Climate Change and Cities
Buy print or eBook
[Opens in a new window] Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network
Book contents
- Climate Change and Cities
- Praise for the ARC3.2 Report
- Climate Change and Cities
- Copyright page
- Contents
- UCCRN ARC3.2 List of Boxes
- Foreword – Anne Hidalgo, Mayor of Paris and Chair of C40
- Foreword – Eduardo Paes, Former Mayor of Rio de Janeiro and Former Chair of C40
- Foreword – James Nxumalo, Former Mayor of Durban
- Foreword – Joan Clos, Former Executive Secretary of UN-Habitat and Former Mayor of Barcelona
- Foreword – Christiana Figueres, Former Executive Secretary, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Vice Chair of the Global Covenant of Mayors
- Preface
- Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network
- Introduction
- Part I Cross-Cutting Themes
- Part II Urban Ecosystems and Human Services
- Part III Urban Infrastructure Systems
- Part IV Governance and Urban Futures
- Conclusion: Transforming Cities
- Annexes
- Appendices
- Index
- References
Part III - Urban Infrastructure Systems
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 April 2018
Book contents
- Climate Change and Cities
- Praise for the ARC3.2 Report
- Climate Change and Cities
- Copyright page
- Contents
- UCCRN ARC3.2 List of Boxes
- Foreword – Anne Hidalgo, Mayor of Paris and Chair of C40
- Foreword – Eduardo Paes, Former Mayor of Rio de Janeiro and Former Chair of C40
- Foreword – James Nxumalo, Former Mayor of Durban
- Foreword – Joan Clos, Former Executive Secretary of UN-Habitat and Former Mayor of Barcelona
- Foreword – Christiana Figueres, Former Executive Secretary, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Vice Chair of the Global Covenant of Mayors
- Preface
- Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network
- Introduction
- Part I Cross-Cutting Themes
- Part II Urban Ecosystems and Human Services
- Part III Urban Infrastructure Systems
- Part IV Governance and Urban Futures
- Conclusion: Transforming Cities
- Annexes
- Appendices
- Index
- References
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Climate Change and CitiesSecond Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network, pp. 441 - 582Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2018
References
Primary Sources
Abrahamse, W., and Steg, L. (2009). How do socio-demographic and psychological factors related to households’ direct and indirect energy use and savings? Journal of Economic Psychology, 30 (5), 711–720.Google Scholar
Adger, W. N., Arnell, N. W., and Tompkins, E. L. (2005). Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. Global Environmental Change 15 77–86.Google Scholar
Al-Sunaidy, A., and Green, R. (2006). Electricity deregulation in OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries. Electricity Market Reform and Deregulation 31 769–787.Google Scholar
Aleklett, K., Hook, M., Jakobsson, K., Lardelli, M., Snowden, S., and Soberbergh, B. (2010). The peak of the oil age – analyzing the world oil production reference scenario in World Energy Outlook 2008. Energy Policy 38, 1398–1414.Google Scholar
Allcott, H. (2011). Social norms and energy conservation Journal of Public Economics 95(9–10), 1082–1095.Google Scholar
Apte, J. S., Bombrun, E., Marshall, J. D., and Nazaroff, W. W. (2012). Global intra-urban intake fractions for air pollutants from vehicles and other distributed sources Environmental Science, and Technology 46, 3415–3423.Google Scholar
Apte, J. S., Marshall, J. D., Cohen, A. J., and Brauer, M. (2015). Addressing global mortality from PM2.5 Environmental Science & Technology. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01236Google Scholar
Archer, D., Almansi, F., DiGregorio, M.m Roberts, D., Sharma, D., and Syam, D. (2014). Moving towards inclusive urban adaptation: Approaches to integrating community-based adaptation to climate change at city and national scale. Climate and Development 6, 345–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ARUP, and C40 Cities. (2014). Climate action in megacities. C40 cities baseline and opportunities. Volume 2.0. Accessed May 17, 2015: www.arup.com/Projects/C40_Cities_Climate_Action_in_Megacities_report.aspx.Google Scholar
Aspen Environmental Group and M Cubed. (2005). Potential Changes in Hydropower Production from global climate change in California and western United States. Prepared in support of the 2005 Integrated Energy Policy Report Proceeding (Docket # 04-IEPR-01 G). California Energy Commission.Google Scholar
Aylett, A. (2013). Networked urban climate governance: Neighborhood-scale residential solar energy systems and the example of Solarize Portland. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 31, 858–875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aznar, A., Day, M., Doris, E., Mathur, S., and Donohoo-Vallett, P. (2015). City-Level Energy Decision Making: Data Use in Energy Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation in U.S. Cities. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Accessed January 8, 2016: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64128.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bader, N., and Bleischwitz, R. (2009). Measuring urban greenhouse gas emissions: The challenge of comparability. SAPIENS 2, 1–15.Google Scholar
Baiocchi, G., Minx, J., and Hubacek, K. (2010). The impact of social factors and consumer behavior on carbon dioxide emissions in the United Kingdom. Journal of Industrial Ecology 14, 50–72.Google Scholar
Baxter, L. W., and Calandri, K. (1992). Global warming and electricity demand: A study of California. Energy Policy 20, 233–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanco, G., Gerlagh, R., Suh, S., Barrett, J., de Coninck, H. C., Morejon, C. F. D., Mathur, R., Nakicenovic, N., Ahenkorah, A. O., Pan, J., Pathak, H., Rice, J., Richels, R., Smith, S. J., Stern, D. I., Toth, F. L., and Zhou, P. (2014). Drivers, trends and mitigation. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (351–411). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Breslow, P. B., and Sailor, D. J. (2002). Vulnerability of wind power resources to climate change in the continental United States. Renewable Energy 27, 585–598.Google Scholar
Brew-Hammond, A. (2010). Energy access in Africa: Challenges ahead. Energy Policy 38, 2291–2301.Google Scholar
Broto, V. C., and Bulkeley, H. (2013). A survey of urban climate change experiments in 100 cities. Global Environmental Change 23, 92–102.Google Scholar
Brown, M. A., Southworth, F., and Sarzynski, A. (2008). Shrinking the Carbon Footprint of Metropolitan America. The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Brown, R. R., and Farrelly, M. A. (2009). Delivering sustainable urban water management: A review of the hurdles we face. Water Science and Technology 59, 839–846.Google Scholar
Bruckner, T., Bashmakov, I. A., Mulugetta, Y., Chum, H., De la Vega Navarro, A., Edmonds, J., Faaij, A., Fungtammasan, B., Garg, A., Hertwich, E., Honnery, D., Infield, D., Kainuma, M., Khennas, S. Kim, S., Bashir Nimir, B., Riahi, K., Strachan, N., Wiser, R., and Zhang, X. (2014). Energy systems. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (511–597). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bulkeley, H., and Kern, K. (2006). Local government and the governing of climate change in Germany and the UK. Urban Studies 43, 2237–2259.Google Scholar
Bull, S. R., Bilello, D. E., Ekmann, J., Sale, J. M., and Schmalzer, D. K. (2007). Effects of climate change on energy production and distribution in the United States. In Effects of Climate Change on Energy Production and Use in the United States. U.S. Climate Change Science Program.Google Scholar
C2ES. (2014). Market-Based Climate Mitigation Policies in Emerging Economies. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions.Google Scholar
C40 Cities, and ARUP. (2014). Working together: Global aggregation of city climate commitments. Accessed January 11, 2016: http://c40-production-images.s3.amazonaws.com/researches/images/24_Working_Together_Global_Aggregation.original.pdfGoogle Scholar
Calderon, F., Stern, N., Bonde, I., Burrow, S., Yuan, C., Clark, H., Diogo, L., Doctoroff, D. L., Gopalakrishan, S., Gurria, A., Holliday, C., Polman, P., Indrawati, S. M., Koch-Weser, C., Lagos, R., Lies, M. M., Manuel, T., Nakao, T., Paes, E., Parker, A., Shafik, N., Stoltenberg, J., van der Hoeven, M., and Zhu, L. (2014). The New Climate Economy. World Resource Institute.Google Scholar
Cardona, O. -D., Aalst, M. K. V., Birkmann, J., Fordham, M., McGregor, G., Perez, R., Pulwarty, R. S., Schipper, E. L. F., and Sinh, B. T. (2012). Determinants of risk: Exposure and vulnerability. In Field, C. B., Barros, V., Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Dokken, D. J., Ebi, K. L., Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Plattner, G. -K., Allen, S. K., Tignor, M., and Midgley, P. M. (eds.), Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (65–108). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CarloniI, F. B. B. A. (2012). Gestão do inventário e do monitoramento de emissões de gases de efeito estufa em cidades: O caso do Rio de Janeiro. UFRJ/COPPE.Google Scholar
CDP, C40, and AECOM. (2014). Protecting our capital: How climate adaptation in cities creates a resilient place for business. London, UK. Accessed December 5, 2015: http://www.c40.org/researches/protecting-our-capitalGoogle Scholar
Chavez, A. (2012). Comparing city-scale greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions accounting methods: Implementation, approximations, and policy relevance. Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado.Google Scholar
Chávez, A. (2016). Community metabolism footprints: Scaling communities towards global sustainability. In preparation.Google Scholar
Chavez, A., and Ramaswami, A. (2013). Articulating a trans-boundary infrastructure supply chain greenhouse gas emission footprint for cities: Mathematical relationships and policy relevance. Energy Policy 54, 376–384.Google Scholar
Chester, M. V., Sperling, J., Stokes, E., Allenby, B., Kockelman, K., Kennedy, C., Baker, L. A., Keirstead, J., and Hendrickson, C. T. (2014). Positioning infrastructure and technologies for low-carbon urbanization. Earth’s Future 2, 533–547.Google Scholar
Ciccone, A., and Hall, R. E. (1996). Productivity and the density of economic activity. American Economic Review, 86 (1), 54–70.Google Scholar
City of Aspen. (2015). Renewable energy – city of Aspen. Aspen, Colorado, USA. Accessed February 2, 2016: http://www.aspenpitkin.com/Living-in-the-Valley/Green-Initiatives/Renewable-Energy/.Google Scholar
City of Seattle. (2013). Seattle climate action plan. Accessed May 27, 2014: http://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/OSE/2013_CAP_20130612.pdfGoogle Scholar
Coase, R. H. (1950). The nationalization of electricity supply in Great Britain. Land Economics 26, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creutzig, F., Baiocchi, G., Bierkandt, R., Pichler, P. -P., and Seto, K. C. (2015). Global typology of urban energy use and potentials for an urbanization mitigation wedge. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 112, 6283–6288.Google Scholar
Croci, E., Melandri, S., and Molteni, T. (2010). A Comparative Analysis of Global City Policies in Climate Change Mitigation: London, New York, Milan, Mexico City and Bangkok. Bocconi IEFE, Working Paper Series No. 32. Center for Research on Energy and Environmental Economics and Policy at Bocconi University.Google Scholar
Davis, L. W., and Gertler, P. J. (2015). Contribution of air conditioning adoption to future energy use under global warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 119, 5962–5967.Google Scholar
Davis, M., and Weible, C. M. (2011). Linking social actors and social theories: Toward improved GHG mitigation strategies. Carbon Management 2, 483–491.Google Scholar
Deffeyes, K. S. (2001). Hubbert’s Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dhakal, S. (2009). Urban energy use and carbon emissions from cities in China and policy implications. Energy Policy 37, 4208–4219.Google Scholar
Dhakal, S. (2010). GHG emission from urbanization and opportunities for urban carbon mitigation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2, 277–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilling, L., and Lemos, M. (2011). Creating usable science: Opportunities and constraints for climate knowledge use and their implications for science policy. Global Environmental Change 21, 680–689.Google Scholar
Dittmar, M. (2013). The end of cheap uranium. Science of the Total Environment 461–462, 792–798.Google Scholar
