Abal Medina, Juan Manuel. 2009. “The Rise and Fall of the Argentine Centre-Left: The Crisis of Frente Grande.” Party Politics 15 (3):357–375.Google Scholar

Adams, James. 2001. Party Competition and Responsible Party Government. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Aguiar, César A. 2000. “La Historia y la Historia: Opinión Pública y Opinión Pública en el Uruguay.” Prisma (15):7–45.Google Scholar

Aguirre Bayley, Miguel. 2001. 1971–1975 de Febrero-2001. 30 Años de Compromiso con la Gente. Montevideo: La República.Google Scholar

Aguirre Bayley, Miguel. 2005. Frente Amplio. La Admirable Alarma de 1971. Montevideo: Ediciones de Cauce.Google Scholar

Aldrich, John H. 1995. Why Parties?: the Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Altman, David. 2010. Direct Democracy Worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Anria, Santiago. 2016. “Democratizing Democracy? Civil Society and Party Organization in Bolivia.” Comparative Politics 48 (4):459–478.Google Scholar

Anria, Santiago. 2018. When Movements Become Parties: The Bolivian MAS in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Astori, Danilo. 2001. “Estancamiento, Desequilibrios y Ruptura, 1955-1972.” In El Uruguay del Siglo XX: La Economía, edited by Nahum, Benjamín, 65–94. Montevideo: Instituto de Economía-Ediciones de la Banda Oriental.Google Scholar

Axelrod, Robert. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Baggetta, Matthew, Han, Hahrie, and Andrews, Kenneth T. 2013. “Leading Associations: How Individual Characteristics and Team Dynamics Generate Committed Leaders.” American Sociological Review 78 (4):544–573.Google Scholar

Barrán, José Pedro and Nahum, Benjamín. 1985. Batlle, los Estancieros y el Imperio Británico, Tomo VI: Las Primeras Reformas 1911-1913. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental.Google Scholar

Bennett, Andrew and Checkel, Jeffrey T., eds. 2015. Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bergara, Mario. 2015. Las Nuevas Reglas de Juego en Uruguay: Incentivos e Instituciones en una Década de Reformas. Montevideo: DECON, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de la República - Fin de Siglo.Google Scholar

Bermeo, Nancy and Yashar, Deborah. 2016. Parties, Movements, and Democracy in the Developing World. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bértola, Luis. 1991. La Industria Manufacturera Uruguaya, 1913-1961: Un Enfoque Sectorial de su Crecimiento, Fluctuaciones y Crisis. Montevideo: CIEDUR.Google Scholar

Bidegain, Germán and Tricot, Víctor. 2017. “Political Opportunity Structure, Social Movements, and Malaise in Representation in Uruguay, 1985–2014.” In Malaise in Representation in Latin American Countries: Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay, edited by Joignant, Alfredo, Morales, Mauricio and Fuentes, Claudio, 139–160. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Bidegain Ponte, Germán. 2013. “Uruguay: ¿El Año Bisagra?” Revista de Ciencia Politica 33 (1):351–374.Google Scholar

Bogliaccini, Juan A. 2019. “The Reconstruction of Business Interests after the ISI Collapse: Unpacking the Effect of Institutional Change in Chile and Uruguay.” Third World Quarterly:1–20.Google Scholar

Bimber, Bruce, Flanagin, Andrew, and Stohl, Cynthia. 2012. Collective Action in Organizations. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brandão, Marco Antonio. 2003. O Socialismo Democrático do Partido dos Trabalhadores: A História de uma Utopia (1979-1994). Sao Paulo: Annablume.Google Scholar

Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Smith, Alastair, Siverson, Randolph M., and Morrow, James D.. 2003. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar

Bulmer-Thomas, Victor. 2013. The Economic History of Latin America Since Independence. Third ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Buquet, Daniel and Chasquetti, Daniel. 2008. “Presidential Candidate Selection in Uruguay, 1942-2004.” In Pathway to Power in Latin America, edited by Siavelis, Peter and Morgenstern, Scott, 316–342. University Park: Penn State University Press.Google Scholar

Buquet, Daniel, Chasquetti, Daniel, and Moraes, Juan Andrés. 1998. Fragmentación Política y Gobierno en Uruguay: ¿Un Enfermo Imaginario? Montevideo: Facultad de Ciencias Sociales.Google Scholar

Buquet, Daniel and De Armas, Gustavo. 2005. “La Evolución Electoral de la Izquierda: Crecimiento Demográfico y Moderación Ideológica.” In La Izquierda Uruguaya: Entra la Oposición y el Gobierno, edited by Lanzaro, Jorge, 109–138. Montevideo: Editorial Fin de Siglo-Instituto de Ciencia Política.Google Scholar

Buquet, Daniel and Piñeiro, Rafael. 2014. “La Consolidación de un Nuevo Sistema de Partidos en Uruguay.” Revista Debates 8 (1):127–148.Google Scholar

