Di Gregorio, G, Neal, JM, Rosenquist, RW, et al. Clinical presentation of local anesthetic systemic toxicity: a review of published cases, 1979 to 2009. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010; 35:181–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dippenaar, JM. Local anaesthetic toxicity. SAJAA 2007; 13:23–28.Google Scholar

Barash, PG, Cullen, B, Stoelting, RK. Clinical Anesthesia, 5th edn. Philadelphia,PA: Lippencott Williams & Wilkins; 2005, pp. 449–69.Google Scholar

Mather, LE, Chang, DH-T. Cardiotoxicity with modern local anesthetics: is there a safer choice? Drugs 2001; 61:333–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Santos, AC, Pedersen, H, Harmon, TW, et al. Does pregnancy alter the systemic toxicity of local anesthetics? Anesthesiology 1989; 70:991–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tsen, LC, Tarshis, J, Denson, DD, et al. Measurements of maternal protein binding of bupivacaine throughout pregnancy. Anesth Analg 1999; 89:965–68.Google Scholar

Moller, RA, Datta, S, Fox, J, et al. Effects of progesterone on the cardiac electrophysiologic action of bupivacaine and lidocaine. Anesthesiology 1992; 76:604–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Santos, AC, DeArmas, PI. Systemic toxicity of levobupivacaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine during continuous intravenous infusion to nonpregnant and pregnant ewes. Anesthesiology 2001; 95:1256–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Auroy, Y, Narchi, P, Messiah, A, et al. Serious complications related to regional anesthesia: results of a prospective survey in France. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:479–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brown, DL, Ransom, DM, Hall, JA, et al. Regional anesthesia and local anesthetic-induced systemic toxicity: seizure frequency and accompanying cardiovascular changes. Anesth Analg 1995; 81:321–28.Google ScholarPubMed

Brichant, JF. Toxicity of Local Anaesthetics in Obstetric Anaesthesia and Lipid Rescue, European Society of Anaesthesiology Refresher Course, abstract, 2011. Available at www.esahq.org/~/media/ESA/Files/Refresher%20Courses/2011/Toxicity%20of%20local%20anaesthetics%20in%20obstetric%20anaesthesia%20and%20lipid%20rescue%20%282011%29.ashx (accessed December 23, 2014).Google Scholar

Mulroy, MF, Hejmanek, MR. Prevention of local anesthetic toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010; 35:177–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Neal, JM, Bernards, CM, Butterworth, JF, et al. ASRA practice advisory on local anesthetic systemic toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010; 35:152–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. AAGBI Safety Guideline: Management of Severe Local Anaesthetic Toxicity, 2010. Available at www.aagbi.org/sites/default/files/la_toxicity_2010_0.pdf (accessed January 6, 2015).Google Scholar

Bern, S, Weinberg, G. Local anesthetic toxicity and lipid resuscitation in pregnancy. Curr Opin Anesthesiol 2011; 24:262–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed