bates, Robert H. 1983. Essays on the Political Economy of Central Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bates, Robert H., Greif, Avner, and Singh, Smita. 2002. “Organizing Violence.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46: 599–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bauer, Peter T. 1954. West African Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Becker, Gary S. 1968. “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach.” Journal of Political Economy 76: 169–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Becker, Gary S., and Stigler, George J.. 1974. “Law Enforcement, Malfeasance, and Compensation of Enforcers.” Journal of Legal Studies 3: 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beito, David, Gordon, Peter, and Tabbarok, Alexander, editors. 2002. The Voluntary City: Choice, Community and Civil Society. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Bell, Richard. 1605. Bell Manuscript.

Benson, Bruce L. 1989a. “Enforcement of Private Property Rights in Primitive Societies: Law without Government.” Journal of Libertarian Studies 9: 1–26.Google Scholar

Benson, Bruce L. 1989b. “The Spontaneous Evolution of Commercial Law.” Southern Economic Journal 55: 644–661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benson, Bruce L. 1990. The Enterprise of Law: Justice without the State. San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy.Google Scholar

Benson, Bruce L. 1998. To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal Justice. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar

Benson, Bruce L. 1999. “An Economic Theory of the Evolution of Governance and the Emergence of the State.” Review of Austrian Economics 12: 131–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berman, Harold. 1983. Law and Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bernstein, Lisa. 1992. “Opting Out of the Legal System: Extralegal Contractual Relations in the Diamond Industry.” Journal of Legal Studies 21: 115–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Betagh, William. 1728. A Voyage Round the World…London: Printed for T. Combes.Google Scholar

Bishop, Matthew. 1744. The Life and Adventures of Matthew Bishop…London: Printed for J. Bridley.Google Scholar

Bisson, T.N. 1994. “Feudal Revolution.” Past and Present 142: 6–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bliege Bird, Rebecca. 1999. “Cooperation and Conflict: The Behavioral Ecology of the Sexual Division of Labor.” Evolutionary Anthropology 8: 65–75.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Böckstiegal, K.-H. 1984. Arbitration and State Enterprises: A Survey of the National and International State of Law and Practice. Deventer, Netherlands: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers.Google Scholar

Boettke, Peter J. 1990. The Political Economy of Soviet Socialism: The Formative Years, 1918–1928. Boston: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boettke, Peter J. 2012a. “Anarchism and Austrian Economics.” New Perspectives on Political Economy 7: 125–140.Google Scholar

Boettke, Peter J. 2012b. “An Anarchist's Reflection on the Political Economy of Everyday Life.” Review of Austrian Economics 25: 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bohannan, Paul. 1968. “Stateless Societies.” In: Problems in African History, edited by Collins, Robert, pp. 170–172. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Botelho de Vasconcellos, Alexandre Jose. 1844 [1873]. “Annaes Maritimos e Coloniais.” In: Lacerda's Journey to Cazembe, and Journey of Pombeiros, etc., edited by Burton, Richard F., pp. 24–25. London: John Murray.Google Scholar

Bowes, Robert. 1551. Manuscript of Sir Robert Bowes.

Bromley, J.S. 1987. Corsairs and Navies 1660–1760. London: The Hambledon Press.Google Scholar

Buchanan, James M. 1975. The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Buchanan, James M., and Tullock, Gordon. 1962. The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buchner, Max. 1883. “Das Reich des Mwata Yamvo und seine Nachbarlander.” Deutsche Geographische Blatter 1: 56–67.Google Scholar

Bucquoy, Jacobus de. 1744. Zestien Jaarige Reis nass de Inidien gedan door Jacob de Bucquoy. Harlem: Bosch.Google Scholar

Burnett, John S. 2002. Dangerous Waters: Modern Piracy and Terror on the High Seas. New York: Plume.Google Scholar

Bush, Winston C., and Mayer, Lawrence S.. 1974. “Some Implications of Anarchy for the Distribution of Property Rights.” Journal of Economic Theory 8: 401–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

California Department of Justice. 2003. Organized Crime in California: Annual Report to the California Legislature 2003. Available at: .

Cameron, Verney Lovett. 1877. Across Africa. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Capello, Hermengildo, and Ivens, Roberto. 1969. From Benguella to the Territory of Yacca, translated by Elwes, Alfred. New York: Negro Universities Press.Google Scholar

Casella, Alessandra. 1996. “On Market Integration and the Development of Institutions: The Case of International Commercial Arbitration.” European Economic Review 40: 155–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chang, Juin-Jen, Lu, Huei-Chung, and Chen, Mingshen. 2005. “Organized Crime or Individual Crime: Endogenous Size of a Criminal Organization and the Optimal Law Enforcement.” Economic Inquiry 43: 661–675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

CIA World Factbook. 2006. Somalia. Available at: .

CIA World Factbook. 2007. Somalia. Available at: .