Burgess, Katrina and Levitsky, Steven. 2003. “Explaining Populist Party Adaptation in Latin America: Environmental and Organizational Determinants of Party Change in Argentina, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela.” Comparative Political Studies 36 (8):881–911.Google Scholar

Caetano, Gerardo. 2005. La Fundación del Frente Amplio y las Elecciones de 1971. Vol. Tomo I, Colección Liber Seregni. Montevideo: Taurus.Google Scholar

Caetano, Gerardo and De Armas, Gustavo. 2011. “Diez Años del Informe de Coyuntura. Del Uruguay de la Crisis a las Posibilidades y Exigencias de Desarrollo.” In Política en Tiempos de Mujica. En Busca del Rumbo. Informe de Coyuntura N° 10, edited by Caetano, Gerardo, Mancebo, María Ester, and Moraes, Juan Andrés, 11–41. Montevideo: Estuario Editora.Google Scholar

Caetano, Gerardo and Rilla, José. 1998. Breve Historia de la Dictadura. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental.Google Scholar

Caetano, Gerardo, Rilla, José, and Pérez, Roméo. 1987. “La Partidocracia Uruguaya. Historia y Teoría de la Centralidad de los Partidos Políticos.” Cuadernos del CLAEH 44 (4):37–62.Google Scholar

Calvo, Ernesto and Murillo, Maria Victoria. 2019. Non-policy Politics: Richer Voters, Poorer Voters, and the Diversification of Electoral Strategies. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Campello, Daniela. 2015. The Politics of Market Discipline in Latin America: Globalization and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cancela, Walter and Melgar, Alicia. 1985. El Desarrollo Frustrado. 30 Años de Economía Uruguaya 1955-1985, Serie Argumentos. Montevideo: CLAEH-Ediciones de la Banda Oriental.Google Scholar

Carneiro, Fabricio and Traversa, Federico. 2018. “Uruguay 2017: Reactivación Económica y Nuevos Conflictos Políticos.” Revista de Ciencia Política 38 (2):379–407.Google Scholar

Castiglioni, Rossana. 2005. The Politics of Social Policy Change in Chile and Uruguay: Retrenchment versus Maintenance 1973-1998. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Cavatorta, Francesco and Merone, Fabio. 2013. “Moderation through Exclusion? The Journey of the Tunisian Ennahda from Fundamentalist to Conservative Party.” Democratization 20 (5):857–875.Google Scholar

CEPAL. 2016. Panorama Social de América Latina 2015: United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.Google Scholar

Chasquetti, Daniel. 2014. “Parlamento y Carreras Legislativas en Uruguay: Un Estudio Sobre Reglas, Partidos y Legisladores en las Cámaras. Montevideo: Instituto de Ciencia Política - Facultad de Ciencias Sociales - Universidad de la República.Google Scholar

Colafranceschi, Marco, Failache, Elisa, and Vigorito, Andrea. 2013. Desigualdad Multidimensional y Dinámica de la Pobreza en Uruguay en los Años Recientes. In El Futuro en Foco. Cuadernos Sobre Desarrollo Humano Montevideo: PNUD Uruguay.Google Scholar

Collier, David. 1999. “Data, Field Work, and Extracting New Ideas at Close Range.” Newsletter of the Organized Section in Comparative Politics of the American Political Science Association 10 (1):1-2, 4–6.Google Scholar

Collier, David. 2011. “Understanding Process Tracing.” PS: Political Science & Politics 44 (4):823–830.Google Scholar

Collier, David, Brady, Henry, and Seawright, Jason. 2010. “Sources of Leverage in Causal Inference: Toward an Alternative View of Methodology.” In Rethinking Social Inquiry. Diverse Tools, Shared Standards, edited by Collier, David and Brady, Henry, 161–200. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Collier, David and Collier, Ruth. 1991. Shaping the Political Arena. Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Collier, Ruth Berins and Handlin, Samuel. 2009. Reorganizing Popular Politics: Participation and the New Interest Regime in Latin America. University Park, PA: The Penn State University Press.Google Scholar

Coppedge, Michael. 1998a. “The Dynamic Diversity of Latin American Party Systems.” Party Politics 4 (4):547–568.Google Scholar

Coppedge, Michael. 1998b. “The Evolution of Latin American Party Systems.” In Politics, Society, and Democracy: Latin America, edited by Mainwaring, Scott and Valenzuela, Arturo, 171–206. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Cyr, Jennifer. 2017. The Fates of Political Parties: Crisis, Continuity, and Change in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

D’Elía, Germán. 1982. El Uruguay Neobatllista 1946-1958. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental.Google Scholar

Dal Bó, Pedro. 2005. “Cooperation Under the Shadow of the Future: Experimental Evidence from Infinitely Repeated Games.” American Economic Review, 95 (5):1591–1604.Google Scholar

Dalton, Russell and Wattenberg, Martin, eds. 2000. Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: University Press Oxford.Google Scholar

