Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- Preface
- Part I Clinical syndromes: general
- Part II Clinical syndromes: head and neck
- Part III Clinical syndromes: eye
- Part IV Clinical syndromes: skin and lymph nodes
- Part V Clinical syndromes: respiratory tract
- Part VI Clinical syndromes: heart and blood vessels
- Part VII Clinical syndromes: gastrointestinal tract, liver, and abdomen
- Part VIII Clinical syndromes: genitourinary tract
- Part IX Clinical syndromes: musculoskeletal system
- Part X Clinical syndromes: neurologic system
- Part XI The susceptible host
- Part XII HIV
- Part XIII Nosocomial infection
- Part XIV Infections related to surgery and trauma
- Part XV Prevention of infection
- Part XVI Travel and recreation
- Part XVII Bioterrorism
- Part XVIII Specific organisms: bacteria
- Part XIX Specific organisms: spirochetes
- Part XX Specific organisms: Mycoplasma and Chlamydia
- Part XXI Specific organisms: Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma
- Part XXII Specific organisms: fungi
- Part XXIII Specific organisms: viruses
- 182 Cytomegalovirus
- 183 Dengue
- 184 Enteroviruses
- 185 Epstein–Barr virus and other causes of the mononucleosis syndrome
- 186 Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in the Americas
- 187 Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2
- 188 Human herpesviruses 6, 7, 8
- 189 Influenza
- 190 Papillomavirus in oro-genital infection
- 191 Acute and chronic parvovirus infection
- 192 Rabies
- 193 Varicella-zoster virus
- 194 Viral hemorrhagic fevers
- Part XXIV Specific organisms: parasites
- Part XXV Antimicrobial therapy: general considerations
- Index
- References
189 - Influenza
from Part XXIII - Specific organisms: viruses
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 April 2015
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- Preface
- Part I Clinical syndromes: general
- Part II Clinical syndromes: head and neck
- Part III Clinical syndromes: eye
- Part IV Clinical syndromes: skin and lymph nodes
- Part V Clinical syndromes: respiratory tract
- Part VI Clinical syndromes: heart and blood vessels
- Part VII Clinical syndromes: gastrointestinal tract, liver, and abdomen
- Part VIII Clinical syndromes: genitourinary tract
- Part IX Clinical syndromes: musculoskeletal system
- Part X Clinical syndromes: neurologic system
- Part XI The susceptible host
- Part XII HIV
- Part XIII Nosocomial infection
- Part XIV Infections related to surgery and trauma
- Part XV Prevention of infection
- Part XVI Travel and recreation
- Part XVII Bioterrorism
- Part XVIII Specific organisms: bacteria
- Part XIX Specific organisms: spirochetes
- Part XX Specific organisms: Mycoplasma and Chlamydia
- Part XXI Specific organisms: Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma
- Part XXII Specific organisms: fungi
- Part XXIII Specific organisms: viruses
- 182 Cytomegalovirus
- 183 Dengue
- 184 Enteroviruses
- 185 Epstein–Barr virus and other causes of the mononucleosis syndrome
- 186 Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in the Americas
- 187 Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2
- 188 Human herpesviruses 6, 7, 8
- 189 Influenza
- 190 Papillomavirus in oro-genital infection
- 191 Acute and chronic parvovirus infection
- 192 Rabies
- 193 Varicella-zoster virus
- 194 Viral hemorrhagic fevers
- Part XXIV Specific organisms: parasites
- Part XXV Antimicrobial therapy: general considerations
- Index
- References
Summary
Influenza infections have caused significant morbidity and mortality throughout recorded human history. Each year, seasonal influenza is estimated to cause around 500 000 excess deaths worldwide. At least 32 pandemics have occurred since 1580 in addition to the seasonal waves of influenza infection. In 1918, a particularly severe pandemic, dubbed the “Spanish flu,” led to the rapid spread of influenza and resulted in at least 20 million deaths worldwide. Recently, the possibility of a worldwide pandemic due to pathogenic avian influenza viruses has become of great concern. Significant resources worldwide have been dedicated to the detection and containment of influenza outbreaks and the development of response plans to influenza epidemics at international, national, and local levels.
Influenza viral structure
Influenza viruses are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae, which include the genera Influenzavirus types A, B, and C. Influenza tends to be spherical and 80 to 120 nm in diameter. Influenza A and B viruses cause the majority of human infections with influenza, whereas influenza C virus causes only sporadic upper respiratory infections. Influenza A viruses can cause infections in birds as well as humans, swine, and other mammals.
Influenza virus has an envelope composed of a lipid bilayer, with a layer of matrix protein on the inner surface and spike-like surface projections of glycoproteins on the outer surface. These glycoproteins include hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.
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- Clinical Infectious Disease , pp. 1205 - 1210Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2015