Dubeux, C. B. S. (2007). Mitigação de Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa por Municípios Brasileiros: Metodologias para Elaboração de Inventários Setoriais e Cenários de Emissões como Instrumentos de Planejamento. Tese de D.Sc, Planejamento Energético, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Eakin, H., and Lynd Luers, A. (2006). Assessing the vulnerabililty of social-environmental systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 31, 365–294.Google Scholar
Eberhard, A., Rosnes, O., Shkaratan, M., and Vennemo, H. (2011). Africa’s Power Infrastructure: Investment, Integration, Efficiency. World Bank.Google Scholar
Ebinger, J., and Vergera, W. (2011). Climate impacts on energy systems: Key issues for energy sector adaptation (No. 60051). Accessed April 5,2014: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/01/13888226/climate-impacts-energy-systems-key-issues-energy-sector-adaptationCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). (2011f). North American Green City Index. Siemens AG.Google Scholar
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) (2012). The Green City Index: A Summary of the Green City Index Research Series. Siemens AG.Google Scholar
EEQ. (2014). La Generación de electricidad en la EEQ: Gerencia de Generación y Subtransmisión.Google Scholar
Emelianoff, C. (2014). Local energy transition and multilevel climate governance: The contrasted experiences of two pioneer cities (Hanover, Germany, and Växjö, Sweden). Urban Studies 51, 1378–1393.Google Scholar
Environment America Research and Policy Center. (2015). Shining cities, at the forefront of America’s solar energy revolution. Accessed March 7, 2016: http://www.environmentamerica.org/sites/environment/files/reports/EA_ShiningCities2015_scrn.pdfGoogle Scholar
EPA- United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2015). Developing a greenhouse gas inventory. Accessed March 29, 2016: http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/state/activities/ghg-inventory.htmlGoogle Scholar
Estiri, H. (2014). Building and household x-factors and energy consumption at the residential sector. Energy Economics 43, 178–184. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2014.02.013Google Scholar
Estiri, H. (2015). A structural equation model of energy consumption in the United States: Untangling the complexity of per-capita residential energy use. Energy Research & Social Science 6, 109–120. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2015.01.002.Google Scholar
Estiri, H., Gabriel, R., Howard, E., and Wang, L. (2013). Different regions, differences in energy consumption: Do regions account for the variability in household energy consumption? Working paper 134. University of Washington, Seattle. Accessed May 27, 2014: http://www.csss.washington.edu/Papers/wp134.pdfGoogle Scholar
European Union. (2015). Renewable energy: The promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources. Accessed March 16, 2016: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT?uri=URISERV:l27035Google Scholar
Evans, P. C., and Fox-Penner, P. (2014). Resilient and sustainable infrastructure for urban energy systems. Solutions 5, 48–54.Google Scholar
Farrell, D., and Remes, J. (2009). Promoting energy efficiency in the developing world. The McKinsey Quarterly 14.Google Scholar
Fenger, J. (2007). Impacts of climate change on renewable energy sources: Their role in the nordic energy system. Nordic Council of Ministers.Google Scholar
Fidje, A., and Martinsen, T. (2006). Effects of climate change on the utilization of solar cells in Nordic region. In European Conference on Impacts of Climate Change on Renewable Energy Resources. Reykjavik, Iceland.Google Scholar
Florini, A., and Sovacool, B. K. (2009). Who governs energy? The challenges facing global energy governance. Energy Policy 37, 5239–5248.Google Scholar
Fouquet, R. (2010). The slow search for solutions: Lessons from historical energy transitions by sector and service. Energy Policy 38, 6586–6596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fouquet, R., and Pearson, P. J. G. (2012). Past and prospective energy transitions: Insight from history. Energy Policy 50, 1–7.Google Scholar
Franco, G. (2005). Climate change impacts and adaptation in California. Prepared in support of the 2005 Integrated Energy Policy Report Proceeding (Docket # 04-IEPR-01E). California Energy Commission.Google Scholar
Franco, G., and Sanstad, A. H. (2008). Climate change and electricity demand in California. Climatic Change 87, S139–S151.Google Scholar
Frantzeskaki, N., Avelino, F., and Loorbach, D. (2013). Outliers or frontrunners? Exploring the (self-) governance of community-owned sustainable energy in Scotland and the Netherlands. In Michalena, E., and Hills, J. M. (eds.), Renewable Energy Governance (101–116). Springer.Google Scholar
Fussel, H. -M., and Klein, R. J. T. (2006). Climate change vulnerability assessments: An evolution of conceptual thinking. Climatic Change 75, 301–329.Google Scholar
Garnaut, R. (2008). The Garnaut Climate Change Review. Cambridge University Press. Accessed April 5, 2014: http://www.garnautreview.org.au/2008-review.htmlGoogle Scholar
GEA. (2012). Global Energy Assessment – Toward a Sustainable Future. Cambridge University Press/International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.Google Scholar
Gill, S. E., Handley, J. F., Ennos, A. R., and Pauleit, S. (2007). Adapting cities for climate change: The role of the green infrastructure. Built Environment 33, 115–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, N. J., Cialdini, R. B., and Griskevicius, V. (2008). A room with a viewpoint: Using social norms to motivate environmental conservation in hotels. Journal of Consumer Research 35(3), 472–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GPC. (2014). Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories: An Accounting and Reporting Standard for Cities. World Resources Institute, C40 Cities, ICLEI.Google Scholar
Grin, J., Rotmans, J., and Schot, J. (2012). Transitions to Sustainable Development: New Directions in the Study of Long Term Transformative Change. Routledge Studies in Sustainability Transitions. Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Grubler, A. (2004). Transitions in energy use. In Encyclopedia of Energy, Volume 6 (163–177). Elsevier.Google Scholar
Grubler, A. (2012). Energy transitions research: Insights and cautionary tales. Energy Policy 50, 8–16.Google Scholar
Grubler, A., Bai, X., Buettner, T., Dhakal, S., Fisk, D. J., Ichinose, T., Keirstead, J. E., Sammer, G., Satterthwaite, D., Schulz, N. B., Shah, N., Steinberger, J., and Weisz, H. (2012a). Chapter 18 - Urban Energy Systems. In Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 1307–1400.Google Scholar
Grubler, A., Johansson, T. B., Mundaca, L., Nakicenovic, N., Pachauri, S., Riahi, K., Rogner, H. -H., and Strupeit, L. (2012b). Chapter 1 - Energy Primer. In Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 99–150.Google Scholar
Gupta, R., Barnfield, L., and Hipwood, T. (2014). Impacts of community-led energy retrofitting of owner-occupied dwellings. Building Research & Information 42, 446–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, S., Nicholls, R., Ranger, N., Hallegatte, S., Corfee-Morlot, J., Herwijer, C., and Chateau, J. (2011). A global ranking of port cities with high exposure to climate extremes. Climatic Change 104(1), 89–111.Google Scholar
Hamlet, A., Lee, S. -Y., Mickelson, K. B., and Elsner, M. (2010). Effects of projected climate change on energy supply and demand in the Pacific Northwest and Washington State. Climatic Change 102, 103–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammer, S. A., Keirstead, J., Dhakal, S., Mitchell, J., Colley, M., Connell, R., Gonzalez, R., Herve-Mignucci, M., Parshall, L., Schulz, N., and Hyams, M. (2011). Climate change and urban energy systems. In Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W. D., Hammer, S. A., and Mehrotra, S. (eds.), Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harlan, S. L., and Ruddell, D. M. (2011). Climate change and health in cities: Impacts of heat and air pollution and potential co-benefits from mitigation and adaptation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3, 126–134.Google Scholar
Harrison, G. P., Cradden, L. C., and Chick, J. P. (2008). Preliminary assessment of climate change impacts on the UK onshore wind energy resource. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects 30, 1286–1299.Google Scholar
Hawkey, D., Webb, J., and Winskel, M. (2013). Organisation and governance of urban energy systems: District heating and cooling in the UK. Special Issue: Advancing Sustainable Urban Transformation 50, 22–31.Google Scholar
Heath, G. A., and Mann, M. K. (2012). Background and reflections on the life cycle assessment harmonization project. Journal of Industrial Ecology 16, 28–211.Google Scholar
Heinonen, J., Jalas, M., Juntunen, J.K, Ala-Mantila, S., and Junnila, S. (2013). Situated lifestyles: I. How lifestyles change along with the level of urbanization and what the greenhouse gas implications are – a study of Finland. Environmental Research Letters 8. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/025003Google Scholar
Hernández, D. (2015). Sacrifice along the energy continuum: A call for energy justice. Environmental Justice 8, 151–156.Google Scholar
Hess, J. J., Bednarz, D., Bae, J. Y., and Pierce, J. (2011). Petroleum and health care: Evaluating and managing health care’s vulnerability to petroleum supply shifts. American Journal of Public Health 101, 1568–1579.Google Scholar
Hibbard, P. J. (2006). U.S. Energy Infrastructure Vulnerability: Lessons from the Gulf Coast Hurricanes. Analysis Group.Google Scholar
Hoornweg, D., Sugar, L., Lorena, C., and Gomez, T. (2011). Cities and greenhouse gas emissions: Moving forward. Environment and Urbanization 23, 207–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsu, A. (2015). Five key takeaways from China’s climate pledge. Yale environmental performance index blog. Accessed February 25, 2016: http://epi.yale.edu/the-metric/five-key-takeaways-chinas-new-climate-pledgeGoogle Scholar
Hubbert, M. K. (1981). The world’s evolving energy system. American Journal of Physics 49, 1007–1029.Google Scholar
Hughes, L., and Rudolph, J. (2011). Future world oil production: Growth, plateau, or peak? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3, 225–235.Google Scholar
ICF. (1995). Potential Effects of climate change on electric utilities. Prepared for Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).Google Scholar
ICLEI. (2009). International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol (IEAP) Version 1.0. Accessed April 5, 2014: http://carbonn.org/fileadmin/user_upload/carbonn/Standards/IEAP_October2010_color.pdfGoogle Scholar
ICLEI. (2012). U.S. community protocol for accounting and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions. Version 1.0: ICLEI — Local Governments for Sustainability USA.Google Scholar
ICLEI. (2015). Carbon Climate Registry 2014–2015 Digest. Accessed January 10, 2016: http://carbonn.org/fileadmin/user_upload/cCCR/ccr-digest-2014–2015/ccr-digest-2014–2015-online-final.pdfGoogle Scholar
ICLEI, C40, and World Resources Institute. (2012). Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories: An accounting and reporting standard for cities. Accessed December 16, 2014: http://www.ghgprotocol.org/city-accountingGoogle Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IGES.Google Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2014a). Climate Change 2014, Synthesis Report, Summary for Policymakers. IPCC.Google Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2014b). Summary for Policymakers. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R., and White, L. L. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1–34). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). (2007). Efficient Electrical Energy Transmission and Distribution. IEC.Google Scholar
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). (2012). Global Energy Assessment – Toward a Sustainable Future. Cambridge University Press,.Google Scholar
International Renewable Energy Agency. (2015). Renewable Energy Target Setting. IRENA.Google Scholar
Jaccard, M., Failing, L., and Berry, T. (1997). From equipment to infrastructure: Community energy management and greenhouse gas emission reduction. Energy Policy 25, 1065–1074.Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z., and Delucchi, M. A. (2011). Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials. Energy Policy 39, 1154–1169.Google Scholar
Jaglin, S. (2014). Urban energy policies and the governance of multilevel issues in Cape Town. Urban Studies 51, 1394–1414.Google Scholar
Jiusto, S. (2009). Energy transformations and geographic research. In Castree, N., Demeritt, D., Liverman, D., and Rhoads, B. (eds.), A Companion to Environmental Geography (533–551). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
JRC/PBL. (2013). Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR). Release Version 4.2 FT2010. Accessed July 3, 2015: http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.euGoogle Scholar
Kahn, M. E. (2009). Urban growth and climate change. Annual Review of Resource Economics 1, 333–349.Google Scholar
Karekezi, S., Kimani, J., and Onguru, O. (2008). Energy access among the urban poor in Kenya. Energy for Sustainable Development 12, 38–48.Google Scholar
Karekezi, S., McDade, S., Boardman, B., and Kimani, J. (2012). Energy, poverty and development. In Global Energy Assessment – Toward a Sustainable Future (153–190). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Keirstead, J., and Shah, N. (2013). Urban Energy Systems: An Integrated Approach. Routledge.Google Scholar
Kennedy, C., Ramaswami, A. Carney, S., and Dhakal, S. (2011). Greenhouse gas emission baselines for global cities and metropolitan regions. In Hoornweg, D., Freire, M., Lee, M. J., Bhada-Tata, P., and Yuen, B. (eds.), Cities and Climate Change: Responding to an Urgent Agenda (15–54). World Bank.Google Scholar
Kennedy, C. A., Ibrahim, N., and Hoornweg, D. (2014). Low-carbon infrastructure strategies for cities. Nature Climate Change 4, 343–346.Google Scholar
Kennedy, C. A., Stewart, I., Facchini, A., Cersosimo, I., Mele, R., Chen, B., Uda, M., Kansal, A., Chiu, A., Kim, K. -G., Dubeux, C., Lebre La Rovere, E., Cunha, B., Pincetl, S., Keirstead, J., Barles, S., Pusaka, S., Gunawan, J., Adegbile, M., Nazariha, M., Hoque, S., Marcotullio, P. J., Otharán, F. G., Genena, T., Ibrahim, N., Farooqui, R., Cervantes, G., and Duran Sahin, A. (2015). Energy and material flows of megacities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 112, 5985–5990.Google Scholar
Kirshen, P., Ruth, M., and Anderson, W. (2007). Interdependencies of urban climate change impacts and adaptation strategies: A case study of Metropolitan Boston, USA. Climatic Change 86, 105–122.Google Scholar
Knowlton, K., Kulkarni, S., Azhar, G.S, Mavalankar, D., Jaiswal, A., Connolly, M., Nori-Sarma, A., Rajiva, A., Dutta, P., and Deol, B. (2014). Development and implementation of South Asia’s first heat-health action plan in Ahmedabad (Gujarat, India). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, 3473–3492.Google Scholar
Kovacs, K. F., Haight, R. G. Jung, S., Locke, D. H., and O’Neil-Dunne, J. (2013). The marginal cost of carbon abatement from planting street trees in New York City. Ecological Economics 95, 1–10.Google Scholar
Krzyzanowski, M., Apte, J. S., Bonjour, S. P., Brauer, M., Cohen, A. J., and Prüss-Üstün, A. (2014). Air pollution in the megacities. Current Environmental Health Reports 1, 185–191.Google Scholar
Kunchornrat, J., and Phdungsilp, A. (2012). Multi-level governance of low-carbon energy systems in Thailand. Energies 5, 531–544.Google Scholar
Larijani, K. M. (2009). Climate Change Effects on High-Elevation Hydropower System in California. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Davis.Google Scholar
Larsen, P. H., Goldsmith, S., Smith, O., Wilson, M. L., Strzepek, K., Chinowsky, P., and Saylor, B. (2008). Estimating future costs for Alaska public infrastructure at risk from climate change. Global Environmental Change 18, 442–457.Google Scholar
Lehner, B., Czisch, G., and Vassolo, S. (2001). Europe’s hydropower potential today and in the future. University of Kassel, Center for Environmental Systems Research.Google Scholar
Lin, J., Cao, B., Cui, S., Wang, W., and Bai, X. (2010). Evaluating the effectiveness of urban energy conservation and GHG mitigation measures: The case of Xiamen city, China. Energy Policy 38, 5123–5132.Google Scholar
Lo, K. (2014). Urban carbon governance and the transition toward low-carbon urbanism: Review of a global phenomenon. Carbon Management 5, 269–283.Google Scholar
Lovins, A. B., Datta, E. K. Feiler, T., Rábago, K. R., Swisher, J. N., Lehmann, A., and Wicker, K. (2002). Small Is Profitable: The Hidden Economic Benefits of Making Electrical Resources the Right Size. Rocky Mountain Institute.Google Scholar
Maggio, G., and Cacciola, G. (2012). When will oil, natural gas, and coal peak? Fuel 98, 111–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansanet-Bataller, M., Herve-Mignucci, M., and Leseur, A. (2008). Energy Infrastructures in France: Climate Change Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Possibilities. Mission Climate Working Paper, No. 2008–1. Caisse des Depots.Google Scholar
Marcotullio, P. J., Hughes, S., Sarzynski, A., Pincetl, S., Sanchez-Pena, L., Romero-Lankao, P., Runfola, D., and Seto, K. C. (2014). Urbanization and the carbon cycle: Contributions from social science. Earth’s Future 2, 496–514.Google Scholar
Marcotullio, P. J., Sarzynski, A., Albrecht, J., and Schulz, N. (2012). The geography of urban greenhouse gas emissions in Asia: A regional analysis. Global Environmental Change 22, 944–958.Google Scholar
Marcotullio, P. J., Sarzynski, A., Albrecht, J., Schulz, N., and Garcia, J. (2013). The geography of global urban greenhouse gas emissions: An exploratory analysis. Climatic Change 121, 621–634.Google Scholar
Marcotullio, P. J., Williams, E. W., and Marshall, J. D. (2005). Faster, sooner, and more simultaneously: How recent transportation CO2 emission trends in developing countries differ from historic trends in the United States of America. Journal of Environment and Development 14, 125–148.Google Scholar
Markoff, M. S., and Cullen, A. C. (2008). Impact of climate change on Pacific Northwest hydropower. Climatic Change 87, 451–469.Google Scholar
Marks, G., Hooghe, L., and Blank, K. (1996). European integration from the 1980s: State-centric v. multi-level governance. Journal of Common Market Studies 34, 341–378.Google Scholar
Martinsen, D., Krey, V., and Markewitz, P. (2007). Implications of high energy prices for energy system and emissions—The response from an energy model for Germany. Energy Policy 35, 4504–4515.Google Scholar
McGranahan, G., Balk, D., and Anderson, B. (2007). The rising tide: Assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones. Environment and Urbanization 19(1), 17–37.Google Scholar
McKinley, J. C. (2008). Crews from 31 states in Texas to restore power. New York Times A18.Google Scholar
McMichael, A., Woodward, M., and Leeuwen, R. (1994). The impact of energy use in industrialised countries upon global population health. Medicine & Global Survival 1, 23–32.Google Scholar
Miller, N., Hayhoe, K., Jin, J., and Auffhammer, M. (2008). Climate extreme heat and electricity demand in California. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, 1834–1844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Modi, V., McDade, S., Lallement, D., and Saghir, J. (2005). Energy Servcies for the Millennium Development Goals. World Bank.Google Scholar
Monstadt, J. (2007). Urban governance and the transition of energy systems: Institutional change and shifting energy and climate policies in Berlin. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 31, 326–343.Google Scholar
Monstadt, J., and Wolff, A. (2015). Energy transition or incremental change? Green policy agendas and the adaptability of the urban energy regime in Los Angeles. Energy Policy 78, 213–224.Google Scholar
Morlet, C., and Keirstead, J. (2013). A comparative analysis of urban energy governance in four European cities. Energy Policy 61, 852–863.Google Scholar
Müller, N., Kuttler, W., and Barlag, A. -B. (2014). Counteracting urban climate change: Adaptation measures and their effect on thermal comfort. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 115, 243–257.Google Scholar
Munasinghe, M., and Swart, R. (2000). Climate change and its linkages with development, equity, and sustainability. In Proceedings of the IPCC Expert Meeting Held in Colombo, Sri Lanka. LIFE/RIVM/World Bank.Google Scholar
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). (2015). State & local governments: Renewable portfolio standards. Accessed January 5, 2016: http://www.nrel.gov/tech_deployment/state_local_governments/basics_portfolio_standards.htmlGoogle Scholar
National Research Academy. (1999). Our Common Journey, A Transition Toward Sustainability. National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Neumayer, E. (2002). Can natural factors explain any cross-country differences in carbon dioxide emissions? Energy Policy, 30, 7–12.Google Scholar
Neves, C. G., and Dopico, Y. B. C. (2013). Análise de Metodologias de Produção de Inventários de Gases de Efeito Estufa de Cidades – Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ/ Escola Politécnica.Google Scholar
Nicholls, R. J., Hanson, S., Herweijer, C., Patmore, N., Hallegatte, S., Corfee-Morlot, , and J., Muir-Wood, R. (2008). Ranking Port Cities with High Exposure and Vulnerability to Climate Extremes: Exposure Estimates. Accessed July 3, 2015: http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aias076737.pdfGoogle Scholar
Noble, I. R., Huq, S., Anokhin, Y. A., Carmin, J., Goudou, D., Lansigan, F. P., Osman-Elasha, B., and Villamizar, A. (2014). Adaptation needs and options. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R., and White, L. L. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (833–868). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
O’Neill, B.C., Ren, X., Jiang, L., and Dalton, M. (2012). The effect of urbanization on energy use in India and China in the iPETS model. Energy Economics 34(Supplement 3), S339–S345.Google Scholar
Olmos, S. (2001). Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change: Concepts, issues, assessment methods. Climate Change Knowledge Network. Accessed November 13, 2015: www.cckn.netGoogle Scholar
Ostertag, K. (2012). No-regret Potentials in Energy Conservation: An Analysis of Their Relevance, Size and Determinants. Springer Science & Business Media.Google Scholar
Pachauri, S. (2004). An analysis of cross-sectional variations in total household energy requirements in India using micro survey data. Energy Policy, 32(15), 1723–1735.Google Scholar
Pachauri, S., and Jiang, L. (2008). The household energy transition in India and China. Energy Policy 36(11), 4022–2035.Google Scholar
Pan, Z., Segal, M., Arritt, R. W., and Takle, E. S. (2004). On the potential change in solar radiation over the U.S. due to increases of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Renewable Energy 29, 1923–1928.Google Scholar
Pandey, K. D., Wheeler, D., Ostro, B., Deichmann, U., Hamilton, K., and Bolt, K. (2006). Ambient particulate matter concentrations in residential and pollution hotspot areas of world cities: New estimates based on the Global Model of Ambient Particulates (GMAPS). Working paper. World Bank.Google Scholar
Pasternak, A. (2000). Global energy futures and human development: A framework for analysis. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy.Google Scholar
Petilla, C. J. L. (2014). Philippine Energy Plan 2012–2030. Department of Energy. Republic of the Philippines. Accessed November 7, 2015: https://www.doe.gov.ph/pep/philippine-energy-plan-2012-2030Google Scholar
Pierce, N. (2015). 19 cities report documented reductions in greenhouse-gas emissions. Citiscope. Accessed April 1, 2016: http://citiscope.org/story/2015/19-cities-report-documented-reductions-greenhouse-gas-emissionsGoogle Scholar
Prasad, N., Ranghieri, F., Shah, F., Trohanis, Z., Kessler, E., and Sinha, R. (2008). Climate Resilient Cities: A Primer on Reducing Vulnerabilities to Climate Change Impacts and Strengthening Disaster Risk, Management in East Asian Cities. The World Bank.Google Scholar
Poumanyvong, P., and Kaneko, S. (2010). Does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower CO2 emissions? A cross-country analysis. Ecological Economics 70(2), 434–444.Google Scholar
Ramaswami, A., Bernard, M., Chavez, A., Hillman, T., Whitaker, M., Thomas, G., and Marshall, M. (2012). Quantifying carbon mitigation wedges in U.S. cities: Near-term strategy analysis and critical review. Environmental Science & Technology 46, 3629–3642.Google Scholar
Revi, A., Satterthwaite, D., Aragon-Durand, F., Corfee-Morlot, J., Kiunsi, R. B. R., Pelling, M., Roberts, D., Solecki, W., da Silva, J., Dodman, D., Maskrey, A., Gajjar, S. P., and Tuts, R. (2014). Urban areas. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R., and White, L. L. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (535–612). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rogner, H. -H., Aguilera, R. F., Archer, C. L., Bertani, R., Bhattacharya, S. C., Dusseault, M. B., Gagnon, L., Haberl, H., Hoogwijk, M., Johnson, A., Rogner, M. L., Wagner, H., and Yakushev, V. (2012). Chapter 7 – Energy Resources and Potentials. In Global Energy Assessment – Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 423–512.Google Scholar