Dargent, Eduardo and Muñoz, Paula. 2011. “Democracy Against Parties? Party System Deinstitutionalization in Colombia.” Journal of Politics in Latin America 3 (2):43–71.Google Scholar

Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Drake, Paul and Jaskic, Iván, eds. 1999. El Modelo Chileno. Democracia y Desarrollo en los Noventa. First ed, Colección Sin Norte. Santiago de Chile: LOM Ediciones.Google Scholar

Dunning, Thad. 2012. Natural Experiments in the Social Sciences: A Design-based Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dunning, Thad. 2016. “Transparency, Replication, and Cumulative Learning: What Experiments Alone Cannot Achieve.” Annual Review of Political Science 19: 541–563.Google Scholar

Duverger, Maurice. 1954. Political Parties. London: Methuen.Google Scholar

Escudero, Laura. 2002. “Argentina.” In Partidos Políticos de América Latina. Cono Sur, edited by Saez, Manuel Alcántara and Freidenberg, Flavia, 33–116. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.Google Scholar

Etchemendy, Sebastián. 2019. “The Rise of Segmented Neo-Corporatism in South America: Wage Coordination in Argentina and Uruguay (2005-2015).” Comparative Political Studies 52 (10): 1427–1465.Google Scholar

Falleti, Tulia and Lynch, Julia. 2009. “Context and Causal Mechanisms in Political Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 42 (9):1143–1166.Google Scholar

Faúndez, Julio. 1988. Marxism and Democracy in Chile: From 1932 to the Fall of Allende. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Ferreira, Jaqueline. 2008. “O Partido dos Trabalhadores e os Núcleos de Base.” Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais da Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista.Google Scholar

Ffrench-Davis, Ricardo. 2008. Entre el Neoliberalismo y el Crecimiento con Equidad. Tres Décadas de Políticas Económicas en Chile. Santiago: Dolmen Ediciones.Google Scholar

Filgueira, Carlos H. and Filgueira, Fernando. 1994. El Largo Adiós al País Modelo: Políticas Sociales y Pobreza en el Uruguay. Montevideo: Arca.Google Scholar

Finch, Henry. 1980. Historia Económica del Uruguay Contemporáneo. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental.Google Scholar

Fiorina, Morris P. 1980. “The Decline of Collective Responsibility in American Politics.” Daedalus 109 (3):25–45.Google Scholar

Freidenberg, Flavia, and Levitsky, Steven. 2007. “Organización Informal de los Partidos en América Latina.” Desarrollo Económico 46 (184):539–568.Google Scholar

Garcé, Adolfo and Yaffé, Jaime. 2005. La Era Progresista. Montevideo: Editorial Fin de Siglo.Google Scholar

Garretón, Manuel Antonio. 1995. Hacia una Nueva Era Política: Estudio Sobre las Democratizaciones: Fondo de Cultura Económica.Google Scholar

Gil, Federico Guillermo. 1966. The Political System of Chile. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Goertz, Gary and Mahoney, James. 2012. A Tale of Two Cultures: Qualitative and Quantitative Research in the Social Sciences. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

González, Luis E. 1991. Political Structures and Democracy in Uruguay. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar

González, Luis E. 1995. “Continuity and Change in the Uruguayan Party System.” In Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America, edited by Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy, 138–163. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

González, Luis E. and Queirolo, Rosario. 2000. “Elecciones Nacionales del 2004: Posibles Escenarios.” In Elecciones 1999/2000, edited by Botinellli, Oscar, Buquet, Daniel, Caetano, Gerardo, Canzani, Agustín, Cardarello, Antonio, Chasquetti, Daniel, De Armas, Gustavo, Garcé, Adolfo, González, Luis Eduardo, Guerrini, Aldo, Lanzaro, Jorge, Magri, Altair, Moreira, Constanza, Antón, Romeo Pérez, Queirolo, Rosario and Yaffe, Jaime, 299–321. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental-Instituto de Ciencia Política.Google Scholar

Gunther, Richard and Diamond, Larry. 2003. “Species of Political Parties: A New Typology.” Party Politics 9 (2):167–199.Google Scholar

Haggard, Stephan and McCubbins, Mathew D., eds. 2001. Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hagopian, Frances and Mainwaring, Scott. 2005. “Introduction: The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America.” In The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America: Advances and Setbacks, edited by Hagopian, Frances and Mainwaring, Scott, 1–13. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Han, Hahrie. 2014. How Organizations Develop Activists: Civic Associations and Leadership in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Han, Hahrie. 2016. “The Organizational Roots of Political Activism: Field Experiments on Creating a Relational Context.” American Political Science Review 110 (2):296–307.Google Scholar

Handlin, Samuel. 2013. “Social Protection and the Politicization of Class Cleavages during Latin America’s Left Turn.” Comparative Political Studies 46 (12):1582–1609.Google Scholar