Clay, Karen. 1997. “Trade without Law: Private-Order Institutions in Mexican California.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 13: 202–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coase, Ronald H. 1960. “The Problem of Social Cost.” Journal of Law and Economics 3: 1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coggeshall, George. 1856. A History of American Privateers and Letters of Marque. New York: By and for the author.Google Scholar

Coggins, Jack. 2002. Ships and Seamen of the American Revolution. New York: Dover.Google Scholar

Cohen, Abner. 1969. Custom and Politics in Urban Africa: A Study of Hausa Migrants in Yoruba Towns. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Coillard, Francois. 1897. On the Threshold of Central Africa, translated by Mackintosh, Catherine. London: Hodder and Stoughton.Google Scholar

Colson, Elizabeth. 1969. “African Society at the Time of the Scramble.” In: Colonialism in Africa 1870–1960: The History and Politics of Colonialism 1870–1914, Vol. 1, edited by Gann, L.H. and Duignan, Peter, pp. 27–65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cordingly, David, editor. 1996. Pirates: Terror on the High Seas – From the Caribbean to the South China Sea. Atlanta: Turner Publishing.Google Scholar

Cordingly, David. 2006. Under the Black Flag. New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Cotrugli, Benedetto. 1573. Della mercatura et del mercante perfetto. Venice.Google Scholar

Coyne, Christopher J. 2006. “Reconstructing Weak and Failed States: Foreign Intervention and the Nirvana Fallacy.” Foreign Policy Analysis 2: 343–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Craig, W. Laurence, Park, William, and Paulsson, Ian. 2000. International Chamber of Commerce Arbitration. New York: Oceana Publications.Google Scholar

Crawford, David. 1914. Thinking Black: 22 Years without a Break in the Long Grass of Central Africa. London: Morgan and Scott.Google Scholar

Crowhurst, Patrick. 1977. The Defence of British Trade 1689–1815. Chatham: Dawson.Google Scholar

Crowhurst, Patrick. 1989. The French War on Trade: Privateering 1793–1815. Aldershot: Scolar Press.Google Scholar

Crowhurst, Patrick. 1997. “Experience, Skill and Luck: French Privateering Expeditions, 1792–1815.” In: Pirates and Privateers: New Perspectives on the War on Trade in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, edited by Starkey, David J., van Eyck van Heslinga, E.S., and de Moor, J.A., pp. 155–170. Exeter: University of Exeter Press.Google Scholar

Curraoin, Tomás Ó. 1963. “The Maledictions in the Psalms.” Furrow 14: 421–429.Google Scholar

Curtin, Philp, Feierman, Steven, Thompson, Leonard, and Vansina, Jan. 1995. African History: From Earliest Times to Independence. New York: Longman.Google Scholar

Dampier, William. 1697–1707 [2005]. Buccaneer Explorer: William Dampier's Voyages, edited by Norris, Gerald. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.Google Scholar

David, Rene. 1985. Arbitration in International Trade. Deventer, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers.Google Scholar

Davies, Louise Sarah. 1973. The Sasswood Ordeal of the West Atlantic Tribes of Sierra Leone and Liberia: An Ethnohistoriographic Survey. MA Thesis, Portland State University.Google Scholar

Davis, Ralph. 1962. The Rise of the English Shipping Industry in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

De Long, Bradford, and Shleifer, Andrei. 1993. “Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution. Journal of Law and Economics 36: 671–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Demsetz, Harold. 1969. “Information and Efficiency: Another Viewpoint.” Journal of Law and Economics 10: 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dias de Carvalho, Henrique Augusto. 1890. Ethnographia e historia tradicional dos povos da Lunda (Expedicao portugueza ao Muatianvua, vol. 5). Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dick, Andrew R. 1995. “When Does Organized Crime Pay? A Transaction Cost Analysis.” International Review of Law and Economics 15: 25–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DiIulio, Jr., John J. 1996. “Help Wanted: Economists, Crime and Public Policy.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 10: 3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dixit, Avinash K. 2004. Lawlessness and Economics: Alternative Modes of Governance. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Dixit, Avinash K. 2003. “Trade Expansion and Contract Enforcement.” Journal of Political Economy 111: 1293–1317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dole, Gertrude. 1966. “Anarchy without Chaos: Alternatives to Political Authority among the Kuikuru.” In: Political Anthropology, edited by Swartz, Marc, Turner, Victor, and Tuden, Arthur, pp. 73–87. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar

Downing, Clement. 1737 [1924]. A History of the Indian Wars, edited by Foster, William. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Duby, Georges. 1977. The Chivalrous Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Dunbabin, Jean. 1985. France in the Making, 843–1180. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Easterly, William. 2001. “Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict?” Economic Development and Cultural Change 49: 687–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Easterly, William, and Levine, Ross. 1997. “Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112: 1203–1250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Evans-Pritchard, E.E. 1937. Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Evans-Pritchard, E.E. 1940 [1980]. The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Exquemelin, Alexander O. 1678 [2000]. The Buccaneers of America, translated by Brown, Alexis. Mineola: Dover.Google Scholar

Fanning, Nathaniel. 1912. Fanning's Narrative, Being the Memoirs of Nathaniel Fanning, an Officer of the Revolutionary Navy, 1778–1783, edited by Barnes, John S.. New York: Naval History Society.Google Scholar

Fearon, James, and Laitin, David. 1996. “Explaining Interethnic Cooperation.” American Political Science Review 90: 715–735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2008. Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts Subject File: La Nuestra Familia. Available at: .