Rotmans, J., Kemp, R., and van Asselt, M. (2001). More evolution than revolution: Transition management in public policy. Foresight 3, 15–31.Google Scholar
Royal Academy of Engineering. (2011). Infrastructure, Engineering, and Climate Change Adaptation: Ensuring Services in an Uncertain Future. Published by RAE on behalf of Engineering the Future.Google Scholar
Ruester, S., Schwenen, S., Finger, M., and Glachant, J. -M. (2013). A strategic energy technology policy towards 2050: No-regret strategies for European technology push. International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy 9, 160–174.Google Scholar
Ruth, M. (2010). Economic and social benefits of climate information: Assessing the cost of inaction. Procedia Environmental Sciences 1, 387–394.Google Scholar
Rutter, P., and Keirstead, J. (2012). A brief history and the possible future of urban energy systems. Energy Policy 50, 72–80.Google Scholar
Saatkamp, B., Masera, O., and Kammen, D. (2000). Energy and health transitions in development: Fuel use, stove technology, and morbidity in Jarácuaro, México. Energy for Sustainable Development 4, 7–16.Google Scholar
Salamanca, F., Georgescu, M., Mahalov, A., Moustaoui, M., and Wang, M. (2014). Anthropogenic heating of the urban environment due to air conditioning. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, 5949–5965.Google Scholar
Satterthwaite, D. (2008). Cities’ contribution to global warming: Notes on the allocation of greenhouse gas emissions. Environment and Urbanization 20, 539–549.Google Scholar
Satterthwaite, D. (2009). The implications of population growth and urbanization for climate change. Environment and Urbanization 21, 545–567.Google Scholar
Satterthwaite, D., and Sverdlik, A. (2013). Energy access and housing for low-income groups in urban areas. In Grubler, A., and Fisk, D. (eds.), Energizing Sustainable cities (73–94). Routledge.Google Scholar
Schaper, M. (2002). The essence of ecopreneurship. Greener Management International 38, 26–30.Google Scholar
Schock, R. N., Skimms, R., Bull, S., Larsen, H., Likhachev, V., Nagano, K., Nilsson, H., Vuori, S., Yeager, K., and Zhou, L. (2012). Chapter 15 – Energy Supply Systems. In Global Energy Assessment – Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 1131–1172.Google Scholar
Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., and Grisevicius, V. (2007). The constructive, destructive, and reconstructive power of social norms. Psychological Science 18(5), 429–434.Google Scholar
Schulz, N. (2010a). Delving into the carbon footprint of Singapore: Comparing direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions of a small and open economic system. Energy Policy 38(9), 4848–4855.Google Scholar
Schulz, N. (2010b). Urban energy consumption database and estimations of urban energy intensities. Working paper. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. Accessed March 26, 2017: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/Flagship-Projects/Global-Energy-Assessment/KM18_City_energy_DB.pdfGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, B., Parker, C., Hess, J. J., and Frumkin, H. (2011). Public health and medicine in an age of energy scarcity: The case of petroleum. American Journal of Public Health 101, 1560–1567.Google Scholar
Semenza, J., Hall, D., Wilson, D., Bontempo, B., Sailor, D., and George, L. (2008). Public perception of climate change: Voluntary mitigation and barriers to behavior change. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35, 479–487.Google Scholar
Seto, K. C., Dhakal, S., Bigio, A., Blanco, H., Delgado, G. C., Dewar, D., Huang, L., Inaba, A., Kansal, A., Lwasa, S., McMahon, J., Mueller, D., Murakami, J., Nagendra, H., and Ramaswami, A. (2014). Human settlements, infrastructure and spatial planning. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, 5th Assessment Report (923–1000). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Seto, K. C., Guneralp, B., and Hutyra, L. (2012). Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 552–563.Google Scholar
Simonoff, J. S., Restrepo, C. E., and Zimmerman, R. (2007). Risk management and risk analysis-based decision tools for attacks on electric power. Risk Analysis 27, 547–570.Google Scholar
Smit, B., and Wandel, J. (2006). Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Global Environmental Change 16, 282–292.Google Scholar
Smith, A. (2007). Emerging in between: The multi-level governance of renewable energy in the English regions. Energy Policy 35, 6266–6280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J. B., and Tirpak, D. (1989). The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-230–05–89–050).Google Scholar
Smith, K. R. (2010). What’s cooking? A brief update. Energy for Sustainable Development 14, 251–252.Google Scholar
Sperling, J. (2014). Exploring the nexus of infrastructures, environment and health in Indian cities: Integrating multiple infrastructures and social factors with health risks. Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado, Denver.Google Scholar
Sperling, J., and Ramaswami, A. (2013). Exploring health outcomes as a motivator for low-carbon city development: Implications for infrastructure interventions in Asian cities. Habitat International 37, 113–123.Google Scholar
Steinberger, J., and Roberts, J. (2009). Across a Moving Threshold: Energy, Carbon and the Efficiency of Meeting Global Human Development Needs. Institute of Social Ecology.Google Scholar
Stern, P. C., et al. (2016). Opportunities and insights for reducing fossil fuel consumption by households and organizations. Nature Energy 1, 16043.Google Scholar
Stern, P., Aronson, E., Darley, J., Hill, D., Hirst, E., Kempton, W., and Wilbanks, T. (1985). The effectiveness of incentives for residential energy conservation. Evaluation Review 10, 147–176.Google Scholar
Thøgersen, J., and Olander, F. (2002). Human values and the emergence of a sustainable consumption pattern: A panel study. Journal of Economic Psychology 23(5), 605–630.Google Scholar
Tyler, S., and Moench, M. (2012). A framework for urban climate resilience. Climate and Development 4, 311–326.Google Scholar
UN. (2014). World Urbanization Prospects, 2014 Revisions. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations.Google Scholar
UN. (2015). Open working group proposal for sustainable development goals. Accessed February 14, 2016: http://undocs.org/A/68/970Google Scholar
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2011). ECCO Metropolitan District of Quito. Accessed April 9, 2015: http://www.unep.org/Google Scholar
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2016). Global trends in renewable energy investment 2016. Frankfurt School of Finance and Management. Accessed January 25, 2017: http://fs-unep-centre.org/sites/default/files/publications/globaltrendsinrenewableenergyinvestment2016lowres_0.pdfGoogle Scholar
UNEP, UN-HABITAT, and World Bank. (2010). International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities (Version 2.1). Accessed October 28, 2014: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTUWM/Resources/340232-1205330656272/4768406-1291309208465/Annexes.pdfGoogle Scholar
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR). (2009). Terminology on disaster risk reduction. UNISDR.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Energy. (2013). U.S. energy sector vulnerabilities to climate change and extreme weather. USDOE.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Energy. (2014). Evaluating electric vehicle charging impacts and customer charging behaviors – experiences from six smart grid investment grant projects. USDOE.Google Scholar
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). State climate and energy program. Accessed October 28, 2014: http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/Google Scholar
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). Guide to the Clean Air Act. Accessed April 27, 2015: http://www.epa.gov/airquality/peg_caa/acidrain.html.Google Scholar
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2015). Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990–2013. U.S. EPA, Accessed April 12, 2016: https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/U.S.-GHG-Inventory-2015-Main-Text.pdf.Google Scholar
Verbong, G., and Geels, F. (2007). The ongoing energy transition: Lessons from a socio-technical, multi-level analysis of the Dutch electricity system (1960–2004). Energy Policy 35, 1025–1037.Google Scholar
Vine, E. (2012). Adaptation of California’s electricity sector to climate change. Climatic Change 111, 75–99.Google Scholar
Wallston, S., Clarke, G., Haggarty, L., Keneshiro, R., Noll, R., Shirley, M., and Xu, L. C. (2004). New tools for studying network industry reforms in developing countries: the telecommunications and electricity regulation database. Policy Research Working Paper No. 3286. World Bank.Google Scholar
Weisz, H., and Steinberger, J. K. (2010). Reducing energy and material flows in cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2(3), 185–192.Google Scholar
Wenzel, F., Bendimerad, F., and Sinha, R. (2007). Megacities – megarisks. Natural Hazards 42, 481–491.Google Scholar
Wilbanks, T. J., Bhatt, V., Bilello, D. E., Bull, S. R., Ekmann, J., Horak, W. D., Huang, Y. J., Levine, M. D., Sale, M. J., Schmalzer, D. K., and Scott, M. J. (2007). Effects of climate change on energy production and use in the United States. Report for the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research by the U.S. Department of Energy; Office of Biological and Environmental Research.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, P., Smith, K. R., Joffe, M., and Haines, A. (2007). Energy and health 1 – A global perspective on energy: Health effects and injustices. The Lancet 370, 965–978.Google Scholar
Williamson, L. E., Connor, H., and Moezzi, M. (2009). Climate-proofing Energy Systems. HELIO International.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2011). Guide to climate change adaptation in cities. Accessed October 10, 2014: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387–1318995974398/GuideClimChangeAdaptCities.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2013). Applying abatement cost curve methodology for low-carbon strategy in Changning District, Shanghai (No. 84068 v1). World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2015). World Bank indicators: Climate change, CO2 emissions (kt). Accessed January 31, 2016: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.KT/countries?display=defaultGoogle Scholar
World Coal Association. (2012). Coal Matters: Coal in the Global Energy Supply. World Coal AssociationGoogle Scholar
Yang, J., McBride, J., Zhou, J., and Sun, Z. (2005). The urban forest in Beijing and its role in air pollution reduction. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 3, 65–78.Google Scholar
Zhao, J. (2010). Climate change mitigation in Beijing, China. Accessed December 13, 2014: http://unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/GRHS2011CaseStudyChapter05Beijing.pdfGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, R. (2012). Transport, the Environment and Security. Making the Connection. Edward Elgar Publishing, Ltd.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, R. (2014). Planning restoration of vital infrastructure services following Hurricane Sandy: Lessons learned for energy and transportation. Journal of Extreme Events 1. Accessed September 25, 2015: http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/S2345737614500043Google Scholar
Zimmerman, R., and Faris, C. (2011). Climate change mitigation and adaptation in North American cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3, 181–187.Google Scholar
Zulu, L. C. (2010). The forbidden fuel: Charcoal, urban woodfuel demand and supply dynamics, community forest management and woodfuel policy in Malawi. Energy Policy 38, 3717–3730.Google Scholar
Zwaan, B. (2013). The role of nuclear power in mitigating emissions from electricity generation. Energy Strategy Reviews 1(4), 296–301.Google Scholar
Secondary Sources
Aneel (National Electric Energy Agency). (2008). Program for R&D and Electric Energy Innovation: Manual and Guidelines. Aneel.Google Scholar
Cities, C. (2014). CDP Cities 2014 Information Request. Accessed November 6, 2015: https://www.cdp.net/sites/2014/76/31176/CDP%20Cities%202014/Pages/DisclosureView.aspxGoogle Scholar
CGEE (Centre for Management and Strategic Research). (2012). Smart grids: National context. CGEE.Google Scholar
City of Rio de Janeiro (2011). Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Emissions Scenario of Rio de Janeiro City – Brazil. Accessed March 23, 2014: http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/dlstatic/10112/1712030/DLFE-23(7703).pdf/Inventarioapresentacao.pdfGoogle Scholar
Coelho, J. S. (2010). Regulation for NonTechnical Losses. Rio de Janeiro: ANEEL National Electric Energy Agency.Google Scholar
COPPE, U. (2011). Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Emissions Scenario of Rio de Janeiro City. Rio de Janeiro: Official Gazette of Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
ENEL Foundation Research Project (2014). Energy Transitions in Cities. Lifestyle, experimentation and change. Fifth case study. Aleteia Communication.Google Scholar
Geller, H., Shaeffer, R., Szklo, A., and Tolmasquim, M. (2004). Geller, H., Schaeffer, R., Szklo, A., and Tolmasquim, M. (2004). Policies for advancing energy efficiency and renewable energy use in Brazil. Energy Policy, 32(12), 1437–1450.Google Scholar
IBGE. (2015). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica. Table 3.2. Accessed January 19, 2016: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/sinopse/sinopse_tab_rm_zip.shtm.Google Scholar
Light. (2013). Presentation, Smart Cities & Smart Grids in the electric sector, International Seminar Portugal-Brazil, October 25, 2013, GESEL, UFRJ – Rio de Janeiro Federal University.Google Scholar
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar
City of Seattle. (2013). Seattle Climate Action Plan. Seattle. Accessed May 29, 2014: http://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/OSE/2013_CAP_2013 (0612).pdfGoogle Scholar
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar
Ribeiro, D., Hewitt, V., Mackres, E., Cluett, R., Ross, L. M., Vaidyanathan, S., and Zerbonne, S. (2015). The 2015 city energy efficiency scorecard. Accessed January 19, 2016: http://aceee.org/research-report/u1502Google Scholar
Seattle City Light. (2014). Seattle City Light integrated resource plan update and progress report. Accessed May 14, 2014: http://www.seattle.gov/light/news/issues/irp/docs/SeattleCityLight2014_IRPUpdateandProgressReport.pdfGoogle Scholar
United Nations Development Programme. (2014). Human Development Index (HDI). Accessed June 11, 2015: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14_statisticaltables.xlsGoogle Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Decennial census, summary file 1. Accessed February 7, 2014: http://www.census.gov/population/metro/files/CBSA%20Report%20Chapter%203%20Data.xlsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar
AECOM. (2014). Awarded contract for Newtown Creek renewable natural gas project. Accessed February 2, 2015: http://www.aecom.com/News/Press±Releases/_carousel/Google Scholar
Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). The benefits of anaerobic digestion of food waste at wastewater treatment facilities. Accessed October 29, 2015: http://www.epa.gov/region9/organics/ad/Why-Anaerobic-Digestion.pdfGoogle Scholar
Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). Waste, resource conservation, food waste: Anaerobic digestion. Accessed November 19, 2015: http://www.epa.gov/foodrecovery/fd-anaerobic.htmGoogle Scholar
National Grid. (2014). Renewable gas: A vision for a sustainable gas network. Accessed July 8, 2015: http://www.nationalgridus.com/non_html/ng_renewable_wp.pdfGoogle Scholar
National Grid. (2014). Role of renewable natural gas in closing the carbon cycle. Accessed March 5, 2015: http://energy.columbia.edu/files/2014/02/3-Cavanagh-Role-of-RNG-in-Closing-Carbon-Cycle.pdfGoogle Scholar
National Grid. (2014). News Release: National Grid in partnership with NYC EPA begins design and construction of the Newtown Creek renewable natural gas project. Accessed February 20, 2015: http://www.nationalgridus.com/aboutus/a3–1_news2.asp?document=8765Google Scholar
New York City Department of Environmental Protection. (2013). City announces innovative new partnerships that will reduce the amount of organic waste sent to landfills, produce a reliable source of clean energy and improve air quality. Accessed May 7, 2014: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/press_releases/13–121pr.shtml–.VInZxN6DTwwGoogle Scholar
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar
Rulkens, W. H. (2009). Opportunities to improve energy recovery from sewage sludge. Water 21, 24.Google Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Decennial census, summary file 1. Accessed November 15, 2014: http://www.census.gov/population/metro/files/CBSA%20Report%20Chapter%203%20Data.xlsGoogle Scholar
U.S Census Bureau. (2016). Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 – Metropolitan Statistical Area; – 2016 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 28, 2017. Accessed February 20, 2017: https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=PEP_2016_PEPANNRES&prodType=tableGoogle Scholar
Waste Management of New York. (2014). WM Varick I CORe – Newtown Creek Co-Digestion Project. Converting NYC food waste into clean renewable energy source. Accessed July 1, 2015: http://www.wm.com/NYCMA/WMCORe%20varick-factsheet%20073114.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar
ACTCCC. (2015). ACT Climate Change Council. Accessed February 27, 2016: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/cc/climate%5Fchange%5FcouncilGoogle Scholar
ACT Government. (2012). AP2: A new climate change strategy and action plan for the Australian Capital Territory. Accessed December 18, 2015: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/581136/AP2_Sept12_PRINT_NO_CROPS_SML.pdfGoogle Scholar
ACT Government. (2014a). Adapting to a changing climate: Directions for the ACT. Accessed April 16, 2015: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/597653/Adaptation-Framework-Directions.pdfGoogle Scholar
ACT Government. (2014b). Renewable energy local investment framework. Accessed March 29, 2015: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/581700/Renewable-Energy-Local-Investment-Framework-v2.pdfGoogle Scholar
ACT Government. (2015a). Australian demographic statistics – September quarter 2014. Accessed February 27, 2016: http://apps.treasury.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/644813/ERP.pdfGoogle Scholar
ACT Government. (2015b). Review of AP2. Accessed March 30, 2016: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/cc/what-government-is-doing/emissions-and-mitigationGoogle Scholar
ACT Government. (2015c). How wind will power Canberra homes. Accessed January 24, 2016: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/energy/wind_FpowerGoogle Scholar
ACT Government (2016) 100% Renewable Energy Target. Accessed January 12, 2017: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/energy/cleaner-energy.Google Scholar
AEMO. (2014). AEMO annual report 2014. Accessed September 28, 2015: http://www.aemo.com.au/About-AEMO/Corporate-Publications/AEMO-Annual-ReportGoogle Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2015). Unincorporated ACT. Accessed April 14, 2016: http://stat.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary®ion=89399&dataset=ABS_NRP9_LGA&geoconcept=REGION&maplayeridLGA2012&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_NRP9_ASGS&datasetLGA=ABS_NRP9_LGA®ionLGA=REGION®ionASGS=REGIONGoogle Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2007). 1307.8 Australian capital territory in focus. Accessed July 30, 2014: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/(1307).8Main±Features12007?OpenDocumentGoogle Scholar
Buckman, G., Sibley, J., and Bourne, R. (2014). The large-scale solar feed-in tariff reverse auction in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Energy Policy 72, 14–22.Google Scholar
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2015). Australian Capital Territory economic indicators. Accessed January 1, 2016: http://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/resources/Documents/act.pdfGoogle Scholar
Garnaut, R. (2008). The Garnaut climate change review. Accessed July 6, 2014: http://www.garnautreview.org.au/2008-review.htmlGoogle Scholar
Independent Competition and Regulatory Commission. (2014). ACT greenhouse gas inventory report 2011–12. Accessed September 28, 2015: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/644326/ACT-GHG-Inventory-Report-2011–12.pdfGoogle Scholar
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Programme. (2014). Human Development Index (HDI). Accessed August 8, 2015: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14%5Fstatisticaltables.xlsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar
Department of Statistics Singapore. (2015). Singapore in figures 2015. Accessed March 16, 2016: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/reference/sif2015.pdfGoogle Scholar
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar
Census of India. (2011). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Accessed August 2, 2014: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/PCA_Data_highlight.htmlGoogle Scholar
Cohen, E. (2014). The water footprint of urban energy systems: concepts, methods and applications for assessing electricity supply risk factors. Master’s thesis, University of Colorado, Denver.Google Scholar
IndiaStat. (2015). Datanet India Pvt. Accessed March 16, 2016: http://www.indiastat.com/default.aspxGoogle Scholar
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar
Prakash, S. (2014). Energy conservation through standby power reduction. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 19(7), 990–994. Accessed August 8, 2015: www.idosi.org/mejsr/mejsr19(7)14/19.pdfGoogle Scholar
Sperling, J. B., and Ramaswami, A. (2012). Exploring health outcomes as a motivator for low-carbon city development: Implications for infrastructure interventions in Asian cities. Habitat International. doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2011.12.013Google Scholar
World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar
Berndtsson, J. C. (2010). Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and quality: A review. Ecological Engineering 36(4), 351–360.Google Scholar
Brandt, A. R., Heath, G. A., Kort, E. A., O’Sullivan, F., Pétron, G., Jordaan, S. M., and Harriss, R. (2014). Methane leaks from North American natural gas systems. Science 343(6172), 733–735.Google Scholar
Constante, S. (2014). Ecuador prepara el terreno para eliminar el subsidio de gas. El Pais. Accessed February 2, 2015: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/08/20/actualidad/1408569837_695217.htmlGoogle Scholar
EEQ (Empresa Electrica de Quito). (2012). Plan estrategico 2012–2015. Pichincha, Ecuador.Google Scholar
EEQ. (2014a). Programa de eficiencia energetica para cocción pr inducción y calentamiento de agua con electricidad. Pichincha, Ecuador.Google Scholar
EEQ (2014b). La Generación de electricidad en la EEQ: Gerencia de generación y subtransmisión. Pichincha, Ecuador.Google Scholar
Kawajiri, K., Oozeki, T., and Genchi, Y. (2011). Effect of temperature on PV potential in the world. Environmental Science & Technology 45(20), 9030–9035.Google Scholar
Ludeña, C. E., and Wilk, D. (2013). Ecuador: Mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar
Ministerio del Ambiente de Ecuador (MAE). (2000). National communication: Republic of Ecuador to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change. Accessed July 8, 2014: http://www.ambiente.gob.ec/Google Scholar
Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (MDMQ), Secretaria de Ambiente. (2009). Estrategia Quitena al cambio climatico. Accessed March 27, 2015: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec/Google Scholar
Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (MDMQ), Secretaria de Ambiente. (2010). 10 Acciones de Quito frente al cambio climático. Accessed June 9, 2015: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec/Google Scholar
Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (MDMQ), Secretaria de Ambiente. (2011). Invetario de emisiones de gases del efecto de invernadero en el districto metropolitano de Quito. Año 2017. Accessed April 21, 2014: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec/Google Scholar
Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (MDMQ), Secretaria de Ambiente. (2014). Invetario de emisiones de gases del efecto de invernadero en el districto metropolitano de Quito. Año 2011. Accessed January 4, 2015: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec/Google Scholar
Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (MDMQ), Secretaria de Ambiente. (2012). Plan de acción climático de Quito 2012–2016. Accessed March 27, 2015: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ecGoogle Scholar