Handlin, Samuel and Collier, Ruth Berins. 2011. “The Diversity of Left Party Linkages and Competitive Advantages.” In The Resurgence of the Latin American Left, edited by Levitsky, Steve and Roberts, Kenneth, 139–161. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Hazan, Reuven and Rahaṭ, Gideon. 2010. Democracy within Parties: Candidate Selection Methods and Their Political Consequences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Heidar, Knut. 1994. “The Polymorphic Nature of Party Membership.” European Journal of Political Research 25 (1):61–86.Google Scholar

Hersh, Eitan D. 2015. Hacking the Electorate: How Campaigns Perceive Voters. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hirschman, Albert. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. New York: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Hirschman, Albert. 1982. Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public Action. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Huber, Evelyne and Stephens, John D., eds. 2012. Democracy and the Left: Social Policy and Inequality in Latin America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Hunter, Wendy. 2010. The Transformation of the Workers’ Party in Brazil, 1989-2009. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Inglehart, Ronald and Welzel, Christian. 2005. Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Issenberg, Sasha. 2012. The Victory Lab: The Secret Science of Winning Campaigns. New York: Broadway Books.Google Scholar

Jäger, Kai. 2017. “The Potential of Online Sampling for Studying Political Activists around the World and Across Time.” Political Analysis:1–15.Google Scholar

Jones, Mark. 2005. “The Role of Parties and Party Systems in the Policymaking Process.” State Reform, Public Policies, and Policymaking Processes, IADB-Washington DC, February 28–March 2.Google Scholar

Katz, Richard S. and Mair, Peter, eds. 1994. How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Katz, Richard S. and Mair, Peter. 1995. “Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party.” Party Politics 1 (1):5–28.Google Scholar

Keck, Margaret E. 1992. The Worker’s Party and Democratization in Brazil. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Kirchheimer, Otto. 1966. “The Transformation of the Western European Party System.” In Political Parties and Political Development, edited by LaPalombara, Joseph and Weiner, Myron, 177–200. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert. 1994. The Transformation of European Social Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven, eds. 2007. Patrons, Clients and Policies. Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Korpi, Walter and Palme, Joakim. 1998. “The Paradox of Redistribution and Strategies of Equality: Welfare State Institutions, Inequality, and Poverty in the Western Countries.” American Sociological Review 63(5):661–687.Google Scholar

Lanzaro, Jorge. 1986. Sindicatos y Sistema Político: Relaciones Corporativas en el Uruguay, 1940-1985. Montevideo: Fundación de Cultura Universitaria.Google Scholar

Lanzaro, Jorge. 2000. “El Frente Amplio: Un Partido de Coalición entre la Lógica de Oposición y la Lógica de Gobierno.” Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política 12: 35–67.Google Scholar

Lanzaro, Jorge. 2004. “La Izquierda se Acerca a los Uruguayos y los Uruguayos se Acercan a la Izquierda. Claves de Desarrollo del Frente Amplio.” In La Izquierda Uruguaya Entre la Oposición y el Gobierno, edited by Lanzaro, Jorge, 13–107. Montevideo: Fin de Siglo-FESUR.Google Scholar

Lanzaro, Jorge. 2007. “The Uruguayan Party System: Transition within Transition.” In When Parties Prosper: The Uses of Electoral Success, edited by Lawson, Kay and Merkl, Peter H., 117–140. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar

Lanzaro, Jorge. 2011. “Uruguay: A Social Democratic Government in Latin America.” In The Resurgence of the Latin American Left, edited by Levitsky, Steven and Roberts, Kenneth, 348–374. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Lanzaro, Jorge. 2012. “Continuidad y Cambios en una Vieja Democracia de Partidos.” Cuadernos del CLAEH 100: 37–77.Google Scholar

Leiras, Marcelo. 2007. Todos los Caballos del Rey: La Integración de los Partidos Políticos y el Gobierno Democrático de la Argentina, 1995-2003. Buenos Aires: Prometeo.Google Scholar

Levitsky, Steven. 2003. Transforming Labor-Based Parties in Latin America: Argentine Peronism in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Levitsky, Steven, Loxton, James, Van Dyck, Brandon, and Domínguez, Jorge. 2016. Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Levitsky, Steven and Roberts, Kenneth, eds. 2011. The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Linz, Juan. 1990. “The Perils of Presidentialism.” Journal of Democracy 1: 51–69.Google Scholar

Linz, Juan. 1994. “Democracy, Presidential or Parliamentary: Does It Make a Difference?” In The Failure of Presidential Democracy: The Case of Latin America., edited by Linz, Juan and Valenzuela, Arturo, 3–87. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

López Cariboni, Santiago and Queirolo, Rosario. 2015. “Class Voting versus Economic Voting: Explaining Electoral Behavior before and after the ‘Left Turn’ in Latin America.” 8ª Congreso Latinoamericano de Ciencia Política, ALACIP, Lima, Perú, July 22–24, 2015.Google Scholar

Loveman, Brian. 1995. “The Transition to Civilian Government in Chile, 1990–1994.” In The struggle for democracy in Chile, edited by Drake, Paul W. and Jaksic, Ivan, 305–337. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

Luján, Diego and Moraes, Juan A.. 2017. “Why Fusions? The Role of Electoral Coordination in the Frente Amplio´s Formation.” Departamento de Ciencia Política, Universidad de la República, Uruguay.Google Scholar

Lumley, Thomas. 2011. Complex Surveys: A Guide to Analysis Using R. Hovoken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar

Luna, Juan Pablo. 2004. “¿Entre la Espada y la Pared? La Transformación Reciente de las Bases Sociales del Frente Amplio y sus Implicancias para un Eventual Gobierno Progresista.” In La Izquierda Uruguaya Entre la Oposición y el Gobierno, edited by Lanzaro, Jorge, 195–250. Montevideo: FESUR-Fin de Siglo.Google Scholar

Luna, Juan Pablo. 2007. “Frente Amplio and the Crafting of a Social Democratic Alternative in Uruguay.” Latin American Politics and Society 49 (4):1–30.Google Scholar

Luna, Juan Pablo. 2014. Segmented Representation: Political Party Strategies in Unequal Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Luna, Juan Pablo and Altman, David. 2011. “Uprooted but Stable: Chilean Parties and the Concept of Party System Institutionalization.” Latin American Politics & Society 53 (2):1–28.Google Scholar

Lupu, Noam. 2014. “Brand Dilution and the Breakdown of Political Parties in Latin America.” World Politics 66 (4):561–602.Google Scholar

Lupu, Noam. 2016. Party Brands in Crisis: Partisanship, Brand Dilution, and the Breakdown of Political Parties in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Madrid, Raúl L. 2012. The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mahoney, James and Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, eds. 2003. Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mahoney, James and Thelen, Kathleen. 2015. Advances in Comparative–Historical Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott. 1999. Rethinking Party Systems in the Third Wave of Democratization: The Case of Brazil. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott, ed. 2018. Party Systems in Latin America: Institutionalization, Decay, and Collapse. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott and Zoco, Edurne. 2007. “Political Sequences and the Stabilization of Interparty Competition.” Party Politics 13 (2):155–178.Google Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott and Shugart, Matthew. 1997. “Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America: Rethinking the Terms of the Debate.” In Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America, edited by Mainwaring, Scott and Shugart, Matthew, 12–54. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy, eds. 1995. Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy, eds. 2010. Democratic Governance in Latin America. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Marchesi, Aldo. 2017. Latin America’s Radical Left: Rebellion and Cold War in the Global 1960s. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

McKenna, Elizabeth and Han, Hahrie. 2014. Groundbreakers: How Obama’s 2.2 Million Volunteers Transformed Campaigning in America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Michels, Robert. 1999 (1911). Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar

Monestier, Felipe. 2011. Movimientos Sociales, Partidos Políticos y Democracia Directa desde Abajo en Uruguay: 1985-2004. Buenos Aires: Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales.Google Scholar

Moraes, Juan Andrés. 2008. “Why Factions? Candidate Selection and Legislative Politics in Uruguay.” In Pathways to Power: Political Recruitment and Candidate Selection in Latin America, edited by Siavelis, Peter M. and Morgenstern, Scott, 164–185. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar

Moraes, Juan Andrés and Luján, Diego. 2015. “The Heft of the Uruguayan Left: A Case of Party Adaptation without Moderation.” Paper Prepared for the Project Reforming Communism: Cuba in Comparative Perspective.Google Scholar

Moreira, Constanza. 2000. “Las Paradojales Elecciones del Fin de Siglo Uruguayo: Comportamiento Electoral y Cultura Política.” In Elecciones 1999/2000. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental.Google Scholar

Moreira, Constanza. 2004. Final de juego: Del bipartidismo tradicional al triunfo de la izquierda en Uruguay. Montevideo: Ediciones Trilce.Google Scholar

Moreira, Constanza and Delbono, Andrea. 2016. “Diferenciación Social, Generacional y Geográfica del Voto del Frente Amplio en las elecciones nacionales de 2014. Revisando la Hipótesis del Policlasismo de los Partidos Políticos Uruguayos.” In Permanencias, Trancisiones y Rupturas. Elecciones en Uruguay 2014/15, edited by Garcé, Adolfo and Johnson, Niki, 119–139. Montevideo: Editorial Fin de Siglo.Google Scholar

Morgan, Jana. 2011. Bankrupt Representation and Party System Collapse. University Park, PA: Penn State Press.Google Scholar

Morley, Samuel A., Machado, Roberto, and Pettinato, Stefano. 1999. “Indexes of Structural Reform in Latin America.” Serie Reformas Económicas-ECLAC Economic Development Division (12).Google Scholar

Moulian, Tomas. 1993. La Forja de Ilusiones: El Sistema de Partidos 1932-1973. Santiago de Chile: Universidad de Artes y Ciencias Sociales (ARCIS) y Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO).Google Scholar

