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25 - miR-122 in mammalian liver

from V - MicroRNAs in disease biology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 August 2009

By
Jinhong Chang  and
John M. Taylor
Edited by
Krishnarao Appasani
Foreword by
Sidney Altman  and
Victor R. Ambros
Jinhong Chang
Affiliation:
Fox Chase Cancer Center 333 Cottman Avenue Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
John M. Taylor
Affiliation:
Fox Chase Cancer Center 333 Cottman Avenue Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
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Summary

Introduction

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules about 22 nucleotides (nt) in length. They are derived by cleavage from larger precursor RNAs, most of which seem to be polyadenylated polymerase II transcripts (Lee et al., 2002). The processing of miRNA depends on two consecutive actions. The first is by the endonuclease drosha, which acts in the nucleus and cleaves the primary miRNA transcripts (pri-miRNAs) into ∼70–80 nt hairpin-like miRNA precursors (pre-miRNAs)(Lee et al., 2003). This miRNA precursor is then transported to the cytoplasm (Bohnsack et al., 2004; Lund et al., 2004) where it is further cleaved by the nuclease dicer, to release the mature miRNA species (Ketting et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2003). These miRNAs can then regulate the expression of target genes with complementary sequence by either cleavage of the target mRNA or inhibition of the translation (Bartel, 2004).

In mammals, hundreds of miRNAs have been identified, some of which are expressed in tissue-specific (Lagos-Quintana et al., 2002) and developmental stage-specific manner (Krichevsky et al., 2003). Altered expression of specific miRNA genes has been associated with the development of cancers (McManus, 2003; see also Chapter 23 in this book). miR-122 is a liver-specific miRNA and in a recent study we examined the expression of miR-122 during mouse liver development and in liver tumors (Chang et al., 2004).

Type
Chapter
Information
MicroRNAs
From Basic Science to Disease Biology
 , pp. 338 - 349
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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