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In-Vitro Fertilization In-Vitro Fertilization
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Chapter 3 - Gametes and Gametogenesis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2019

Kay Elder  and
Brian Dale
Kay Elder
Affiliation:
Bourn Hall Clinic, Cambridge
Brian Dale
Affiliation:
Centre for Assisted Reproduction, Naples
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Summary

After a blastocyst has implanted in the uterus and begins to differentiate into the three primary germ layers, a special population of cells develops as primordial germ cells (PGCs). These are destined to become the gametes of the new individual: future reproduction of the organism is absolutely dependent upon the correct development of these unique populations of cells. They originate immediately behind the primitive streak in the extraembryonic mesoderm of the yolk sac; toward the end of gastrulation they move into the embryo via the allantois, and temporarily settle in the mesoderm and endoderm of the primitive streak. In humans, PGCs can be identified at about 3 weeks of gestation, close to the yolk sac endoderm at the root of the allantois.

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In-Vitro Fertilization , pp. 53 - 76
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

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References

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Bellve, A, O’Brien, D (1983) The mammalian spermatozoon: structure and temporal assembly. In: Hartmann, JF (ed.) Mechanism and Control of Animal Fertilization. Academic Press, New York, pp. 56–140.Google Scholar
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Eppig, JJ, O’Brien, MJ (1996) Development in vitro of mouse oocytes from primordial follicles. Biology of Reproduction 54: 197–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
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Fulka, J Jr., First, N, Moor, RM (1998) Nuclear and cytoplasmic determinants involved in the regulation of mammalian oocyte maturation. Molecular Human Reproduction 4(1): 41–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
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Gosden, RG, Boland, NI, Spears, N, et al. (1993) The biology and technology of follicular oocyte development in vitro. Reproductive Medicine Reviews 2: 129–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosden, RG, Bownes, M (1995) Cellular and molecular aspects of oocyte development. In: Grudzinskas, JG, Yovich, JL (eds.) Cambridge Reviews in Human Reproduction, Gametes – The Oocyte. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 23–53.Google Scholar
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Griswold, MD (2016) Spermatogenesis: the commitment to meiosis. Physiological Reviews 96: 1–17.Google Scholar
Gurdon, JB (1967) On the origin and persistence of a cytoplasmic state inducing nuclear DNA synthesis in frog’s eggs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 58: 545–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, SA, Edwards, RG (1968) Chiasma frequency and maternal age in mammals. Nature 217(136): 22–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, RA (1999) Spermatogenesis, overview. In: Knobil, E, Neill, JD (eds.) Encyclopedia of Reproduction, vol. 4. Academic Press, New York, pp. 539–545.Google Scholar
Hillier, SG, Whitelaw, PF, Smyth, CD (1994) Follicular oestrogen synthesis: the ‘two-cell, two-gonadotrophin’ model revisited. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 100: 51–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirshfield, AN (1991) Development of follicles in the mammalian ovary. International Review of Cytology 124: 43–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutt, KJ, Albertini, DF (2007). An oocentric view of folliculogenesis and embryogenesis Reproductive BioMedicine Online 14(6): 758–764.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, J, Bagley, J, Skaznik-Wikiel, M, et al. (2005) Oocyte generation in adult mammalian ovaries by putative germ cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Cell 122: 303–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, M (2018) Essential Reproduction, 8th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Jones, R (1998) Spermiogenesis and sperm maturation in relation to development of fertilizing capacity. In: Lauria, A, Gandolfi, F, Enne, G, Giannaroli, I, et al. (eds.) Gametes: Development and Function. Serono Symposia, Rome, pp. 205–218.Google Scholar
Kobayashi, M, Nakano, R, Ooshima, A (1990) Immunohistochemical localization of pituitary gonadotrophins and gonadal steroids confirms the ‘two-cell, two-gonadotrophin’ hypothesis of steroidogenesis in the human ovary. Journal of Endocrinology 126(3): 483–488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, JA, McCarrey, JR, Djakiew, D, Krawetz, SA (1998) Differentiation: the selective potentiation of chromatin domains. Development 125: 4749–4755.Google ScholarPubMed
MacLaren, A (2003) Primordial germ cells in the mouse. Developmental Biology 262(1): 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masui, Y (1985) Meiotic arrest in animal oocytes. In: Metz, CB, Monroy, A (eds.) Biology of Fertilization. Academic Press, New York, pp. 189–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matzuk, MM, Burns, KH, Viveiros, MM, Eppig, JJ (2002) Intercellular communication in the mammalian ovary: oocytes carry the conversation. Science 296 (5576): 2178–2180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNatty, KP, Fidler, AE, Juengel, JL, et al. (2000) Growth and paracrine factors regulating follicular formation and cellular function. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 163: 11–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merchant-Larios, H, Moreno-Mendoza, N (2001) Onset of sex differentiation: dialog between genes and cells. Archives of Medical Research 32(6): 553–558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, HDM (1996) The influence of the epididymis on human and animal sperm maturation and storage. Human Reproduction 11(Suppl.): 103–110.Google Scholar
Nurse, P (1990) Universal control mechanisms resulting in the onset of M-phase. Nature 344: 503–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oatley, JM, Brinster, RL (2012) The germline stem cell niche unit in mammalian testes. Physiological Reviews 92: 577–595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oktay, K, Schenken, RS, Nelson, JF (1995) Proliferating cell nuclear antigen marks the initiation of follicular growth in the rat. Biology of Reproduction 53(2): 295–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pereda, J, Zorn, T, Soto-Suazo, M (2006) Migration of human and mouse primordial germ cells and colonization of the developing ovary: an ultrastructural and cytochemical study. Microscopy Research and Technique 69(6): 386–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perez, GI, Trbovich, AM, Gosden, RG, Tilly, JL (2000) Mitochondria and the death of oocytes. Nature 403(6769): 500–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Picton, HM, Briggs, D, Gosden, RG (1998) The molecular basis of oocyte growth and development. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 145: 27–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynard, K, Driancourt, MA (2000) Oocyte attrition. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 163: 101–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosner, MH, Vigano, MA, Ozato, K, et al. (1990) A POU-domain transcription factor in early stem cells and germ cells of the mammalian embryo. Nature 345(6277): 686–692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sagata, N (1996) Meiotic metaphase arrest in animal oocytes: its mechanisms and biological significance. Trends in Cell Biology 6: 22–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sagata, N (1997) What does Mos do in oocytes and somatic cells? BioEssays 19: 13–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saitou, M, Payer, B, O’Carroll, D, Ohinata, Y, Surani, MA (2005). Blimp1 and the emergence of the germ line during development in the mouse. Cell Cycle 4: 1736–1740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schatten, H, Sun, QY (2009) The role of centrosomes in mammalian fertilization and its significance for ICSI. Molecular Human Reproduction 15(9): 531–538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spears, N, Boland, NI, Murray, AA, Gosden, RG (1994) Mouse oocytes derived from in vitro grown primary ovarian follicles are fertile. Human Reproduction 9: 527–532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starz-Gaiano, M, Lehmann, R (2001) Moving towards the next generation. Mechanisms of Development 105(1–2): 5–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
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