Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-gq7q9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-18T06:19:54.109Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 17 - Transenology

from Section B - Practicing Transgynecology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 December 2022

By
Daphne Gschwantler-Kaulich  and
Christian F. Singer
Edited by
Mick van Trotsenburg ,
Rixt A. C. Luikenaar  and
Maria Cristina Meriggiola
Mick van Trotsenburg
Affiliation:
Sigmund Freud PrivatUniversität, Wien
Rixt A. C. Luikenaar
Affiliation:
Rebirth Health Center, Utah
Maria Cristina Meriggiola
Affiliation:
Università di Bologna
Get access

Summary

Transgender people comprise a diverse group of individuals whose gender identity or expression differs from that originally assigned to them at birth.

Type
Chapter
Information
Context, Principles and Practice of TransGynecology
Managing Transgender Patients in ObGyn Practice
 , pp. 130 - 137
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Miller, TJ, Wilson, SC, Maasie, JP, Morrison, SD, Satterwhite, T. Breast augmentation in male-to-female transgender patients. Technical considerations and outcomes. JPRAS Open 2019;21:63–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpra.2019.03.003Google Scholar
Van Boerum, MS, Salibian, AA, Bluebond-Langner, R, Agarwal, C. Chest and facial surgery for the transgender patient. Transl Androl Urol 2019;8:219–227. https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2019.06.18Google Scholar
Yerke, AF, Mitchell, V. Am I man enough yet? A comparison of the body transition, self-labeling, and sexual orientation of two cohorts of female-to-male transsexuals. Int J Transgend 2011;13:64–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2011.622125Google Scholar
Poudrier, G, Nolan, IT, Cook, TE, et al. Assessing quality of life and patient-reported satisfaction with masculinizing top surgery: a mixed-methods descriptive survey study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019;143:272–279. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS-0000000000005113CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, B, Khansa, I, Janis, JE. Evidence-based strategies to reduce postoperative complications in plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016;137(1):351–360. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002774Google Scholar
Monstrey, S, Selvaggi, G, Ceulemans, P, et al. Chest wall contouring surgery in female-to-male transsexuals: a new algorithm. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121(3):849–859. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000299921.15447.b2Google Scholar
Cregten-Escobar, P, Bouman, MB, Buncamper, ME, Mullender, MG. Subcutaneous mastectomy in female-to-male transsexuals: a retrospective cohort-analysis of 202 patients. J Sex Med 2012;9(12):3148–3153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02939.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowman, C, Goldberg, JM. Care of the patient undergoing sex reassignment surgery. Int J Transgenderism 2006;9(3–4):135–165. https://doi.org/10.1300/J485v09n03_07CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hage, JJ, van Kesteren, PJ. Chest wall contouring in female-to-male transsexuals: basic considerations and review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;96(2):386–391. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199508000-00019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hage, JJ, Bloem, JJ. Chest wall contouring for female-to-male transsexuals: Amsterdam experience. Ann Plast Surg 1995;34(1):59–66. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-199501000-00012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarrett, BA, Corbet, AL, Gardner, IH, Weinand, JD, Peitzmeier, SM. Chest binding and care seeking among transmasculine adults: a cross-sectional study. Transgend Health 2018;3:170–178.Google Scholar
Van de Grift, TC, Elfering, L, Bouman, MB, Buncamper, ME, Mullender, MG. Surgical indications and outcomes of mastectomy in transmen: a prospective study of technical and self-reported measures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;140(3):415e–424e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003607Google Scholar
McEvenue, G, Xu, FZ, Cai, R, McLean, H. Female-to-male gender affirming top surgery: a single surgeon’s 15-year retrospective review and treatment algorithm. Aesthet Surg J 2017;38(1):49–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjx116Google Scholar
Bluebond-Langner, R, Berli, JU, Sabino, J, et al. Top surgery in transgender men: how far can you push the envelope? Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;139:873e–882e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003225CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beer, GM, Budi, S, Seifert, B, et al. Configuration and localization of the nipple-areola complex in men. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;108(7):1947–1952; discussion 1953. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200112000-00015Google Scholar
McGregor, JC, Whallett, EJ. Some personal suggestions on surgery in large or ptotic breasts for female to male transsexuals. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2006;59(8):893–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2005.12.001Google Scholar
Ammari, T, Sluiter, EC, Gast, K, Kuzion, WM. Female-to-male gender-affirming chest reconstruction surgery. Aesth Surg J 2019;39(2):150–163. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjy098CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolter, A, Dietrichson, J, Scholz, T, Arens-Landwehr, A, Liebau, J. Sexual reassignment surgery in female-to-male transsexuals: an algorithm for subcutaneous mastectomy. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2015;68(2):184–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2014.10.016Google Scholar
Namba, Y, Watanabe, T, Kimata, Y. Mastectomy in female-to-male transsexuals. Acta Med Okayama 2009;63(5):243–247. https://doi.org/10.18926/AMO/31841Google ScholarPubMed
Gibson, B. Care of the child with the desire to change genders – Part II: female-to-male transition. Pediatr Nurs 2010;36(2):112–117.Google Scholar
Nelson, L, Whallett, EJ, McGregor, JC. Transgender patient satisfaction following reduction mammaplasty. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009;62(3):331–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2007.10.049CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berry, MG, Curtis, R, Davies, D. Female-to-male transgender chest reconstruction: a large consecutive, single-surgeon experience. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012;65(6):711–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2011.11.053Google Scholar
