definitions of engineering. See economics and engineering; engineer; engineering

design. Arguably, it is design that is the central activity of engineering, with all other engineering pursuits following from and in service to design. Design is a process of synthesis, as opposed to analysis, which is more akin to what scientists do. Thus, design is the aspect of engineering that distinguishes it from science. According to Joel Moses, once dean of engineering at MIT, “Design is the soul of engineering.”

In America, it has been traditional for separate contracts to be let for the design and the building phases of large construction projects. In contrast, in the design-build concept, the same firm is responsible for both the design and the construction phases. Proponents of this system, which has been more common in Europe, argue that design-build contracts are more economical and efficient and result in better quality design and construction. Opponents argue that separate contracts better ensure the benefits of competition. The proponents prevailed in late-twentieth century America, where design-build contracts went from about 3 percent of contracts negotiated in 1987 to more than 33 percent in 1997.

When a new building, bridge, or other structure is desired, a design competition can be held to which entries are invited from a select group, resulting in a closed competition, or from anyone who cares to enter, resulting in an open competition.