Foreign Policy/Fund for Peace. 2007. Failed States Index 2007. Available at: .

Fraser, George MacDonald. 1995. The Steel Bonnets: The Story of the Anglo-Scottish Border Reivers. London: Harper Collins.Google Scholar

Friedman, David. 1973. The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism. Chicago: Open Court Publishing.Google Scholar

Friedman, David. 1979. “Private Creation and Enforcement of Law: A Historical Case.” Journal of Legal Studies 8: 399–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fuentes, Nina. 2006. The Rise and Fall of the Nuestra Familia. Jefferson, WI: Know Gangs Publishing.Google Scholar

Furbank, Philip N., and Owens, W.R.. 1988. The Canonisation of Daniel Defoe. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Gambetta, Diego. 1993. The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Gambetta, Diego. 1994. “Inscrutable Markets.” Rationality and Society 6: 353–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gambetta, Deigo. 2009. Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Garitee, Jerome R. 1977. The Republic's Private Navy. Middletown: Mystic Seaport/Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar

Garoupa, Nuno. 2000. “The Economics of Organized Crime and Optimal Law Enforcement.” Economic Inquiry 38: 278–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geary, Patrick J. 1991. Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Geary, Patrick J. 1995. Living with the Dead in the Middle Ages. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Gettleman, Jeffery, and Mazzetti, Mark. 2006. “Somalia's Islamists and Ethiopia Gird for War.” New York Times, December 14.

Gibbons, Alfred St. Hill. 1904. Africa from South to North through Marotseland. 2 vols. London: John Lane.Google Scholar

Gifford, Adam. 1993. “The Economic Organization of 17th- through Mid-19th Century Whaling and Shipping.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 20: 137–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glaeser, Edward L., Sacerdote, Bruce, and Scheinkman, Jose A.. 1996. “Crime and Social Interactions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 111: 507–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goeje, M.J. de. 1909. “International Handelsverkeer in de Middeleeuwen.” Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappan, Afdeeling Letter-kunde 9: 245–269.Google Scholar

Gosse, Philip. 1946. The History of Piracy. New York: Tudor Publishing Company.Google Scholar

Graca, Joaquim. 1890. “Expedicao ao Muatayanvua. Diario de Joaquim Rodrigues Graca.” Boletim da Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa 9a ser: 365–468.

Greif, Avner, Milgrom, Paul, and Barry, R. Weingast. 1994. “Coordination, Commitment, and Enforcement: The Case of the Merchant Guild.” Journal of Political Economy 102: 745–776.Google Scholar

Grossman, Herschel. 1998. “Producers and Predators.” Pacific Economic Review 3: 169–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grossman, Herschel, and Kim, Minseong. 2002. “Predation, Efficiency and Inequality.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 127: 393–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haddock, David. 2002. “Force, Threat, Negotiation: The Private Enforcement of Rights.” In: Property Rights: Cooperation, Conflict, and Law, edited by Anderson, Terry L. and McChesney, Fred S., pp. 168–194. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Hale, Sarah J. 1853. Liberia; or, Mr. Peyton's Experiments. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers.Google Scholar

Harding, Colin. 1905. In Remotest Barotseland. London: Hurst and Blackett, Ltd.Google Scholar

Harley, George Way. 1970. Native African Medicine: With Special Reference to Its Practice in the Mano Tribe of Liberia. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar

Hart, Oliver, and Moore, John. 1988. “Incomplete Contracts and Renegotiation.” Econometrica 56: 755–785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hashim, Alice. 1997. The Fallen State: Dissonance, Dictatorship and Death in Somalia. Lanham: University Press of America.Google Scholar

Hassan, Mohamed Olad. 2007. “UNICEF: Somali Kids Urgently Need Food.” Associated Press, September 12.

Hausken, Kjell. 2004. “Mutual Raiding of Production and the Emergence of Exchange.” Economic Inquiry 42: 572–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hayek, Friedrich A. 1944. The Road to Serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Hayward, Aurthur L., editor. 1735 [1874]. Lives of the Most Remarkable Criminals…Collected from Original Papers and Authentic Memoirs. 2 vols. London: Reeves and Turner.

Hening, E.F. 1850. History of the African Mission of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States with Memoirs of Deceased Missionaries, and Notices of Native Customs. New York: Stanford and Swords.Google Scholar

Hirshleifer, Jack. 1988. “The Analytics of Continuing Conflict.” Synthese 76: 201–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hirshleifer, Jack. 1994. “The Dark Side of the Force.” Economic Inquiry 32: 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hirshleifer, Jack. 1995. “Anarchy and its Breakdown.” Journal of Political Economy 103: 26–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hirshleifer, Jack. 2001. The Dark Side of the Force: Economic Foundations of Conflict Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hobbes, Thomas. 1651 [1955]. Leviathan. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Hoebel, E. Adamson. 1954. The Law of Primitive Man. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Holcombe, Randall G. 2004. “Government: Unnecessary but Inevitable.” Independent Review 8: 325–342.Google Scholar

Howell, Paul. 1968. “Nuer Society.” In: Problems in African History, edited by Collins, Robert, pp. 190–210. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Hughes, Jonathan, and Cain, Louis P.. 1994. American Economic History, 4th edition. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar

Iannaccone, Laurence. 1992. “Sacrifice and Stigma: Reducing Free-Riding in Cults, Communes, and Other Collectives.” Journal of Political Economy 100: 271–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ICC. 2002. International Court of Arbitration Bulletin, Spring 13(1).