Nikolic, DV, Djordjevic, ML, Granic, M, et al. Importance of revealing a rare case of breast cancer in a female-to-male transsexual after bilateral mastectomy. World J Surg Oncol 2012;10:280. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-10-280Google Scholar
Sattari, M. Breast cancer in male-to-female transgender patients: a case for caution. Clin Breast Cancer 2015;15(1):e67–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2014.08.004Google Scholar
Burcombe, RJ, Makris, A, Pittam, M, Finer, N. Breast cancer after bilateral subcutaneous mastectomy in a female-to-male trans-sexual. Breast 2003;12(4):290–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9776(03)00033-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narayan, SK, Morrison, T, Dugi, DD 3rd, Mosser, S, Berli, JU. Gender confirmation surgery for the endocrinologist. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2019;48:403–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2019.02.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winter, S, Diamond, M, Green, J, et al. Transgender people: health at the margins of society. Lancet 2016;388:390–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00683-8Google Scholar
Safa, B, Lin, WC, Salim, AM, Deschamps-Braly, JC, Poh, MM. Current concepts in feminizing gender surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019;143:1081e–1091e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000005595CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrison, SD, Wilson, SC, Mosser, SW. Breast and body contouring for transgender and gender nonconforming individuals. Clin Plast Surg 2018;45:333–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2018.03.015Google Scholar
Bekeny, JC, Zolper, EG, Fan, KL, Del Corral, G. Breast augmentation for transfeminine patients: methods, complications, and outcomes. Gland Surg 2020;9(3):788–796. https://doi.org/10.21037/gs.2020.03.18Google Scholar
Hidalgo, DA. Breast augmentation: choosing the optimal incision, implant, and pocket plane. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;105:2202–2216; discussion 2217–2218. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200005000-00047CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tebbetts, JB, Adams, WP. Five critical decisions in breast augmentation using five measurements in 5 minutes: the high five decision support process. Plast Resonstr Surg 2005;116:2005–2016.Google Scholar
Montemurro, P, Agko, M, Li, AQ, Avvedimento, S, Heden, P. Implementation of an integrated biodimensional method of breast augmentation with anatomic, highly cohesive silicone gel implants: short-term results with the first 620 consecutive cases. Aesthet Surg J 2017;37:782–792. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjx024Google Scholar
Mallucci, P, Branford, OA. Design for natural breast augmentation: the ICE Principle. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016;137:1728–1737. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002230CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Boer, M, van der Sluis, WB, de Boer, JP, et al. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in a transgender woman. Aesthet Surg J 2017;37:NP83–87. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjx098Google Scholar
Patzelt, M, Zarubova, L, Klener, P, et al. Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma associated with breast implants: a case report of a transgender female. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2018;42:451–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-017-1012-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guccolo, NG, Kang, CO, Boskey, ER, et al. Epidemiologic characteristics and postoperative complications following augmentation mammaplasty: comparison of transgender and cisgender females. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2019;7:e2461. https://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000002461Google Scholar
Gooren, LJ, van Trotsenburg, MA, Giltay, EJ, van Diest, PJ. Breast cancer development in transsexual subjects receiving cross-sex hormone treatment. J Sex Med 2013;10(12):3129–3134. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12319CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Blok, CJM, Wiepjes, CM, Nota, NM, et al. Breast cancer risk in transgender people receiving hormone treatment: nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands. BMJ 2019;365:1652. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.I1652Google Scholar
Brown, GR, Jones, KT. Incidence of breast cancer in a cohort of 5,135 transgender veterans. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015;149(1):191–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-014-3213-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gooren, L, Bowers, M, Lips, P, Konings, IR. Five new cases of breast cancer in transsexual persons. Andrologia 2015;47(10):1202–1205. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12399Google Scholar
Nikolic, DV, Djordjevic, ML, Granic, M, et al. Importance of revealing a rare case of breast cancer in a female to male transsexual after bilateral mastectomy. World J Surg Oncol 2012;10:280. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-10-280CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shao, T, Grossbard, ML, Klein, P. Breast cancer in female-to-male transsexuals: two cases with a review of physiology and management. Clin Breast Cancer 2011;11(6):417–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2011.06.006Google Scholar
Eismann, J, Heng, YJ, Fleischmann-Rose, K, et al. Interdisciplinary management of transgender individuals at risk for breast cancer: case reports and review of the literature. Clin Breast Cancer 2019;19(1):e12–e19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2018.11.007Google Scholar
Fundytus, A, Saad, N, Logie, N, Urgoiti, GR. Breast cancer in transgender female-to-male individuals: a case report of androgen receptor-positive breast cancer. Breast J 2020;26(5):1007–1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbj.13655Google Scholar
Fledderus, AC, Gout, HA, Ogilvie, AC, van Loenen, DKG. Breast malignancy in female-to-male transsexuals: systematic review, case report, and recommendations for screening. Breast 2020;53:92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2020.06.008Google Scholar
Hartmann, LC, Schaid, DJ, Woods, JE, et al. Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with a family history of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1999;340(2):77–84. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199901143400201Google Scholar