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar
Secretario Metropolitano de Territorio, Habitat y Vivienda (STHV). (2010). Poblacion eGoogle Scholar
indicadores del distrito metropolitano de Quito. Accessed September 13, 2014: http://sthv.quito.gob.ec/images/indicadores/parroquia/Demografia.htmGoogle Scholar
Seto, K. C., Dhakal, S., Bigio, A., Blanco, H., Delgado, G. C., Dewar, D., Huang, L., Inaba, A., Kansal, A., Lwasa, S., McMahon, J. E., Müller, D. B., Murakami, J., Nagendra, H., and Ramaswami, A. (2014). Human settlements, infrastructure and spatial planning. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (932–1000). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
UNEP. (2011). ECCO metropolitan district of Quito. Accessed May 22, 2014: http://www.unep.org/Google Scholar
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2015). Clean development mechanism. Accessed January 23, 2016: http://cdm.unfccc.int/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Vasilakopoulou, K., Kolokotsa, D., and Santamouris, M. (2014). Cities for smart environmental and energy futures: Urban heat island mitigation techniques for sustainable cities. In Cities for Smart Environmental and Energy Futures (215–233). Springer.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar
Zambrano-Barragan, C. (2010). Quito’s climate change strategy: Policies for planned adaptation and reducing vulnerability. Accessed April 26, 2014: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec/Google Scholar
AEA Consulting. (2011). Reduction and testing of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from heavy duty vehicles—Lot 1: Strategy. European Commission—DG Climate Action. Accessed September 13, 2014: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/docs/ec_hdv_ghg_strategy_en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Allen, H. (2011). Africa’s first full rapid bus system: The Rea Vaya Bus System in Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa. Accessed April 26, 2014: http://unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/GRHS.2013.Case.Study.Johannesburg.South.Africa.pdfGoogle Scholar
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). (2013). Report card for America’s infrastructure. American Society of Civil Engineers. Accessed October 1, 2014: http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/wp-content/uploads/2013ReportCardforAmericasInfrastructure.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ardila-Gomez, A., Ortegón, A., and Rubiano, L. C. (2016). Sustainable Urban Transport Financing from the Sidewalk to the Subway: Capital, Operations, and Maintenance Financing. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. World Bank. Accessed April 27, 2017: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/23521Google Scholar
Baeumler, A., Ijjasz-Vasquez, E., and Mehndiratta, S. (2012). Sustainable low-carbon city development in China. World Bank. Accessed October 8, 2014: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNEWSCHINESE/Resources/3196537-1202098669693/4635541-1335945747603/low_carbon_city_full_en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bertaud, A. (2004). The perfect storm: The four factors restricting the construction of new floor space in Mumbai. Accessed July 9, 2014: http://alain-bertaud.com/AB_Files/AB_Mumbai_FSI_FAR_conundrum.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bertaud, A. (2015). The Spatial Distribution of Land Prices and Densities: The Models Developed by Economists. Working paper number 23. Marron Institute of Urban Management. Accessed January 10, 2016: http://marroninstitute.nyu.edu/uploads/content/Bertaud_-_The_Spatial_Distribution_of_Land_Prices_and_Densities.pdfGoogle Scholar
Börjesson, M., Eliasson, J., Hugosson, M. B., and Brundell-Freij, K. (2012). The Stockholm congestion charges—5 years on. Effects, acceptability and lessons learnt. Transport Policy 20, 1–12.Google Scholar
Bolen, E., Brown, K., Kierman, D., and Konshnik, K. (2002). Smart growth: State by state. Accessed March 22, 2014: http://gov.uchastings.edu/public-law/docs/smartgrowth.pdfGoogle Scholar
Brandon, C., and Hommann, K. (1995). The Cost of Inaction: Valuing the Economy-Wide Cost of Environmental Degradation in India. The World Bank.Google Scholar
Carrigan, A., Duduta, N., King, R., Raifman, M., and Velasquez, J. (2013). Social, environmental, and economic impacts of BRT systems: Bus rapid transit case studies from around the world. EMBARQ. Accessed September 7, 2015: http://www.embarq.org/sites/default/files/Social-Environmental-Economic-Impacts-BRT-Bus-Rapid-Transit-EMBARQ.pdfGoogle Scholar
Centre for Science and Environment. (1998) Leap frog factor Delhi. Accessed August 1, 2014: http://cseindia.org/challenge_balance/readings/LeapfrogFactor_Delhistory.pdf Accessed August 1, 2014: http://www.cseindia.org/taxonomy/term/1/menuGoogle Scholar
Cervero, R., and Murakami, J. (2009). Rail + property development in Hong Kong: Experiences and extensions. Urban Studies 46(10), 2019–2043.Google Scholar
Chandler, K., Eberts, E., and Eudy, L. (2006). New York City transit hybrid and CNG transit buses: Interim evaluation results. Accessed February 16, 2014: www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/38843.pdfGoogle Scholar
Changnon, S. (1999). Record flood-producing rainstorms of 17–18 July 1996 in the Chicago metropolitan area. Part III: Impacts and responses to the flash flooding. Journal of Applied Meteorology 38, 273–280.Google Scholar
Chavez-Baeza, C., and Sheinbaum-Pardo, C. (2014). Sustainable passenger road transport scenarios to reduce fuel consumption, air pollutants and GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Energy 66 (2014): 624–634.Google Scholar
Chen, Y., and Whalley, A. (2010). Green machines: The effects of urban mass transit on air quality. Accessed May 21, 2015: http://www.psrc.org/assets/10670/Green_Machines.pdfGoogle Scholar
Chicago Transit Authority (n.d.). CTA Bus Tracker. Accessed February 10, 2017: http://www.ctabustracker.com/bustime/home.jspGoogle Scholar
City of Johannesburg. (2013). Strategic integrated transport plan framework for the City of Joburg. Accessed February 12, 2015: http://www.joburg.org.za/images/stories/2013/May/CoJ percent20SITPF percent20Draft percent2013 percent20May percent202013.pdfGoogle Scholar
Coady, D., Parry, I., Sears, L., and Shang, B. (2015). How Large Are Global Energy Subsidies? International Monetary Fund, Fiscal Affairs Department working paper WP/15/105. International Monetary Fund. Accessed January 8, 2016: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2015/wp15105.pdf http://www.c40cities.org/Google Scholar
Creutzig, F., Mühlhoff, R., and Römer, J. (2012). Decarbonizing urban transport in European cities: Four cases show possibly high co-benefits. Environmental Research Letters 7(4), 044042.Google Scholar
Dalkmann, H., and Brannigan, C. (2007). Transport and Climate Change: Module 5e, Sustainable Transportation Sourcebook: A Sourcebook for Policy-Makers in Developing Countries. GIZ. Accessed September 30, 2015: http://www.sutp.org/en-dn-th5Google Scholar
De Jong, M., Ma, Y., Mu, R., Stead, D., and Xi, B. (2010). Introducing public–private partnerships for metropolitan subways in China: What is the evidence? Journal of Transport Geography 18(2), 301–313.Google Scholar
Diaz, R., and Bongardt, D. (2013). Financing sustainable urban transport. International review of national urban transport policies and programmes. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit and EMBARQ. Accessed September 30, 2015: http://sustainabletransport.org/?wpdmact=processanddid=MzMuaG90bGluaw==Google Scholar
EMBARQ Brazil. (2013). Panorama of BRT and bus corridors in the world. Accessed January 12, 2015: http://www.brtdata.org/ – /info/aboutGoogle Scholar
European Commission (EC). (2013). Adapting infrastructure to climate change. Accessed April 8, 2015: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/adaptation/what/docs/swd_2013_137_en.pdfGoogle Scholar
European Cyclists’ Federation. (2011). Quantifying CO2 savings of cycling. Accessed September 21, 2014: http://www.ecf.com/wp-content/uploads/ECF_BROCHURE_EN_planche.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fargione, J., Hawthorne, P., Hill, J., Polasky, S., and Tilman, D. (2008). Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science 319(5867), 1235–1238.Google Scholar
Filosa, G. A. (2015). International Practices on Climate Adaptation in Transportation: Findings from a Virtual Review. U.S. Department of Transportation, John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center. Accessed March 31, 2016: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/publications_and_tools/international_practices/fhwahep15011.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fulton, L. (2013). How Vehicle Fuel Economy Improvements Can Save $2 Trillion and Help Fund a Long-Term Transition to Plug-In Vehicles. Working paper 9. Accessed September 21, 2014: http://www.fiafoundation.org/media/44075/wp9-fuel-economy-improvements.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fulton, L., and Cazzola, P. (2008). Transport, energy, and CO2 in Asia: Where are we going and how do we change it? Accessed November 10, 2014: http://www.slideshare.net/EMBARQNetwork/transport-energy-and-co2-in-asia-where-are-we-going-and-how-do-we-change-it-presentationGoogle Scholar
Greene, D. L., Kahn, J. R., and Gibson, R. C. (1999). Fuel economy rebound effect for U.S. household vehicles. The Energy Journal 20, 1–31.Google Scholar
Grenzeback, L., and Lukmann, A. (2007). Case study of the transportation sector’s response to and recovery from hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Accessed December 7, 2014: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr290GrenzenbackLukmann.pdfGoogle Scholar
Givoni, M. (2012). Re-assessing the results of the London congestion charging scheme. Urban Studies 49(5), 1089–1105.Google Scholar
Hidalgo, D. (2012). BRT around the world: Update 2012 and future evolution. Accessed July 16, 2014: http://www.slideshare.net/EMBARQNetwork/brt-status-webinar-113012-by-dario-hidalgoGoogle Scholar
Hodges, T. (2011). Flooded bus barns and buckled rails: Public transportation and climate change adaptation. Accessed October 10, 2015: http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FTA_0001_-_Flooded_Bus_Barns_and_Buckled_Rails.pdfGoogle Scholar
Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP). (2014). Cycling and walking. Accessed July 11, 2015: https://www.itdp.org/what-we-do/cycling-and-walking/Google Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2014). Summary for policymakers. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014, Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge University Press. Accessed January 27, 2015: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_summary-for-policymakers.pdfGoogle Scholar
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2012). World energy outlook 2012. Accessed December 30, 2014: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2012/Google Scholar
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2013). Policy pathways: A tale of renewed cities. Accessed March 12, 2014: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Renewed_Cities_WEB.pdfGoogle Scholar
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2014). CO2 emissions from fuel combustion: Highlights, 2014 edition. Accessed January 14, 2015: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CO2EmissionsFromFuelCombustionHighlights2014.pdfGoogle Scholar
International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2014). Is it time for an infrastructure push? The macroeconomic effects of public investment. In World Economic Outlook 2014: Legacies, Clouds, Uncertainties. Accessed March 11, 2015: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/Google Scholar
Jacob, K., Deodatis, G., Atlas, J., Whitcomb, M., Lopeman, M., Markogiannaki, O., Kennett, Z., Morla, A., Leichenko, R., and Vancura, P. (2011). Responding to climate change in New York State (ClimAID). In Transportation. In Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W., DeGaetano, A., O’Grady, M., Hassol, S., and Grabhorn, P. (eds.), Responding to Climate Change in New York State. New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. Accessed December 11, 2014: file:///C:/Users/SY/Desktop/temp/ClimAID-Transportation.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jacob, K., Rosenzweig, C., Horton, R., Major, D., and Gornitz, V. (2008). MTA adaptation to climate change: A categorical imperative. Accessed March 11, 2015: http://web.mta.info/sustainability/pdf/Jacob_et%20al_MTA_Adaptation_Final_0309.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jaeger, A., Nugroho, S. B., Zusman, E., Nakano, R., and Daggy, R. (2015). Governing sustainable low-carbon transport in Indonesia: An assessment of provincial transport plans. Natural Resources Forum 39(1), 27–40.Google Scholar