ICC. 2001. International Court of Arbitration Bulletin, Spring 12(1).

ICDR. 2002. Press Release.

IMF. 2006. International Financial Statistics Online. Available at: .

Isser, Deborah H., Lubkemann, Stephen C., and N’Tow, Saah. 2009. Looking for Justice: Liberian Experiences With and Perceptions of Local Justice Options. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar

Jameson, J. Franklin, editor. 1923. Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period. New York: Augustus M. Kelley.Google Scholar

Jankowski, Martin Sanchez. 1991. Islands in the Streets: Gangs and American Urban Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Jennings, William. 1984. “A Note on the Economics of Organized Crime.” Eastern Economic Journal 10: 315–321.Google Scholar

Johnson, Charles. 1726–1728 [1999]. A General History of the Pyrates: From Their First Rise and Settlement in the Islands…to which is Added a Short Abstract of Statue and Civil Law, in Relation to Pyracy, edited by Schonhorn, Manuel. New York: Dover.Google Scholar

Johnston, James. 1893. Reality versus Romance in South Central Africa. London: Hodder and Stoughton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaminski, Marek. 2004. Games Prisoners Play: The Tragicomic Worlds of Polish Prison. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Kinkor, Kenneth J. 2001. “Black Men under the Black Flag.” In: Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader, edited by Pennell, C.R., pp. 195–210. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar

Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. 1955. “On Swearing: An Account of Some Judicial Oaths in Northern Nigeria.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 25: 43–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klein, Benjamin, Crawford, Robert, and Alchian, Armen. 1978. “Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process.” Journal of Law and Economics 21: 297–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Knox, George W. 2004. “The Melanics: A Gang Profile Analysis.” In: Gang Profiles: An Anthology, edited by Knox, George W. and Robinson, Curtis, pp. 205–280. Peotone: New Chicago School Press.Google Scholar

Knox, George W. 2006. An Introduction to Gangs. Peotone: New Chicago School Press.Google Scholar

Konrad, Kai A., and Skaperdas, Stergios. 1997. “Credible Threats in Extortion.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 33: 23–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Konrad, Kai A., and Skaperdas, Stergios. 1998. “Extortion.” Economica 65: 461–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Konstam, Angus. 2002. The History of Pirates. Guilford: The Lyons Press.Google Scholar

Konstam, Angus. 2007. Scourge of the Seas: Buccaneers, Pirates and Privateers. New York: Osprey.Google Scholar

Landa, Janet T. 1981. “A Theory of the Ethnically Homogeneous Middleman Group: An Institutional Alternative to Contract Law.” Journal of Legal Studies 10: 349–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Landa, Janet T. 1994. Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity: Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract law, and Gift-Exchange. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Landes, William M., and Posner, Richard A.. 1975. “The Private Enforcement of Law.” Journal of Legal Studies 4: 1–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lansdowne Manuscript. Appox. 1450–1500.

Lapsley, Gaillard Thomas. 1900. “A Study in English Border History.” American Historical Review 5: 440–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lazear, Edward P. 1999. “Culture and Language.” Journal of Political Economy 107: S95–S126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leeson, Peter T. 2005. “Endogenizing Fractionalization.” Journal of Institutional Economics 1: 75–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leeson, Peter T. 2008. “How Important is State Enforcement for Trade?” American Law and Economics Review 10(1): 61–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leeson, Peter T. 2010a. “Rational Choice, Round Robin, and Rebellion: An Institutional Solution to the Problems of Revolution.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 73: 297–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leeson, Peter T. 2010b. “Pirational Choice: The Economics of Infamous Pirate Practices.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 76: 497–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leeson, Peter T. 2010c. “Rationality, Pirates, and the Law: A Retrospective.” American University Law Review 59: 1219–1230.Google Scholar

Leeson, Peter T. 2011. “Trial by Battle.” Journal of Legal Analysis 3: 341–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leeson, Peter T. 2012a. “Poking Hobbes in the Eye: A Plea for Mechanism in Anarchist History.” Common Knowledge 8: 541–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leeson, Peter T. 2012b. “Oracles.” Mimeo. Available at: .