Chotai, N, Tang, S, Lim, H, Lu, S. Breast cancer in a female-to-male transgender patient 20 years post-mastectomy: issues to consider. Breast J 2019;25(6):1066–1070. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbj.13417Google Scholar
Katayama, Y, Motoki, T, Watanabe, S, et al. A very rare case of breast cancer in a female-to-male transsexual. Breast Cancer 2016;23(6):939–944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-015-0661-4Google Scholar
Sacca, RE, Koeller, DR, Rana, HQ, Garber, JE, Morganstern, DE. Trans-counseling: a case series of transgender individuals at high risk for BRCA1 pathogenic variants. J Genet Couns 2019;28(3):708–716. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgc4.1046CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, Q, Niu, Y, Liu, N, et al. Expression of androgen receptor in breast cancer and its significance as a prognostic factor. Ann Oncol 2011;22(6):1288–1294. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdq586Google Scholar
Giovannelli, P, Di Donato, M, Galasso, G, et al. The androgen receptor in breast cancer. Front Endocrinol 2018;9:492. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00492CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNamara, KM, Moore, NL, Hickey, TE, Sasano, H, Rilley, WD. Complexities of androgen receptor signalling in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014;21(4):T161–T181. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-14-0243CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berrino, F, Pasanisi, P, Bellati, C, et al. Serum testosterone levels and breast cancer recurrence. Int J Cancer 2005;113(3):499–502. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20582Google Scholar
Feng, J, Ji, L, Zhang, N, et al. Androgen and AR contribute to breast cancer development and metastasis: an insight of mechanisms. Oncogene 2017;36(20):2775–2790. https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2016.432CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adly, L, Hill, D, Sherman, ME, et al. Serum concentrations of estrogens, sex homone-binding globulin, and androgens and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer 2006;119(10):2402–2407.Google Scholar
Key, T, Appleby, P, Barnes, I, Reeves, G. Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group. Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in post-menopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94(8):606–616. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.8.606Google Scholar
Symmers, WS. Carcinoma of the breast in trans-sexual individuals after surgical and hormonal interference with the primary and secondary sex characteristics. Br Med J 1968;2:83–85. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5597.83Google Scholar
Grabellus, F, Worm, K, Willruth, A, et al. ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion in a secretory carcinoma of the breast of a male-to-female transsexual. Breast 2005;2014:71–74.Google Scholar
Dhand, A, Dhaliwal, G. Examining patient conceptions: a case of metastatic breast cancer in an African American male to female transgender patient. J Gen Intern Med 2010;25(2):158–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-009-1159-6Google Scholar
Orofino, N, Guidotti, F, Cattaneo, D, et al. Marked eosinophilia as initial presentation of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2016;57(11):2712–2715. https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2016.1160079CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corman, V, Potorac, J, Manto, F, et al. Breast cancer in a male-to-female transsexual patient with a BRCA2 mutation. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016;23(5):391–397. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-16-0057Google Scholar
Maglione, KD, Margolies, L, Jaffer, S, et al. Breast cancer in male-to-female transsexuals: use of breast imaging for detection. Am J Roentgenol 2014;203(6):735–740. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.14.12723Google Scholar
Zucker, KJ, Lawrence, AA. Epidemiology of gender identity disorder: recommendations for the Standards of Care of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Int J Transgenderism 2009;11(1):8–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532730902799946Google Scholar
Asscheman, H, Giltay, EJ, Megens, JA, et al. A long-term follow-up study of mortality in transsexuals receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;164:635–642. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-10-1038Google Scholar
Wierchx, K, Mueller, S, Weyers, S, et al. Long-term evaluation of cross-sex hormone treatment in transsexual persons. J Sex Med 2012;9:2641–2651. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02876.xGoogle Scholar
Rossouw, JE, Anderson, GL, Prentice, RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2002;288:321–333. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.3.321Google ScholarPubMed
Van Kesteren, PJ, Asscheman, H, Megens, JA, Gooren, LJ. Mortality and morbidity in transsexual subjects treated with cross-sex hormones. Clin Endocrinol 1997;47:337–342. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1997.2601068.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haupt, C, Henke, M, Kutschmar, A, et al. Antiandrogen or estradiol treatment or both during hormone therapy in transitioning transgender women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;11(11):CD013138. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858Google Scholar
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence. Lancet 2019;394:1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31709-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santen, RJ, Heitjan, DF, Gompel, A, et al. Underlying breast cancer risk and menopausal hormone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105(6):dgaa073. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa073CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grzeskowiak, LE, Smithers, LG, Amir, LH, Grivell, RM. Domperidone for increasing breast milk volume in mothers expressing breast milk for their preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2018;125(11):1371–1378. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15177CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reisman, T, Goldstein, Z. Case report: induced lactation in a transgender woman. Transgend Health 2018;3(1):24–26. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2017.0044CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×