Kaufman, S., Quing, C., Levenson, N., and Hansen, M. (2012). Transportation during and after Hurricane Sandy. Rudin Center for Transportation, NYU Wagner Graduate School of Public Services, Nov. 2012. Accessed June 1, 2014: http://wagner.nyu.edu/files/rudincenter/sandytransportation.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, C., Steinberger, J., Gasson, B., Hansen, Y., Hillman, T., Havránek, M., Pataki, D., Phdungsilp, A., Ramaswami, A., and Mendez, G. A. (2009). Greenhouse gas emissions from global cities. Environmental Science & Technology 43, 7297–7302.Google Scholar
Kiunsi, R. (2013). The constraints on climate change adaptation in a city with a large development deficit: The case of Dar es Salaam. Environment and Urbanization 25(2), 321–337.Google Scholar
Koetse, M., and Rietveld, P. (2009). The impact of climate change and weather on transport: An overview of empirical findings. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 14(3), 205–221.Google Scholar
Kostro, S., Bertman, L., and Pickens, B. (2013). Super typhoon Haiyan: With so many still suffering, why keep our eyes on recovery? Accessed May 12, 2015: http://csis.org/publication/super-typhoon-haiyan-so-many-still-suffering-why-keep-our-eyes-recoveryGoogle Scholar
Litman, T. (2012). Distance-based vehicle insurance as a TDM strategy. Accessed August 15, 2014: http://www.islandnet.com/~litman/dbvi.pdfGoogle Scholar
Mahendra, A., Dalkmann, H., and Raifman, M. (2013). Financing needs for sustainable transport systems for the 21st century. Accessed November 17, 2015: http://www.wricities.org/sites/default/files/Financing-Needs-for-Sustainable-Transport-Systems-21st-Century.pdfGoogle Scholar
Marsden, G. (2006). The evidence base for parking policies – a review. Transport Policy 13(6), 447–457.Google Scholar
Marsden, G., and Rye, T. (2010). The governance of transport and climate change. Journal of Transport Geography 18, 669–678.Google Scholar
Mehrotra, S. (2012a). Reinventing Infrastructure Economics: Theory and Empirics. Doctoral dissertation, Academic Commons, Columbia University.Google Scholar
Mehrotra, S. (2012b). Cities: Smart, healthy, and productive—solutions for a global urban future. Making a case for an urban sustainable development goal. United Nations’ Sustainable Development Solutions Networks (UNSDSN). Accessed August 26, 2015: http://urbansdg.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/nov_2012_sustainable_cities_presentation.pdfGoogle Scholar
Mehrotra, S., Lefevre, B., Zimmerman, R., Gercek, H., Jacob, K., and Srinivasan, S. (2011). Climate change and urban transportation systems. In Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W. D., Hammer, S. A., and Mehrotra, S. (eds.), Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network (145–177), Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mehrotra, S., Natenzon, C. E., Omojola, A., Folorunsho, R., Gilbride, J., and Rosenweig, C. (2009). Framework for City Climate Risk Assessment. World Bank. Accessed July 7, 2015: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387–1256566800920/6505269–1268260567624/Rosenzweig.pdfGoogle Scholar
Melillo, J. M., Richmond, T., and Yohe, G. W. (eds.). (2014). Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Metrobits. (2012). World metro database. Accessed May 12, 2015: http://mic-ro.com/metro/table.htmlGoogle Scholar
Metropolitan Transportation Authority. (2009). Greening mass transit and metro regions: The final report of the Blue Ribbon Commission on Sustainability and the MTA. Accessed December 10, 2015: http://web.mta.info/sustainability/pdf/SustRptFinal.pdfGoogle Scholar
Metropolitan Transportation Authority. (2013). Timeline of the storm. Accessed December 12, 2014: http://web.mta.info/sandy/timeline.htmGoogle Scholar
Metropolitan Transportation Authority. (2014). MTA bus time. Accessed September 14, 2015: http://bustime.mta.info/Google Scholar
Meyer, M. (2008). Design standards for U.S. transport infrastructure – The implications of climate change. Accessed June 1, 2014: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr290Meyer.pdf.Google Scholar
Murakami, J. (2012). Transit value capture: New town co-development models and land market updates in Tokyo and Hong Kong. In Ingram, G. K., and Hong, Y. -H. (eds.), Value Capture and Land Policies (285–320). Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.Google Scholar
Naess, E., and Smith, T. (2009). Environmentally related taxes in Norway: Totals and divided by industry. Accessed February 18, 2014: http://www.cbd.int/financial/fiscalenviron/norway-envtaxes.pdfGoogle Scholar
Newman, P., and Kenworthy, J. (2006). Urban design to reduce auto dependency. Opolis 2(1). Accessed August 30, 2014: http://www.naturaledgeproject.net/documents/newmankenworthyurbandesign.pdfGoogle Scholar
New York (NYC). (2013). NYC Hurricane Sandy after action: Report and recommendations to Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg. Accessed September 3, 2014: http://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/downloads/pf/sandy_aar_5.2.13.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pascal, M., Corso, M., Chanel, O., Declercq, C., Badaloni, C., Cesaroni, G., and Medina, S. (2012). Assessing the public health impacts of urban air pollution in 25 European cities: Results of the Aphekom project. Science of the Total Environment 449, 390–400.Google Scholar
PlaNYC. (2013). A stronger, more resilient New York City. Accessed May 28, 2014: http://www.nyc.gov/html/sirr/html/report/report.shtmlGoogle Scholar
Pourbaix, J. (2012). Towards a smart future for cities. Journeys May, 7–13. Accessed December 22, 2015: http://www.lta.gov.sg/ltaacademy/doc/J12 May-p07Jerome_Towards a Smart Future for Cities.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pucher, J., Peng, Z., Mittal, N., Zhu, Y., and Korattyswaroopam, N. (2007). Urban transport trends and policies in China and India: Impacts of rapid economic growth. Transport Reviews 27(4), 379–410. Accessed November 21, 2015: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01441640601089988#.VOzZ2nzF-1UGoogle Scholar
Replogle, M., and Huizenga, C. (2015). Two years in—How are the world’s multilateral development banks doing in delivering on their $175 billion pledge for more sustainable transport? Accessed February 23, 2016: https://www.itdp.org/two-years-in-how-are-the-worlds-multilateral-development-banks-doing-in-delivering-on-their-175-billion-pledge-for-more-sustainable-transport/Google Scholar
Revi, A., Rosenzweig, C., Mehrotra, S., Solecki, W., et al. (2013). The Urban Opportunity: Enabling Transformative and Sustainable Development. Background paper for the United Nations secretary-general’s high-level panel of eminent persons on the post- 2015 development agenda. Accessed September 30, 2015: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2579Final-052013-SDSN-TG09-The-Urban-Opportunity.pdfGoogle Scholar
Revi, A., Satterthwaite, D. E., Aragón-Durand, F., Corfee-Morlot, J., Kiunsi, R. B. R., Pelling, M., Roberts, D. C., and Solecki, W. (2014). Urban areas. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R., and White, L. L. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (535–612). Cambridge University Press. Accessed April 10, 2015: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-Chap8_FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ribeiro, S., and de Abreu, A. (2008). Brazilian transport initiatives with GHG reductions as a co-benefit. Climate Policy 8(2), 220–240.Google Scholar
Rickwood, P., Glazebrook, G., and Searle, G. (2011). Urban structure and energy – A review. Urban Policy and Research 26, 57–81. doi: 10.1080/08111140701629886, ISSN: 0811–1146Google Scholar
Schaller, B. (2010). New York City’s congestion pricing experience and implications for road pricing acceptance in the United States. Transport Policy 17, 266–273.Google Scholar
Schipper, L., Marie-Lilliu, C., and Gorham, R. (2000). Flexing the Link between Transport and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Path for the World Bank. International Energy Agency. Accessed November 28, 2014: http://www.ocs.polito.it/biblioteca/mobilita/FlexingLink1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Schrank, D., Eisele, B., and Lomax, T. (2012). Texas A&M Transportation Institute 2012 urban mobility report. Accessed October 10, 2014: http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility-report-2012.pdfGoogle Scholar
Seik, F. (1998). A unique demand management instrument in urban transport: The vehicle quota system in Singapore. Cities 15(1), 27–39.Google Scholar
Seto, K. C., Dhakal, S., Bigio, A., Blanco, H., Delgado, G. C., Dewar, D., Huang, L., Inaba, A., Kansal, A., Lwasa, S., McMahon, J. E., Müller, D. B., Murakami, J., Nagendra, H., and Ramaswami, A. (2014). Human settlements, infrastructure and spatial planning. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. Accessed August 2, 2015: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter12.pdfGoogle Scholar
Sims, R., Schaeffer, R., Creutzig, F., Cruz-Núñez, X., D’Agosto, M., Dimitriu, D., Figueroa Meza, M. J., Fulton, L., Kobayashi, S., Lah, O., McKinnon, A., Newman, P., Ouyang, M., Schauer, J. J., Sperling, D., and Tiwari, G. (2014). Transport. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press. Accessed November 8, 2015: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter8.pdfGoogle Scholar
SLoCaT. (2014a). Non-motorized transport. Accessed August 22, 2015: http://www.slocat.net/content-stream/183Google Scholar
SLoCaT. (2015a). SLoCaT partnership Accessed April 1, 2016: http://www.slocat.net/slocatpartnershipGoogle Scholar
SLoCaT. (2015b). United Nations secretary general’s climate summit. Accessed February 28, 2016: http://www.slocat.net/climatesummitGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, H., Cervero, R., and Iuchi, K. (2013). Transforming Cities with Transit: Transit and Land-Use Integration for Sustainable Urban Development. World Bank. Accessed October 10, 2014: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/12233Google Scholar
Suzuki, H., Murakami, J., Hong, Y., and Tamayose, B. (2015). Financing Transit-Oriented Development with Land Values: Adapting Land Value Capture in Developing Countries. Urban Development Series. World Bank. Accessed February 21, 2016: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/11/04/000333037_20141104220722/Rendered/PDF/922500WP0Box380REPORT0COMING0IN0DEC.pdfGoogle Scholar
Swiss Association for Quality and Management Systems (SQS). (2011). VCS Validation report BRT Rea Vaya phase 1A and 1B, South Africa. Accessed September 17, 2014: https://mer.markit.com/br-reg/PublicReport.action?getDocumentById=trueanddocument_id=100000000006631Google Scholar
Takami, K., and Hatoyama, K. (2008). Sustainable regeneration of a car-dependent city: The case of Toyama toward a compact city. In Kidokoro, T., Harata, N., Leksono, P. S., Jessen, J., Motte, A., and Seitzer, E. P. (eds.), Sustainable City Regions (183–200). Springer.Google Scholar
Transport Research Board (TRB). (2014). Strategic issues facing transportation, Volume 2: Climate change, extreme weather events, and the highway system. Transport Research Board, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report Number 750. Accessed February 26, 2015: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_750v2.pdfGoogle Scholar
Turner, M., Kooshian, C., and Winkelman, S. (2012). Case study: Bus rapid transit (BRT) development and expansion. Accessed September 17, 2014: http://www.ccap.org/docs/resources/1080/Colombia-case percent20study-final.pdfGoogle Scholar
UN-Habitat/ESCAP. (2015). The state of Asian and Pacific Cities 2015: Urban transformations shifting from quantity to quality. Accessed January 31, 2016: http://unhabitat.org/books/the-state-of-asian-and-pacific-cities-2015/Google Scholar
UN-Habitat, UNEP, SLoCaT (with contributions from IEA, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), The International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP), International Maritime Organization (IMO), and The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT)). (2015). Analysis of the transport relevance of each of the 17 SDGs. Accessed January 3, 2016: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/8656Analysis%20of%20transport%20relevance%20of%20SDGs.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations (UN). (2014). Transport action plan: Urban electric mobility initiative. United Nations Climate Summit. Accessed July 27, 2015: http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/TRANSPORT-Action-Plan-UEMI.pdfGoogle Scholar