Leeson, Peter T. 2012c. “Ordeals.” Journal of Law and Economics 55: 691–714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leeson, Peter T. 2013. “Gypsy Law.” Public Choice 155: 273–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leeson, Peter T., and Rogers, Douglas B.. 2012. “Organizing Crime.” Supreme Court Economic Review 20: 89–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leslie, John, Bishop of Ross. 1888–1895. The Historie of Scotland Wrytten First in Latin by the Most Reverend and Worthy Jhone Leslie Bishop of Rosse and Translated by Father James Dalrymple, edited by Cody, E.G.. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Blackwood and Sons.Google Scholar

Levitt, Steven D. 1998. “Juvenile Crime and Punishment.” Journal of Political Economy 106: 1156–1185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Levitt, Steven D. 2004. “Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six That Do Not.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18: 163–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, George. 1980. “Social Groupings in Organized Crime: The Case of La Nuestra Familia.” Deviant Behavior 1: 129–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Libecap, Gary D. 2002. “Contracting for Property Rights.” In: Property Rights: Cooperation, Conflict, and Law, edited by Anderson, Terry L. and McChesney, Fred S., pp. 142–167. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Lipsey, R.G., and Lancaster, Kevin. 1956–1957. “The General Theory of Second Best.” Review of Economic Studies 24: 11–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Little, Lester K. 1993. Benedictine Maledictions: Liturgical Cursing in Romanesque France. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Little, Peter D. 2001. “The Global Dimension of Cross-Border Trade in the Somalia Borderlands.” In: Globalization, Democracy and Development in Africa: Challenges and Prospects, edited by Assefa, Taye, Rugumamu, Severine M., and Ahmed, Abdel Ghaffar M., pp. 179–200. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: OSSREA.Google Scholar

Little, Peter D. 2003. Somalia: Economy without State. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Livingstone, David. 1857. Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa. London: John Murray.Google Scholar

Livingstone, David. 1874. The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, edited by Waller, Horace. 2 vols. London: John Murray.Google Scholar

Livingstone, David. 1960. Livingstone's Private Journals 1851–1853, edited by Schapera, Isaac. London: Chatto & Windus.Google Scholar

Livingstone, David. 1963. Livingstone's African Journal 1853–1856, edited by Schapera, Isaac. 2 vols. London: Chatto & Windus.Google Scholar

Lopez, Robert S. 1976. The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950–1350. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lopez, Robert S., and Raymond, Irving W.. 1990. Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lubrano, Alfred. 2007. “Unconventional Wisdom: Get Real Rules for American Mobsters.” The Philadelphia Inquirer, November 17, E1.

Lydon, James G. 1970. Pirates, Privateers, and Profits. Upper Saddle River: Gregg Press.Google Scholar

Maclay, Edgar Stanton. 1900. A History of American Privateers. London: Sampson Low, Marsten & Co.Google Scholar

Marsden, R.G., editor. 1915–1916 [1999]. Law and Custom of the Sea. 2 vols. Union: Lawbook Exchange.Google Scholar

Martens, Georg Friedrich von, and Horne, Thomas Hartwell. 1801. An Essay on Privateers, Captures, and Particularly on Recaptures, According to the Laws, Treaties, and Usages of the Maritime Powers of Europe. London: Printed for E. and R. Brooke.Google Scholar

Marx, Jenifer G. 1996a. “The Brethren of the Coast.” In: Pirates: Terror on the High Seas – From the Caribbean to the South China Sea, edited by Cordingly, David, pp. 37–57. Atlanta: Turner Publishing, Inc.Google Scholar

Marx, Jenifer G. 1996b. “The Golden Age of Piracy.” In: Pirates: Terror on the High Seas – From the Caribbean to the South China Sea, edited by Cordingly, David, pp. 101–123. Atlanta: Turner Publishing, Inc.Google Scholar

Marx, Jenifer G. 1996c. “The Pirate Round.” In: Pirates: Terror on the High Seas – From the Caribbean to the South China Sea, edited by Cordingly, David, pp. 141–163. Atlanta: Turner Publishing, Inc.Google Scholar

Mattli, Walter. 2001. “Private Justice in a Global Economy: From Litigation to Arbitration.” International Organization 55: 919–947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McGuire, Martin, and Olson, Mancur. 1996. “The Economics of Autocracy and Majority Rule: The Invisible Hand and the Use of Force.” Journal of Economic Literature 34: 72–96.Google Scholar

Mehlum, Halvor, Moene, Karl, and Torvik, Ragnar. 2006. “Institutions and the Resource Curse.” Economic Journal 116: 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Menkhaus, Ken. 1998. “Somalia: Political Order in a Stateless Society.” Current History 97: 220–224.Google Scholar

Menkhaus, Ken. 2004. Somalia: State Collapse and the Threat of Global Terrorism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Menkhaus, Ken, and Craven, Kathryn. 1996. “Land Alienation and the Imposition of State Farms in the Lower Jubba Valley.” In: The Struggle for Land in Southern Somalia: The War Behind the War, edited by Besteman, Catherine and Cassanelli, Lee V., pp. 155–178. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Middleton, John. 1971. “Some Effects of Colonial Rule among the Lugbara of Uganda.” In: Colonialism in Africa 1870–1960, Profiles of Change: African Society and Colonial Rule, Vol. 3, edited by Victor Turner, pp. 6–48. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Milgrom, Paul, North, Douglas C., and Weingast, Barry R.. 1990. “The Role of Institutions in the Revival of Trade: The Medieval Law Merchant, Private Judges, and the Champagne Fairs.” Economics and Politics 1: 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mill, John Stuart. 1848. Principles of Political Economy. London: John W. Parker.Google Scholar