Murillo, Maria Victoria. 2001. Labor Unions, Partisan Coalitions, and Market Reforms in Latin America: New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Murillo, Maria Victoria. 2009. Political Competition, Partisanship, and Policy Making in Latin American Public Utilities. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Murillo, María Victoria, Oliveros, Virginia, and Vaishnav, Milan. 2011. “Economic Constraints and Presidential Agency.” The Resurgence of the Latin American Left: 52–70.Google Scholar

Nahum, Benjamin, Frega, Ana, Marona, Móncia, and Trochón, Ivette. 1993. Historia Uruguaya. El Fin del Uruguay Liberal. Tomo 8 1959-1973. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental.Google Scholar

Nichter, Simeon. 2008. “Vote Buying or Turnout Buying? Machine Politics and the Secret Ballot.” American Political Science Review 102 (1):19–31.Google Scholar

Norris, Pipa. 1999. Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Novaro, Marcos. 2010. Historia de la Argentina, 1955-2010. Buenos Aires: Siglo Veintiuno.Google Scholar

Novaro, Marcos and Palermo, Vicente A. 2004. La Historia Reciente: Argentina en Democracia. Buenos Aires: Edhasa.Google Scholar

Padrón, Álvaro and Wachendorfer, Achim. 2017. Trade Unions in Transformation Uruguay: Building Trade Union Power. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung.Google Scholar

Palermo, Vicente and Novaro, Marcos. 1996. Política y Poder en el Gobierno de Menem. Buenos Aires: Norma.Google Scholar

Panebianco, Angelo. 1988. Political Parties: Organization and Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Panizza, Francisco. 1990. Uruguay, Batllismo y Después: Pacheco, Militares y Tupamaros en la Crisis del Uruguay Batllista. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental.Google Scholar

Paolillo, Claudio. 2004. Con los Días Contados. Montevideo: Editorial Fin de Siglo.Google Scholar

Pérez, Verónica and Piñeiro, Rafael. 2016. “Uruguay 2015: Los Desafíos de Gobernar por Izquierda cuando la Economía se Contrae.” Revista de Ciencia Politica 36 (1):339–363.Google Scholar

Pierson, Paul. 2004. Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Piñeiro, Rafael. 2014. “Cartelización Clientelar y Estabilidad de la Democracia en América Latina pre-1974.” Doctor en Ciencia Política, Instituto de Ciencia Política, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.Google Scholar

Piñeiro, Rafael and Rosenblatt, Fernando. 2016. “Pre-analysis Plans for Qualitative Research.” Revista de Ciencia Politica 36 (3):785–796.Google Scholar

Piñeiro, Rafael and Rosenblatt, Fernando. 2018. “Stability and Incorporation: Towards a New Concept of Party System Institutionalization.” Party Politics:1–12. doi: 10.1177/1354068818777895.Google Scholar

Piñeiro, Rafael and Yaffé, Jaime. 2004. “El Frente Amplio por dentro. Las fracciones frenteamplistas 1971-1999.” In La izquierda uruguaya entre la oposición y el gobierno, edited by Lanzaro, Jorge, 297–319. Montevideo: Fin de Siglo/FESUR.Google Scholar

Piñeiro, Rafael, Pérez, Verónica, and Rosenblatt, Fernando. 2016. “Pre-analysis Plan: The Broad Front: A Mass-Based Leftist Party in Latin America: History, Organization and Resilience.” Available at: http://egap.org/registration/1989.Google Scholar

Pizzorno, Alessandro. 1970. “An Introduction to the Theory of Political Participation.” Social Science Information 9 (5):29–61.Google Scholar

Ponce de León, Martín and Rubio, Enrique. 2018. Los GAU. Una Historia del Pasado Reciente (1967-1985). Vivencias y Recuerdos. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental.Google Scholar

Pribble, Jennifer. 2013. Welfare and Party Politics in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam. 2010. Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam and Sprague, John. 1986. Paper Stones. A History of Electoral Socialism. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam, Alvarez, Michael, Cheibub, José Antonio, and Limongi, Fernando. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Queirolo, Rosario. 2001. “La Organización Interna del Frente Amplio a Treinta Años de su Fundación: 1971-2001.” Tesis de Maestría en Ciencia Política en Iberoamérica, Universidad Internacional de Andalucía-Sede Iberoamericana Santa María de la Rábida.Google Scholar

Queirolo, Rosario. 2013. The Success of the Left in Latin America: Untainted Parties, Market Reforms, and Voting Behavior. Notre Dame, IA: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar

Rama, Germán. 1971. El Club Político. Montevideo: Arca.Google Scholar

Rama, Germán. 1987. La Democracia en Uruguay: Una Perspectiva de Interpretación. Buenos Aires: Grupo Editor Latinoamericano.Google Scholar