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). (2014). World urbanization prospects. Revision. Accessed September 20, 2015: http://esa.un.org/Unpd/Wup/Google Scholar
United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-Habitat). (2013). Global report on human settlements: Planning and design for sustainable urban mobility. Accessed September 17, 2014: http://unhabitat.org/planning-and-design-for-sustainable-urban-mobility-global-report-on-human-settlements-2013Google Scholar
URS. (2010). Adapting energy, transport and water infrastructure for long-term impact of climate change. Accessed September 15, 2014: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/183472/infrastructure-full-report.pdfGoogle Scholar
U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE). (n.d.). Energy efficiency & renewable energy: All-electric vehicles. Accessed March 23, 2017: https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/evtech.shtmlGoogle Scholar
U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT). (2014). Ensuring Transportation Infrastructure and System Resilience. U.S. Department of Transportation Climate Adaptation Plan.Google Scholar
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2014). Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990–2012. Accessed October 19, 2015: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/U.S.-zGHG-Inventory-2014-Main-Text.pdfGoogle Scholar
U.S. Global Change Research Program. (2014). 2014 National climate assessment. Accessed August 19, 2015: http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/downloadsGoogle Scholar
Viegas, J. (2001). Making urban road pricing acceptable and effective: Searching for quality and equity in urban mobility. Transport Policy 8(4), 289–294.Google Scholar
Waygood, E. O. D., Sun, Y., and Susilo, Y. O. (2014). Transportation carbon dioxide emissions by built environment and family lifecycle: Case study of the Osaka metropolitan area. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 31, 176–188.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2009). World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography. World Bank. Accessed September 17, 2014: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/5991Google Scholar
World Bank. (n.d.). Lagos bus rapid transit (BRT): Fighting congestion and climate change. Accessed February 3, 2017: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/FINAL_STORY_green-growth-lagos.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). (2011). Burden of disease from environmental noise: Quantification of healthy years lost in Europe. Accessed September 15, 2014: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wright, L. (2004). The limits of technology: Achieving transport efficiency in developing nations. Accessed October 3, 2014: http://discovery-dev.ucl.ac.uk/108/1/Lloyd_Wright,_Bonn,_Germany,_Transport_and_climate_change.pdfGoogle Scholar
Wright, L. (2009). Win-win Solutions to Climate Change and Transport. United Nations Commission on Regional Development (UNCRD).Google Scholar
Zimmerman, R. (2012). Transport, the Environment and Security, Making the Connection. Edward Elgar Publishing, Ltd.Google Scholar
Zusman, E., Srinivasan, A., and Dhakal, S. (2012). Low carbon transport in Asia: Strategies for optimizing co-benefits. Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Blake, S., Kimberlain, B., Berg, J., Cangialosi, P., and Beven, L. (2013). Tropical cyclone report, Hurricane Sandy (AL182012). Accessed April 25, 2014: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL182012_Sandy.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jacob, K., Gornitz, V., Horton, R., Major, D., and Rosenzweig, C. (2008). MTA adaptation to climate change: A categorical imperative. Accessed March 20, 2014: http://web.mta.info/sustainability/pdf/Jacob_et%20al_MTA_Adaptation_Final_0309.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, S., Quing, C., Levenson, N., and Hansen, M. (2012). Rudin Center for Transportation. NYU Wagner Graduate School of Public Services. Accessed May 2, 2014: http://wagner.nyu.edu/files/rudincenter/sandytransportation.pdfGoogle Scholar
Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Office of the Inspector General. (2006). Subway flooding during heavy rainstorms: Prevention and emergency response. MTA/OIG #2005-64, February 2006.Google Scholar
Metropolitan Transportation Authority. (2007). August 8, 2007 storm report. Accessed August 19, 2015: http://web.mta.info/mta/pdf/storm_report_2007.pdfGoogle Scholar
Metropolitan Transportation Authority. (2009). Greening mass transit and metro regions: The final report of the blue ribbon commission on sustainability and the MTA. Accessed May 27, 2015: http://web.mta.info/sustainability/pdf/SustRptFinal.pdfGoogle Scholar
Metropolitan Transportation Authority. (2013). Capital program 20 year needs letter. Accessed December 9, 2014: http://web.mta.info/mta/news/books/docs/Capital-Program-20-Year-Needs_Letter-from-Chairman-Prendergast.pdfGoogle Scholar
Metropolitan Transportation Authority. (2014). MTA Capital Program 2015–2019. Accessed August 5, 2015: http://web.mta.info/capital/pdf/Board_2015-2019_Capital_Program.pdfGoogle Scholar
Metropolitan Transportation Authority. (n.d.). Timeline of the storm. Accessed March 17, 2017: http://web.mta.info/sandy/timeline.htmGoogle Scholar
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Decennial census, summary file 1. Accessed October 9, 2015: http://www.census.gov/population/metro/files/CBSA%20Report%20Chapter%203%20Data.xlsGoogle Scholar
U.S Census Bureau. (2016). Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 – Metropolitan Statistical Area; – 2016 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 28, 2017. Accessed January 14, 2017: https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=PEP_2016_PEPANNRES&prodType=tableGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, R. (2014), Planning restoration of vital infrastructure services following Hurricane Sandy: Lessons learned for energy and transportation, Journal of Extreme Events 1 (1). doi:10.3141/2532-08Google Scholar
Allen, H. (2011). Africa’s first full rapid bus system: The Rea Vaya bus system in Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa. In Global Report on Human Settlements 2013. UN-HABITAT. Accessed September 2, 2015: http://unhabitat.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/06/GRHS.2013.Case_.Study_.Johannesburg.South_.Africa.pdfGoogle Scholar
C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (C40). (2013). Lagos Bus Rapid Transit system garners praise from World Bank leader. Accessed January 13, 2015: http://c40.org/c40blog/lagos-bus-rapid-transitsystemgarners-praise-from-world-bank-leaderGoogle Scholar
Carrigan, A., King, R., Velasquez, J. M., Raifman, M., and Duduta, N. (2013). Social, environmental, and economic impacts of BRT systems: Bus rapid transit case studies from around the world. EMBARQ: A program of the World Resources Institute. Accessed July 5, 2015: http://www.embarq.org/sites/default/files/SocialEnvironmental-Economic-Impacts-BRT-Bus-Rapid-Transit-EMBARQ.pdfGoogle Scholar
Lagos State. (2013). Digest of statistics 2013. Accessed July 28, 2014: http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/2013_Digest%20_of_Statistics.pdfGoogle Scholar
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar
Statssa. (2015). Statistics South Africa. Accessed April 1, 2016: http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=1021andid=city-of-johannesburg-municipalityGoogle Scholar
United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-Habitat). (2013). Global Report on Human Settlements 2013: Planning and Design for Sustainable Urban Mobility. Author.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2015). Lagos bus rapid transit (BRT): Fighting congestion and climate change. Africa on the move: The seeds of green growth: A World Bank series. Accessed April 12, 2016: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/FINAL_STORY_green-growth-lagos.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar
Avidan, A. A. (2015). Reducing greenhouse gas emissions on Crossrail. Bechtel Corporation. Accessed January 15, 2016: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OlgbBQJp1LIGoogle Scholar
BBC. (2012). Wallasea Island nature reserve project construction begins. Accessed July 5, 2015: http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-19598532Google Scholar
Crossrail. (n. d.). Environmental policy and objectives. Accessed January 17, 2017: http://www.crossrail.co.uk/sustainability/environment/objectivesGoogle Scholar
Crossrail. (2011). Crossrail business case update: Summary report: July 2010. Accessed July 28, 2014: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20111005174015/http:/assets.dft.gov.uk/publications/crossrail-business-case-update/crossrail-business-case-update-summary-report-july-2011.pdfGoogle Scholar
Crossrail. (2014). Crossrail sustainability report 2014. Accessed April 20, 2015: http://www.crossrail.co.uk/sustainability/Google Scholar
De Silva, M., and Paris, R. (2014). Building Crossrail – A holistic approach to sustainability. International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2014, American Society of Civil Engineers, Long Beach, CA.Google Scholar
European Environment Agency. (2009). Diverting waste from landfill. Effectiveness of waste-management policies in the European Union. EEA Report No. 7/2009. Accessed October 26, 2014: https://www.scribd.com/document/18188424/EEA-Report-Diverting-waste-from-landfill-Effectiveness-of-waste-management-policies-in-the-European-Union-2009Google Scholar
Eurostat. (2015a). Population by sex and age groups on 1 January. European Comission. Accessed April 5, 2016: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3andlang=enGoogle Scholar
Eurostat. (2015b). Area of the regions [met_d3area]. European Commission. Accessed April 13, 2016: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do? dataset=met_d3areaandlang=enGoogle Scholar
Gomez-Ibanez, J. (2008). Crossrail (A): The business case. Kennedy School of Government Case Program. CR14–08–1898.0.Google Scholar
GVA. (2012). Crossrail property impact study. Accessed October 26, 2014: https://www.gva.co.uk/regeneration/crossrail-property-impact-study.Google Scholar
Her Majesty’s Treasury. (2010). Business rate supplements: Guidance for local authorities. Accessed June 29, 2014: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/8306/business_rate_supplements_localauthority_guidance.pdfGoogle Scholar
Her Majesty’s Treasury. (2007). Business Rate Supplements: A White Paper. October 2007. Accessed August 11, 2014: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/business-rate-supplements-a-white-paperGoogle Scholar
Leuven. (2014). Leuven in numbers. Accessed January 24, 2015: http://www.leuven.be/bestuur/leuven-in-cijfersGoogle Scholar
Mayor of London. (2014). Long term infrastructure investment plan: Progress report. Accessed June 22, 2015: https://www.london.gov.uk/file/16744/download?token=5St1w4GCGoogle Scholar
Omega Centre. (2012). Mega Projects: Executive Summary-Lessons for Decision-Makers: An Analysis of Selected International Large-Scale Transport Infrastructure Projects. Bartlett School of Planning, University College London. Accessed August 11, 2014: http://www.omegacentre.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/publications/reports/mega-project-executive-summary/Google Scholar
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar
Roukouni, A., and Medda, F. (2012). Evaluation of value capture mechanisms as a funding source for urban transport: The case of London’s Crossrail. Social and Behavioral Sciences 48, 2394–2404.Google Scholar
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. (n.d.) Wallasea Island wild coast project. Accessed January 12, 2017: http://www.rspb.org.uk/whatwedo/campaigningfornature/casework/details.aspx?id=tcm:9-235089Google Scholar
Smale, K. (2015). The last shipment of excavated material donated by Crossrail has arrived at the nature reserves at Wallasea Island in Essex. New Civil Engineer. Accessed April 14, 2016: https://www.newcivilengineer.com/the-gallery-and-video-excavated-material-from-crossrail-creates-nature-reserve/8681853.articleGoogle Scholar
Smith, K. (2015). Crossrail’s sustainability strategy bears fruit. Rail Journal. Accessed March 6, 2016: http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/commuter-rail/crossrails-sustainability-strategy-bears-fruit.html