Miller, Joseph. 1970. “Cokwe Trade and Conquest in the Nineteenth Century.” In: Pre-Colonial African Trade, edited by Gray, Richard and Birmingham, David, pp. 175–201. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Miller, Joseph. 1988. Way of Death. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Miron, Jeffrey A., and Zweibel, Jeffrey. 1995. “The Economic Case against Drug Prohibition.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 9: 175–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mises, Ludwig von. 1949. Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Morales, Gabriel C. 2008. La Familia – The Family: Prison Gangs in America. San Antonio: Mungia Printers.Google Scholar

Morgan, Kenneth. 1989. “Shipping Patterns and the Atlantic Trade of Bristol, 1749–1770.” William and Mary Quarterly 46: 506–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morris, Richard B. 1965. Government and Labor in Early America. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Moselle, Boaz, and Polak, Benjamin. 2001. “A Model of a Predatory State.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 17: 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mubarak, Jamil. 1996. From Bad Policy to Chaos: How an Economy Fell Apart. Westport: Praeger.Google Scholar

Mubarak, Jamil. 1997. “The ‘Hidden Hand’ Behind the Resilience of the Stateless Economy in Somalia.” World Development 25: 2027–2041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Neary, Hugh. 1997. “Equilibrium Structure in an Economic Model of Conflict.” Economic Inquiry 35: 480–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nenova, Tatiana. 2004. Private Sector Response to the Absence of Government Institutions in Somalia. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar

Nenova, Tatiana, and Harford, Tim. 2004. “Anarchy and Invention: How Does Somalia Cope without Government?” Public Policy for the Private Sector 280: 1–4.Google Scholar

Neville, Cynthia. 1998. Violence, Custom and Law: The Anglo-Scottish Border Lands in the Later Middle Ages. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Nicolson, Joseph, and Burn, Richard. 1777. The History and Antiquities of the Counties of Westmorland and Cumberland. 2 vols. London: Printed for W. Strahan.Google Scholar

Nicolson, William, Lord Bishop of Carlisle. 1747. Leges Marchiarum. London: Printed for Mess. Hamilton and Balfour, Booksellers in Edinburgh.Google Scholar

North, Douglass C. 1981. Structure and Change in Economic History. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar

North, Douglass C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Notten, Michael van. 2005. The Law of the Somalis: A Stable Foundation for Economic Development in the Horn of Africa. Trenton: Red Sea Press.Google Scholar

Olson, Mancur. 1993. “Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development.” American Political Science Review 87: 567–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oppen, Achim von. 1994. Terms of Trade and Terms of Trust. Hamburg: Lit Verlag.Google Scholar

Petrie, Donald A. 1999. The Prize Game: Lawful Looting on the High Seas in the Days of Fighting Sail. New York: Berkley Books.Google Scholar

Pinkerton v. United States. 1946. 328 U.S. 640.

Pogge, Paul. 1880. Im Reich des Muata-Jamvo. Berlin: Reimer.Google Scholar

Posner, Eric A. 1996. “Law, Economics, and Inefficient Norms.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 144: 1697–1744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pospisil, Leopold. 1963. The Kapauku Papuans of West New Guinea. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.Google Scholar

Powell, Benjamin, Ford, Ryan, and Nowrasteh, Alex. 2008. “Somalia after State Collapse: Chaos or Improvement?” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 67: 657–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Prendergast, John. 1997. Crisis Response: Humanitarian Band-Aids in Sudan and Somalia. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar

Pringle, Patrick. 1953. Jolly Roger: The Story of the Great Age of Piracy. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar

Rafaeli, Anat, and Pratt, Michael. 1993. “Tailored Meanings: On the Meaning and Impact of Organizational Dress.” Academy of Management Review 18: 32–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rajan, Raghuram G., and Zingales, Luigi. 1998. “Power in a Theory of the Firm.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 113: 387–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ranger, Terence. 1985. “The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa.” In: The Invention of Tradition, edited by Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence, pp. 211–262. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Rankin, Hugh F. 1969. The Golden Age of Piracy. Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg.Google Scholar

Rediker, Marcus. 1981. “Under the Banner of King Death: The Social World of Anglo-America Pirates, 1716–1726.” William and Mary Quarterly 38: 203–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rediker, Marcus. 2004. Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Rediker, Marcus. 2006. Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700–1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Reporters Sans Frontieres. 2003. Freedom of the Press throughout the World: 2003 Africa Annual Report. Available at: .

Reuter, Peter. 1985. Disorganized Crime: The Economics of the Visible Hand. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Reynolds, Julia. 2008. “Gang Leader Took Unusual Route to the Top.” Monterey County Herald, February 10.Google Scholar

Richman, Barak D. 2006. “How Communities Create Economic Advantage: Jewish Diamond Merchants in New York.” Law and Social Inquiry 31: 383–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ritchie, Robert C. 1986. Captain Kidd and the War against the Pirates. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Robinson, James A., Torvik, Ragner, and Verdier, Thierry. 2006. “Political Foundations of the Resource Curse.” Journal of Development Economics 79: 447–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rogozinski, Jan. 2000. Honor among Thieves: Captain Kiss, Henry Every, and the Pirate Democracy in the Indian Ocean. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.Google Scholar

Roscoe, E.S., editor. 1905. Reports of Prize Cases Determined in the High Court of Admiralty. London: Stevens and Sons.