Real de Azúa, Carlos. 1964. El Impulso y su Freno: Tres Décadas de Batllismo y las Raíces de la Crisis Uruguaya. Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental.Google Scholar

Remmer, Karen. 1991. “The Political Impact of Economic Crisis in Latin America in the 1980’s.” American Political Science Review 81 (3):777–800.Google Scholar

Rhodes-Purdy, Matthew. 2017. Regime Support Beyond the Balance Sheet: Participation and Policy Performance in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Rhodes-Purdy, Matthew. 2018. “Procedures Matter: An Organizational Justice Model of Regime Support.” 76th Annual Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 5–8.Google Scholar

Ribeiro, Pedro Floriano. 2008. “Dos Sindicatos ao Governo: A Organização Nacional do PT de 1980 a 2005 “ Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência Política Centro de Educação e Ciências Humanas Universidade Federal de São Carlos.Google Scholar

Ribeiro, Pedro Floriano. 2013. “Organização e Poder nos Partidos Brasileiros: Uma Análise dos Estatutos.” Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política 10: 225.Google Scholar

Ribeiro, Pedro Floriano. 2014. “An Amphibian Party? Organisational Change and Adaptation in the Brazilian Workers’ Party, 1980–2012.” Journal of Latin American Studies 46 (1):87–119.Google Scholar

Riedl, Rachel. 2008. “Institutions in New Democracies: Variations in African Political Party Systems.” PhD, Political Science, Princeton University.Google Scholar

Riedl, Rachel. 2014. Authoritarian Origins of Democratic Party Systems in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Roberts, Kenneth. 1998. Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Roberts, Kenneth. 2002. “Social Inequalities Without Class Cleavages in Latin America’s Neoliberal Era.” SCID 1 (36):3–33.Google Scholar

Roberts, Kenneth. 2014. Changing Course in Latin America: Party Systems in the Neoliberal Era. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Roberts, Kenneth and Wibbels, Erik. 1999. “Party Systems and Electoral Volatility in Latin America: A Test of Economic, Institutional, and Structural Explanations.” American Political Science Review 93 (3):575–590.Google Scholar

Rosenblatt, Fernando. 2006. “El Dispar Desenlace de la Crisis Económica en Argentina y Uruguay (2001-2002): Una Explicación Desde la Teoría de las Prospectivas.” Revista de Ciencia Política 26 (2):97–119.Google Scholar

Rosenblatt, Fernando. 2018. Party Vibrancy and Democracy in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Rossel, Cecilia. 2016. “De la Heterogeneidad Productiva a la Estratificación de la Protección Social.” In Hacia un Desarrollo Inclusivo. El caso del Uruguay, edited by Amarante, Verónica and Infante, Ricardo. Santiago: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).Google Scholar

Rovira Mas, Jorge. 2001. “¿Se debilita el Bipartidismo?” In La Democracia de Costa Rica Ante el Siglo XXI, edited by Mas, Jorge Rovira, 195–232. San José: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.Google Scholar

Samuels, David. 2004. “From Socialism to Social Democracy: Party Organization and the Transformation of the Workers’ Party in Brazil.” Comparative Political Studies 37 (9):999–1024.Google Scholar

Samuels, David. 2006. “Sources of Mass Partisanship in Brazil.” Latin American Politics & Society 48 (2):1–27.Google Scholar

Samuels, David and Zucco, Cesar Jr. 2016. “Party-Building in Brazil. The Rise of the PT in Perspective “In Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America, edited by Levitsky, Steven, Loxton, James, Van Dyck, Brandon and Domínguez, Jorge, 331–355. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Samuels, David and Shugart, Matthew. 2010. Presidents, Parties, and Prime Ministers: How the Separation of Powers Affects Party Organization and Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Sartori, Giovanni. 1976. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Scarrow, Susan. 2015. Beyond Party Members: Changing Approaches to Partisan Mobilization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Scarrow, Susan, Webb, Paul, and Poguntke, Thomas. 2017. Organizing Political Parties: Representation, Participation, and Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Scarrow, Susan and Gezgor, Burcu. 2010. “Declining Memberships, Changing Members? European Political Party Members in a New Era.” Party Politics 16 (6):823–843.Google Scholar

Schattschneider, Elmer. 1942. Party Government. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.Google Scholar

Schlesinger, Joseph A. 1994. Political Parties and the Winning of Office. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Scully, Timothy. 1992. Rethinking the Center: Party Politics in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Chile. Standford, CA: Standford University Press.Google Scholar

Seawright, Jason. 2012. Party-System Collapse: The Roots of Crisis in Peru and Venezuela. Stanford,CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Selle, Per and Svasand, Lars. 1991. “Membership in Party Organizations and the Problem of Decline of Parties.” Comparative Political Studies 23 (4):459.Google Scholar

Senatore, Luis, Doglio, Natalia, and Yaffé, Jaime. 2004. “Izquierda Política y Sindicatos en Uruguay (1971-2003) “ In La Izquierda Uruguaya entre la Oposición y el Gobierno, edited by Lanzaro, Jorge. Montevideo: Fin de Siglo.Google Scholar

