While primarily concerned with prisoners of war, this study must also examine the medical discourse concerning Ottoman soldiers who suffered nervous breakdowns at the front, or those who military-medical authorities accused of malingering. During the war, when medical professionals examined and diagnosed Ottoman soldiers who claimed to have suffered a nervous breakdown, or war neurosis, they frequently used prisoners of war as a point of comparison. Neuropsychiatrists initially insisted that since they did not see war neurosis and related disorders among prisoners of war, that non-prisoners' claims to be suffering from war-related disorders were false. Therefore, the doctors perceived them as malingering or feigning illness. This chapter argues that the connection between prisoners and non-prisoners was already evident in the socio-medical discourse of neuro-psychiatrists both in the Ottoman Empire and Europe. However, about a decade after the end of the war, the neuro-psychiatrists retroactively diagnosed the former prisoners with some of the same mental disorders as those non-prisoners they had diagnosed during the war.