Rosenwein, Barbara H., Head, Thomas, and Farmer, Sharon. 1991. “Monks and Their Enemies.” Speculum 66: 764–796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rothbard, Murray N. 1977. Power and Market: Government and the Economy. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Rymer, Thomas. 1739–1745. Foedera…fideliter exscripta. 10 vols. Hagae Comitis, Apud Joannem Nuelme.Google Scholar

Sadler, Ralph. 1809. The State Papers of Sir Ralph Sadler, edited by Clifford, Arthur. Edinburgh: Printed for A. Constable and Co.Google Scholar

Samatar, Abdi. 1987. “Merchant Capital, International Livestock Trade and Pastoral Development in Somalia.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 21: 355–374.Google Scholar

Schelling, Thomas. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Schwartz, Warren F., Baxter, Keith, and Ryan, David. 1984. “The Duel: Can These Gentlemen be Acting Efficiently?” Journal of Legal Studies 13: 321–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scott, Walter. 1802–1803 [1873]. The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. Edinburgh: A & C Black.Google Scholar

Scott, Walter. 1814–1817. The Border Antiquities of England and Scotland. 2 vols. London: Longman.Google Scholar

Sechrest, Larry J. 2004. “Public Goods and Private Solutions in Maritime History.” Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 7: 3–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Senior, W. 1918. “Ransom Bills.” Law Quarterly Review 34: 49–62.Google Scholar

Serpa Pinto, Alexandre de. 1881. How I Crossed Africa, translated by Alwes, Alfred. 2 vols. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippencott & Co.Google Scholar

Shleifer, Andrei, and Treisman, Daniel. 2004. “A Normal Country: Russia after Communism.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19: 151–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Silva Porto, Antonio Francisco Ferreira da. 1885. “Novas jornadas de Silva Porto nos sertoes africanos.” Boletim da Sociedade de Geographia e da Historia de Lisboa 5a serie, nos. 1, 3, 9, and 10: 3–36, 145–172, 569–586, 603–642.

Skaperdas, Stergios. 1992. “Cooperation, Conflict, and Power in the Absence of Property Rights.” American Economic Review 82: 720–739.Google Scholar

Skaperdas, Stergios. 2001. “The Political Economy of Organized Crime: Providing Protection when the State Does Not.” Economics of Governance 2: 173–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stergios, Skaperdas. 2003. “Restraining the Genuine Homo Economicus: Why the Economy Cannot be Divorced from its Governance.” Economics and Politics 15: 135–162.Google Scholar

Skaperdas, Stergios, and Syropoulos, Constantinos. 1997. “The Distribution of Income in the Presence of Appropriative Activities.” Economica 64: 101–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Slush, Barnaby. 1709. The Navy Royal: or a Sea-Cook Turn'd Projector. London.Google Scholar

Smith, Adam. 1776 [1965]. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, edited by Cannan, Edwin. New York: The Modern Library.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Alastair, and Varese, Federico. 2001. “Payment, Protection, and Punishment: The Role of Information and Reputation in the Mafia.” Rationality and Society 13: 349–393.Google Scholar

Smith, Eric, and Bliege Bird, Rebecca. 2000. “Turtle Hunting and Tombstone Opening: Public Generosity as Costly Signaling.” Evolution and Human Behavior 21: 245–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Smith, Eric, Bowles, Samuel, and Gintis, Herbert. 2001. “Costly Signaling and Cooperation.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 213: 103–119.Google Scholar

Snelgrave, William. 1734 [1971]. A New Account of some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave Trade. London: F. Cass.Google Scholar

Soremekun, Fola. 1977. “Trade and Dependency in Central Angola: The Ovimbundu in the Nineteenth Century.” In: The Roots of Rural Poverty in Central and Southern Africa, edited by Palmer, Robin and Parsons, Neil, pp. 82–95. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar

Spotswood, Alexander. 1882. The Official Letters of Alexander Spotswood. 2 vols. Richmond: Virginia Historical Society.Google Scholar

Starkey, David J. 1990. British Privateering Enterprise in the Eighteenth Century. Exeter: University of Exeter Press.Google Scholar

Starkey, David J. 1997. “A Restless Spirit: British Privateering Enterprise, 1739–1815.” In: Pirates and Privateers: New Perspectives on the War on Trade in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, edited by Starkey, David J., van Eyck van Heslinga, E.S., and de Moor, J.A., pp. 126–140. Exeter: University of Exeter Press.Google Scholar

Starkey, David J. 2001. “The Origins and Regulation of Eighteenth-Century British Privateering.” In: Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader, edited by Pennell, C.R., pp. 69–81. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar

Stopford, J.G.B. 1901. “Glimpses of Native Law in West Africa.” Journal of the Royal African Society 1: 80–97.Google Scholar

Swanson, Carl E. 1991. Predators and Prizes: American Privateering and Imperial Warfare, 1739–1748. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar

Tabarrok, Alexander. 2007. “The Rise, Fall, and Rise Again of Privateers.” Independent Review 11: 565–577.Google Scholar

Tabuteau, Emily Zack. 1988. Transfers of Property in Eleventh-Century Norman Law. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar

Tek, Nathan. 2006. “The Profits of Islam.” Yale Globalist 2: 31.Google Scholar

The Border Papers: Calendar of Letters and Papers Relating to the Affairs of the Borders of England and Scotland Preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, London, edited by Bain, Joseph. 1560–1603 [1894–1896]. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Her Majesty's General Register House.