Senatore, Luis and Méndez, Gustavo. 2011. “La Política Salarial en el Bienio 2010-2011.” In Política en Tiempos de Mujica. En Busca del Rumbo. Informe de Coyuntura N° 10, edited by Caetano, Gerardo, Mancebo, María Ester and Moraes, Juan Andrés, 113–123. Montevideo: Estuario Editora.Google Scholar

Shefter, Martin. 1994. Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Solari, Aldo. 1991. Uruguay, Partidos Políticos y Sistema Electoral. Montevideo: Fundacion de Cultura Universitaria.Google Scholar

Solari, Aldo and Franco, Rolando. 1983. Las Empresas Públicas en el Uruguay: Ideología y Política. Montevideo: Fundación de Cultura Universitaria.Google Scholar

Stinchcombe, Arthur. 1968. Constructing Social Theories. New York: Harcourt Brace & World.Google Scholar

Stokes, Susan. 1999. “What Do Policy Switches Tell Us about Democracy?” In Democracy, Accountability and Representation, edited by Przeworski, Adam, Stokes, Susan and Manin, Bernard, 98–130. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Stokes, Susan C, Dunning, Thad, Nazareno, Marcelo, and Brusco, Valeria. 2013. Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism: The Puzzle of Distributive Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Strom, Kaare. 1990. “A Behavioral Theory of Competitive Political Parties.” American Journal of Political Science 34 (2):565.Google Scholar

Strom, Kaare. 2000. “Parties at the Core of Government.” In Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, edited by Dalton, Russell and Wattenberg, Martin, 180–207. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Tavits, Margit. 2008. “Party Systems in the Making: The Emergence and Success of New Parties in New Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science 38 (1):113–133.Google Scholar

Tavits, Margit. 2013. Post-Communist Democracies and Party Organization. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Thelen, Kathleen. 1999. “Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 2 (1):369–404.Google Scholar

Thorp, Rosemary. 1998. Progreso, Pobreza y Exclusión: Una Historia Económica de América Latina en el Siglo XX. New York: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo / Unión Europea.Google Scholar

Tsebelis, George. 1995. “Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism.” British Journal of Political Science 25 (3):289–325.Google Scholar

Uruguay, Central Bank of. 2015. Informe de Política Monetaria. Cuarto Trimestre. Montevideo: Central Bank of Uruguay.Google Scholar

Valenzuela, Arturo. 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Chile. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Van Haute, Emilie and Gauja, Anika. 2015. “Introduction. Party Members and Activists ” In Party Members and Activists, edited by Van Haute, Emilie and Gauja, Anika, 1–17. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Vanger, Milton. 1963. José Batlle y Ordoñez of Uruguay: The Creator of His Times, 1902-1907. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Verba, Sidney, Schlozman, Kay, and Brady, Henry. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Webb, Paul and White, Stephen, eds. 2007a. Party Politics in New Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Webb, Paul and White, Stephen. 2007b. “Political Parties in New Democracies: Trajectories of Development and Implications for Democracy.” In Party politics in new democracies, edited by Webb, Paul and White, Stephen, 345–369. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wettstein, Germán. 1980. La Autoridad del Pueblo. General Seregni. México: Mex-Sur.Google Scholar

Weyland, Kurt. 2002. The Politics of Market Reform in Fragile Democracies: Argentina, Brazil, Peru, and Venezuela. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Weyland, Kurt, Madrid, Raúl, and Hunter, Wendy, eds. 2010. Leftist Governments in Latin America: Successes and Shortcomings. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wills Otero, Laura. 2015. Latin American Traditional Parties, 1978-2006. Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Departamento de Ciencia Política, Ediciones Uniandes.Google Scholar

Yaffé, Jaime. 2005. Al Centro y Adentro: La Renovación de la Izquierda y el Triunfo del Frente Amplio en Uruguay. Montevideo: Linardi y Risso.Google Scholar

Yaffé, Jaime. 2016. “Izquierda y Democracia en Uruguay, 1959-1973: Un Estudio sobre Lealtad Democrática en Tiempos de la Guerra Fría Latinoamericana.” Doctorado en Ciencia Política, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales- Departamento de Ciencia Política, Universidad de la República.Google Scholar

Zemelman, Hugo. 1971. “Génesis Histórica del Proceso Político Chileno.” In, edited by Enzo Faletto, Eduardo Ruiz and Hugo Zemelman, 33–118. Santiago, Chile: Quimantú.Google Scholar

Zucco, Cesar Jr. 2008. “Stability without Roots: Party System Institutionalization in Brazil.” Institucionalización de los Sistemas de Partidos en América Latina, CIDOB-Barcelona, November 20–21.Google Scholar

Zucco, Cesar Jr. 2010. Stability without Roots: Party System Institutionalization in Brazil. In Working Paper Series, edited by SSRN. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2002359Google Scholar