The Economist. 2005. “Somalia Calling: An Unlikely Success Story.” December 20.

Tonkin, Elizabeth. 2000. “Autonomous Judges: African Ordeals as Dramas of Power.” Ethnos 65: 366–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Torvik, Ragnar. 2002. “Natural Resources, Rent Seeking, and Welfare.” Journal of Development Economics 67: 455–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tough, Douglas. 1928. Last Years of a Frontier: A History of the Borders During the Reign of Elizabeth I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Trakman, Leon E. 1983. The Law Merchant: The Evolution of Commercial Law. Littleton: Fred B. Rothman & Co.Google Scholar

Tullock, Gordon. 1967. “The Welfare Costs of Monopolies, Tariffs, and Theft.” Western Economic Journal 5: 224–232.Google Scholar

Turnbull, Colin. 1961. The Forest People. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar

Umbeck, John. 1981. “Might Makes Rights: A Theory of the Formation and Initial Distribution of Property Rights.” Economic Inquiry 19: 38–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

United Nations. 1992. Resolution 751 1992. Available at: .

United Nation. 2006. Somali Reconstruction and Development Framework. 4 vols. Available at: .

United Nations Children's Fund. 2005a. “Education.” Available at: .

United Nations Children's Fund. 2005b. “Communities Unite Around Education in Somalia.” Available at: .

United Nations Development Programme. 1999. Human Development Report 1999. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

United Nations Development Programme. 2001. Human Development Report 2001 – Somalia. New York: UNDP.Google Scholar

United Nations Development Programme. 2004. Human Development Report 2004. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

United Nations Development Programme. 2005. Human Development Report 2005. New York: UNDP.Google Scholar

United Nations Development Programme. 2006. Human Development Report 2006. New York: UNDP.Google Scholar

United Nations Security Council. 2013. “Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 2060 (2012): Somalia.” Available at: .

Upton, Francis H. 1863. The Law of Nations Affecting Commerce during War: With a Review of the Jurisdiction, Practice and Proceedings of Prize Courts. New York: John S. Voorhies.Google Scholar

Uring, Nathaniel. 1726 [1928]. The Voyages and Travels of Captain Nathaniel Uring. London: Cassell and Company Ltd.Google Scholar

U.S. Library of Congress. 2006. “Country Studies: Somalia.” Available at: .

Varese, Federico. 2006a. “How Mafias Migrate: The Case of the ‘Ndrangheta in Northern Italy.” Law and Society Review 40: 411–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Varese, Federico. 2006b. “The Secret History of Japanese Cinema: The Yakuza Movies.” Global Crime 7: 105–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vellut, Jean-Luc. 1979. “Diversification de l'economie de cueillette miel et cire dans les societes de la foret Claire d’Afrique centrale (c. 1750–1950).” African Economic History 7: 93–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vodola, Elizabeth. 1986. Excommunication in the Middle Ages. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Weber, Max. 1919 [1958]. “Politics as a Vocation.” In: From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, edited and translated by Gerth, H.H. and Mills, C. Wright, pp. 77–128. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wheaton, Henry. 1815. A Digest of the Law of Maritime Captures and Prizes. New York: Forbes & Co.Google Scholar

Wick, Katharina, and Bulte, Erwin. 2006. “Contesting Resources – Rent-Seeking, Conflict and the Natural Resource Curse.” Public Choice 128: 457–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Williamson, Oliver E. 1975. Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Williamson, Oliver E. 1983. “Credible Commitments: Using Hostages to Support Exchange.” American Economic Review 73: 519–540.Google Scholar

Williamson, Oliver E. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Wilson, John Leighton. 1856. Western Africa: Its History, Condition and Prospects. New York: Harper & Brothers.Google Scholar

Wolfe, Adam. 2005. “Intelligence Brief: Somalia.” World Security Network, July 18. Available at: .

Woodard, Colin. 2007. The Republic of Pirates. New York: Harcourt.Google Scholar

World Bank. 2005. World Development Indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

World Bank and United Nations Development Programme. 2003. Socio-Economic Survey 2002 – Somalia. Washington, DC and New York: UNDP and World Bank.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. 2004. WHO Somalia Annual Report 2003. Somalia: WHO.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. 2006. WHO Mortality Database. Available at: ,mort.

World Trade Organization. 2004. Recent Trends in International Trade Policy Developments. Geneva: World Trade Organization.Google Scholar

Wright, Charles, and Fayle, C. Ernest. 1928. A History of Lloyd's. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar