Abrahamse, W., and Steg, L. (2009). How do socio-demographic and psychological factors related to households’ direct and indirect energy use and savings? Journal of Economic Psychology, 30 (5), 711–720.Google Scholar

Adger, W. N., Arnell, N. W., and Tompkins, E. L. (2005). Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. Global Environmental Change 15 77–86.Google Scholar

Al-Sunaidy, A., and Green, R. (2006). Electricity deregulation in OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries. Electricity Market Reform and Deregulation 31 769–787.Google Scholar

Aleklett, K., Hook, M., Jakobsson, K., Lardelli, M., Snowden, S., and Soberbergh, B. (2010). The peak of the oil age – analyzing the world oil production reference scenario in World Energy Outlook 2008. Energy Policy 38, 1398–1414.Google Scholar

Allcott, H. (2011). Social norms and energy conservation Journal of Public Economics 95(9–10), 1082–1095.Google Scholar

Apte, J. S., Bombrun, E., Marshall, J. D., and Nazaroff, W. W. (2012). Global intra-urban intake fractions for air pollutants from vehicles and other distributed sources Environmental Science, and Technology 46, 3415–3423.Google Scholar

Apte, J. S., Marshall, J. D., Cohen, A. J., and Brauer, M. (2015). Addressing global mortality from PM_2.5 Environmental Science & Technology. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01236Google Scholar

Angel, S. (2012). Planet of Cities. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.Google Scholar

Archer, D., Almansi, F., DiGregorio, M.m Roberts, D., Sharma, D., and Syam, D. (2014). Moving towards inclusive urban adaptation: Approaches to integrating community-based adaptation to climate change at city and national scale. Climate and Development 6, 345–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ARUP, and C40 Cities. (2014). Climate action in megacities. C40 cities baseline and opportunities. Volume 2.0. Accessed May 17, 2015: www.arup.com/Projects/C40_Cities_Climate_Action_in_Megacities_report.aspx.Google Scholar

Aspen Environmental Group and M Cubed. (2005). Potential Changes in Hydropower Production from global climate change in California and western United States. Prepared in support of the 2005 Integrated Energy Policy Report Proceeding (Docket # 04-IEPR-01 G). California Energy Commission.Google Scholar

Aylett, A. (2013). Networked urban climate governance: Neighborhood-scale residential solar energy systems and the example of Solarize Portland. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 31, 858–875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aylett, A. (2014). Urban Climate Governance Report. MIT.Google Scholar

Aznar, A., Day, M., Doris, E., Mathur, S., and Donohoo-Vallett, P. (2015). City-Level Energy Decision Making: Data Use in Energy Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation in U.S. Cities. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Accessed January 8, 2016: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64128.pdfGoogle Scholar

Bader, N., and Bleischwitz, R. (2009). Measuring urban greenhouse gas emissions: The challenge of comparability. SAPIENS 2, 1–15.Google Scholar

Baiocchi, G., Minx, J., and Hubacek, K. (2010). The impact of social factors and consumer behavior on carbon dioxide emissions in the United Kingdom. Journal of Industrial Ecology 14, 50–72.Google Scholar

Baxter, L. W., and Calandri, K. (1992). Global warming and electricity demand: A study of California. Energy Policy 20, 233–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blanco, G., Gerlagh, R., Suh, S., Barrett, J., de Coninck, H. C., Morejon, C. F. D., Mathur, R., Nakicenovic, N., Ahenkorah, A. O., Pan, J., Pathak, H., Rice, J., Richels, R., Smith, S. J., Stern, D. I., Toth, F. L., and Zhou, P. (2014). Drivers, trends and mitigation. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (351–411). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Breslow, P. B., and Sailor, D. J. (2002). Vulnerability of wind power resources to climate change in the continental United States. Renewable Energy 27, 585–598.Google Scholar

Brew-Hammond, A. (2010). Energy access in Africa: Challenges ahead. Energy Policy 38, 2291–2301.Google Scholar

Broto, V. C., and Bulkeley, H. (2013). A survey of urban climate change experiments in 100 cities. Global Environmental Change 23, 92–102.Google Scholar

Brown, M. A., Southworth, F., and Sarzynski, A. (2008). Shrinking the Carbon Footprint of Metropolitan America. The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar

Brown, R. R., and Farrelly, M. A. (2009). Delivering sustainable urban water management: A review of the hurdles we face. Water Science and Technology 59, 839–846.Google Scholar

Bruckner, T., Bashmakov, I. A., Mulugetta, Y., Chum, H., De la Vega Navarro, A., Edmonds, J., Faaij, A., Fungtammasan, B., Garg, A., Hertwich, E., Honnery, D., Infield, D., Kainuma, M., Khennas, S. Kim, S., Bashir Nimir, B., Riahi, K., Strachan, N., Wiser, R., and Zhang, X. (2014). Energy systems. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (511–597). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bulkeley, H., and Kern, K. (2006). Local government and the governing of climate change in Germany and the UK. Urban Studies 43, 2237–2259.Google Scholar

Bull, S. R., Bilello, D. E., Ekmann, J., Sale, J. M., and Schmalzer, D. K. (2007). Effects of climate change on energy production and distribution in the United States. In Effects of Climate Change on Energy Production and Use in the United States. U.S. Climate Change Science Program.Google Scholar

C2ES. (2014). Market-Based Climate Mitigation Policies in Emerging Economies. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions.Google Scholar

C40 Cities, and ARUP. (2014). Working together: Global aggregation of city climate commitments. Accessed January 11, 2016: http://c40-production-images.s3.amazonaws.com/researches/images/24_Working_Together_Global_Aggregation.original.pdfGoogle Scholar

Calderon, F., Stern, N., Bonde, I., Burrow, S., Yuan, C., Clark, H., Diogo, L., Doctoroff, D. L., Gopalakrishan, S., Gurria, A., Holliday, C., Polman, P., Indrawati, S. M., Koch-Weser, C., Lagos, R., Lies, M. M., Manuel, T., Nakao, T., Paes, E., Parker, A., Shafik, N., Stoltenberg, J., van der Hoeven, M., and Zhu, L. (2014). The New Climate Economy. World Resource Institute.Google Scholar

Cardona, O. -D., Aalst, M. K. V., Birkmann, J., Fordham, M., McGregor, G., Perez, R., Pulwarty, R. S., Schipper, E. L. F., and Sinh, B. T. (2012). Determinants of risk: Exposure and vulnerability. In Field, C. B., Barros, V., Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Dokken, D. J., Ebi, K. L., Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Plattner, G. -K., Allen, S. K., Tignor, M., and Midgley, P. M. (eds.), Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (65–108). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

CarloniI, F. B. B. A. (2012). Gestão do inventário e do monitoramento de emissões de gases de efeito estufa em cidades: O caso do Rio de Janeiro. UFRJ/COPPE.Google Scholar

CDP, C40, and AECOM. (2014). Protecting our capital: How climate adaptation in cities creates a resilient place for business. London, UK. Accessed December 5, 2015: http://www.c40.org/researches/protecting-our-capitalGoogle Scholar

Chavez, A. (2012). Comparing city-scale greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions accounting methods: Implementation, approximations, and policy relevance. Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado.Google Scholar

Chávez, A. (2016). Community metabolism footprints: Scaling communities towards global sustainability. In preparation.Google Scholar

Chavez, A., and Ramaswami, A. (2013). Articulating a trans-boundary infrastructure supply chain greenhouse gas emission footprint for cities: Mathematical relationships and policy relevance. Energy Policy 54, 376–384.Google Scholar

Chester, M. V., Sperling, J., Stokes, E., Allenby, B., Kockelman, K., Kennedy, C., Baker, L. A., Keirstead, J., and Hendrickson, C. T. (2014). Positioning infrastructure and technologies for low-carbon urbanization. Earth’s Future 2, 533–547.Google Scholar

Ciccone, A., and Hall, R. E. (1996). Productivity and the density of economic activity. American Economic Review, 86 (1), 54–70.Google Scholar

City of Aspen. (2015). Renewable energy – city of Aspen. Aspen, Colorado, USA. Accessed February 2, 2016: http://www.aspenpitkin.com/Living-in-the-Valley/Green-Initiatives/Renewable-Energy/.Google Scholar

City of Seattle. (2013). Seattle climate action plan. Accessed May 27, 2014: http://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/OSE/2013_CAP_20130612.pdfGoogle Scholar

Coase, R. H. (1950). The nationalization of electricity supply in Great Britain. Land Economics 26, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Creutzig, F., Baiocchi, G., Bierkandt, R., Pichler, P. -P., and Seto, K. C. (2015). Global typology of urban energy use and potentials for an urbanization mitigation wedge. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 112, 6283–6288.Google Scholar

Croci, E., Melandri, S., and Molteni, T. (2010). A Comparative Analysis of Global City Policies in Climate Change Mitigation: London, New York, Milan, Mexico City and Bangkok. Bocconi IEFE, Working Paper Series No. 32. Center for Research on Energy and Environmental Economics and Policy at Bocconi University.Google Scholar

Davis, L. W., and Gertler, P. J. (2015). Contribution of air conditioning adoption to future energy use under global warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 119, 5962–5967.Google Scholar

Davis, M., and Weible, C. M. (2011). Linking social actors and social theories: Toward improved GHG mitigation strategies. Carbon Management 2, 483–491.Google Scholar

Deffeyes, K. S. (2001). Hubbert’s Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Dhakal, S. (2009). Urban energy use and carbon emissions from cities in China and policy implications. Energy Policy 37, 4208–4219.Google Scholar

Dhakal, S. (2010). GHG emission from urbanization and opportunities for urban carbon mitigation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2, 277–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dilling, L., and Lemos, M. (2011). Creating usable science: Opportunities and constraints for climate knowledge use and their implications for science policy. Global Environmental Change 21, 680–689.Google Scholar

Dittmar, M. (2013). The end of cheap uranium. Science of the Total Environment 461–462, 792–798.Google Scholar

Dubeux, C. B. S. (2007). Mitigação de Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa por Municípios Brasileiros: Metodologias para Elaboração de Inventários Setoriais e Cenários de Emissões como Instrumentos de Planejamento. Tese de D.Sc, Planejamento Energético, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar

Eakin, H., and Lynd Luers, A. (2006). Assessing the vulnerabililty of social-environmental systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 31, 365–294.Google Scholar

Eberhard, A., Rosnes, O., Shkaratan, M., and Vennemo, H. (2011). Africa’s Power Infrastructure: Investment, Integration, Efficiency. World Bank.Google Scholar

Ebinger, J., and Vergera, W. (2011). Climate impacts on energy systems: Key issues for energy sector adaptation (No. 60051). Accessed April 5,2014: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2011/01/13888226/climate-impacts-energy-systems-key-issues-energy-sector-adaptationCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Economist Intelligence Unit. (2011a). African Green City Index. Siemens AG.Google Scholar

Economist Intelligence Unit. (2011b). Asian Cities Green City Index. Siemens AG.Google Scholar

Economist Intelligence Unit. (2011c). European Green City Index. Siemens AG.Google Scholar

Economist Intelligence Unit. (2011d). German Green City Index. Siemens AG.Google Scholar

Economist Intelligence Unit. (2011e). Latin American Green City Index. Siemens AG.Google Scholar

Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). (2011f). North American Green City Index. Siemens AG.Google Scholar

Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) (2012). The Green City Index: A Summary of the Green City Index Research Series. Siemens AG.Google Scholar

EEQ. (2012). Plan Estrategico 2012–2015.Google Scholar

EEQ. (2014). La Generación de electricidad en la EEQ: Gerencia de Generación y Subtransmisión.Google Scholar

Emelianoff, C. (2014). Local energy transition and multilevel climate governance: The contrasted experiences of two pioneer cities (Hanover, Germany, and Växjö, Sweden). Urban Studies 51, 1378–1393.Google Scholar

Environment America Research and Policy Center. (2015). Shining cities, at the forefront of America’s solar energy revolution. Accessed March 7, 2016: http://www.environmentamerica.org/sites/environment/files/reports/EA_ShiningCities2015_scrn.pdfGoogle Scholar

EPA- United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2015). Developing a greenhouse gas inventory. Accessed March 29, 2016: http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/state/activities/ghg-inventory.htmlGoogle Scholar

Estiri, H. (2014). Building and household x-factors and energy consumption at the residential sector. Energy Economics 43, 178–184. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2014.02.013Google Scholar

Estiri, H. (2015). A structural equation model of energy consumption in the United States: Untangling the complexity of per-capita residential energy use. Energy Research & Social Science 6, 109–120. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2015.01.002.Google Scholar

Estiri, H., Gabriel, R., Howard, E., and Wang, L. (2013). Different regions, differences in energy consumption: Do regions account for the variability in household energy consumption? Working paper 134. University of Washington, Seattle. Accessed May 27, 2014: http://www.csss.washington.edu/Papers/wp134.pdfGoogle Scholar

European Union. (2015). Renewable energy: The promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources. Accessed March 16, 2016: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT?uri=URISERV:l27035Google Scholar

Evans, P. C., and Fox-Penner, P. (2014). Resilient and sustainable infrastructure for urban energy systems. Solutions 5, 48–54.Google Scholar

Farrell, D., and Remes, J. (2009). Promoting energy efficiency in the developing world. The McKinsey Quarterly 14.Google Scholar

Fenger, J. (2007). Impacts of climate change on renewable energy sources: Their role in the nordic energy system. Nordic Council of Ministers.Google Scholar

Fidje, A., and Martinsen, T. (2006). Effects of climate change on the utilization of solar cells in Nordic region. In European Conference on Impacts of Climate Change on Renewable Energy Resources. Reykjavik, Iceland.Google Scholar

Florini, A., and Sovacool, B. K. (2009). Who governs energy? The challenges facing global energy governance. Energy Policy 37, 5239–5248.Google Scholar

Fouquet, R. (2010). The slow search for solutions: Lessons from historical energy transitions by sector and service. Energy Policy 38, 6586–6596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fouquet, R., and Pearson, P. J. G. (2012). Past and prospective energy transitions: Insight from history. Energy Policy 50, 1–7.Google Scholar

Franco, G. (2005). Climate change impacts and adaptation in California. Prepared in support of the 2005 Integrated Energy Policy Report Proceeding (Docket # 04-IEPR-01E). California Energy Commission.Google Scholar

Franco, G., and Sanstad, A. H. (2008). Climate change and electricity demand in California. Climatic Change 87, S139–S151.Google Scholar

Frantzeskaki, N., Avelino, F., and Loorbach, D. (2013). Outliers or frontrunners? Exploring the (self-) governance of community-owned sustainable energy in Scotland and the Netherlands. In Michalena, E., and Hills, J. M. (eds.), Renewable Energy Governance (101–116). Springer.Google Scholar

French, H. (2008). Severe snow storms batter China. New York Times, January 28.Google Scholar

Fussel, H. -M., and Klein, R. J. T. (2006). Climate change vulnerability assessments: An evolution of conceptual thinking. Climatic Change 75, 301–329.Google Scholar

Garnaut, R. (2008). The Garnaut Climate Change Review. Cambridge University Press. Accessed April 5, 2014: http://www.garnautreview.org.au/2008-review.htmlGoogle Scholar

GEA. (2012). Global Energy Assessment – Toward a Sustainable Future. Cambridge University Press/International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.Google Scholar

Gill, S. E., Handley, J. F., Ennos, A. R., and Pauleit, S. (2007). Adapting cities for climate change: The role of the green infrastructure. Built Environment 33, 115–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldstein, N. J., Cialdini, R. B., and Griskevicius, V. (2008). A room with a viewpoint: Using social norms to motivate environmental conservation in hotels. Journal of Consumer Research 35(3), 472–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

GPC. (2014). Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories: An Accounting and Reporting Standard for Cities. World Resources Institute, C40 Cities, ICLEI.Google Scholar

Grin, J., Rotmans, J., and Schot, J. (2012). Transitions to Sustainable Development: New Directions in the Study of Long Term Transformative Change. Routledge Studies in Sustainability Transitions. Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar

Grubler, A. (2004). Transitions in energy use. In Encyclopedia of Energy, Volume 6 (163–177). Elsevier.Google Scholar

Grubler, A. (2012). Energy transitions research: Insights and cautionary tales. Energy Policy 50, 8–16.Google Scholar

Grubler, A., Bai, X., Buettner, T., Dhakal, S., Fisk, D. J., Ichinose, T., Keirstead, J. E., Sammer, G., Satterthwaite, D., Schulz, N. B., Shah, N., Steinberger, J., and Weisz, H. (2012a). Chapter 18 - Urban Energy Systems. In Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 1307–1400.Google Scholar

Grubler, A., Johansson, T. B., Mundaca, L., Nakicenovic, N., Pachauri, S., Riahi, K., Rogner, H. -H., and Strupeit, L. (2012b). Chapter 1 - Energy Primer. In Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 99–150.Google Scholar

Gupta, R., Barnfield, L., and Hipwood, T. (2014). Impacts of community-led energy retrofitting of owner-occupied dwellings. Building Research & Information 42, 446–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanson, S., Nicholls, R., Ranger, N., Hallegatte, S., Corfee-Morlot, J., Herwijer, C., and Chateau, J. (2011). A global ranking of port cities with high exposure to climate extremes. Climatic Change 104(1), 89–111.Google Scholar

Hamlet, A., Lee, S. -Y., Mickelson, K. B., and Elsner, M. (2010). Effects of projected climate change on energy supply and demand in the Pacific Northwest and Washington State. Climatic Change 102, 103–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hammer, S. A., Keirstead, J., Dhakal, S., Mitchell, J., Colley, M., Connell, R., Gonzalez, R., Herve-Mignucci, M., Parshall, L., Schulz, N., and Hyams, M. (2011). Climate change and urban energy systems. In Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W. D., Hammer, S. A., and Mehrotra, S. (eds.), Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Harlan, S. L., and Ruddell, D. M. (2011). Climate change and health in cities: Impacts of heat and air pollution and potential co-benefits from mitigation and adaptation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3, 126–134.Google Scholar

Harrison, G. P., Cradden, L. C., and Chick, J. P. (2008). Preliminary assessment of climate change impacts on the UK onshore wind energy resource. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects 30, 1286–1299.Google Scholar

Hawkey, D., Webb, J., and Winskel, M. (2013). Organisation and governance of urban energy systems: District heating and cooling in the UK. Special Issue: Advancing Sustainable Urban Transformation 50, 22–31.Google Scholar

Heath, G. A., and Mann, M. K. (2012). Background and reflections on the life cycle assessment harmonization project. Journal of Industrial Ecology 16, 28–211.Google Scholar

Heinberg, R., and Fridley, D. (2010). The end of cheap coal. Nature 468, 367–369.Google Scholar

Heinonen, J., Jalas, M., Juntunen, J.K, Ala-Mantila, S., and Junnila, S. (2013). Situated lifestyles: I. How lifestyles change along with the level of urbanization and what the greenhouse gas implications are – a study of Finland. Environmental Research Letters 8. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/025003Google Scholar

Hernández, D. (2015). Sacrifice along the energy continuum: A call for energy justice. Environmental Justice 8, 151–156.Google Scholar

Hess, J. J., Bednarz, D., Bae, J. Y., and Pierce, J. (2011). Petroleum and health care: Evaluating and managing health care’s vulnerability to petroleum supply shifts. American Journal of Public Health 101, 1568–1579.Google Scholar

Hewer, F. (2006). Climate Change and Energy Management. UK Met Office.Google Scholar

Hibbard, P. J. (2006). U.S. Energy Infrastructure Vulnerability: Lessons from the Gulf Coast Hurricanes. Analysis Group.Google Scholar

Hoornweg, D., Sugar, L., Lorena, C., and Gomez, T. (2011). Cities and greenhouse gas emissions: Moving forward. Environment and Urbanization 23, 207–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hsu, A. (2015). Five key takeaways from China’s climate pledge. Yale environmental performance index blog. Accessed February 25, 2016: http://epi.yale.edu/the-metric/five-key-takeaways-chinas-new-climate-pledgeGoogle Scholar

Hubbert, M. K. (1981). The world’s evolving energy system. American Journal of Physics 49, 1007–1029.Google Scholar

Hughes, L., and Rudolph, J. (2011). Future world oil production: Growth, plateau, or peak? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3, 225–235.Google Scholar

ICF. (1995). Potential Effects of climate change on electric utilities. Prepared for Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).Google Scholar

ICLEI. (2009). International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol (IEAP) Version 1.0. Accessed April 5, 2014: http://carbonn.org/fileadmin/user_upload/carbonn/Standards/IEAP_October2010_color.pdfGoogle Scholar

ICLEI. (2012). U.S. community protocol for accounting and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions. Version 1.0: ICLEI — Local Governments for Sustainability USA.Google Scholar

ICLEI. (2015). Carbon Climate Registry 2014–2015 Digest. Accessed January 10, 2016: http://carbonn.org/fileadmin/user_upload/cCCR/ccr-digest-2014–2015/ccr-digest-2014–2015-online-final.pdfGoogle Scholar

ICLEI, C40, and World Resources Institute. (2012). Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories: An accounting and reporting standard for cities. Accessed December 16, 2014: http://www.ghgprotocol.org/city-accountingGoogle Scholar

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. IGES.Google Scholar

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2014a). Climate Change 2014, Synthesis Report, Summary for Policymakers. IPCC.Google Scholar

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2014b). Summary for Policymakers. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R., and White, L. L. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1–34). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

International Energy Agency (IEA). (2008). World Energy Outlook. IEA.Google Scholar

International Energy Agency (IEA). (2010). World Energy Outlook. IEA.Google Scholar

International Energy Agency (IEA). (2012). World Energy Outlook. IEA.Google Scholar

International Energy Agency (IEA). (2013). World Energy Outlook. IEA.Google Scholar

International Energy Agency (IEA). (2014). World Energy Outlook. IEA.Google Scholar

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). (2007). Efficient Electrical Energy Transmission and Distribution. IEC.Google Scholar

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). (2012). Global Energy Assessment – Toward a Sustainable Future. Cambridge University Press,.Google Scholar

International Renewable Energy Agency. (2015). Renewable Energy Target Setting. IRENA.Google Scholar

Jaccard, M., Failing, L., and Berry, T. (1997). From equipment to infrastructure: Community energy management and greenhouse gas emission reduction. Energy Policy 25, 1065–1074.Google Scholar

Jacobson, M. Z., and Delucchi, M. A. (2011). Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials. Energy Policy 39, 1154–1169.Google Scholar

Jaglin, S. (2014). Urban energy policies and the governance of multilevel issues in Cape Town. Urban Studies 51, 1394–1414.Google Scholar

Jiusto, S. (2009). Energy transformations and geographic research. In Castree, N., Demeritt, D., Liverman, D., and Rhoads, B. (eds.), A Companion to Environmental Geography (533–551). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

JRC/PBL. (2013). Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR). Release Version 4.2 FT2010. Accessed July 3, 2015: http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.euGoogle Scholar

Kahn, M. E. (2009). Urban growth and climate change. Annual Review of Resource Economics 1, 333–349.Google Scholar

Karekezi, S., Kimani, J., and Onguru, O. (2008). Energy access among the urban poor in Kenya. Energy for Sustainable Development 12, 38–48.Google Scholar

Karekezi, S., McDade, S., Boardman, B., and Kimani, J. (2012). Energy, poverty and development. In Global Energy Assessment – Toward a Sustainable Future (153–190). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Keirstead, J., and Shah, N. (2013). Urban Energy Systems: An Integrated Approach. Routledge.Google Scholar

Kennedy, C., Ramaswami, A. Carney, S., and Dhakal, S. (2011). Greenhouse gas emission baselines for global cities and metropolitan regions. In Hoornweg, D., Freire, M., Lee, M. J., Bhada-Tata, P., and Yuen, B. (eds.), Cities and Climate Change: Responding to an Urgent Agenda (15–54). World Bank.Google Scholar

Kennedy, C. A., Ibrahim, N., and Hoornweg, D. (2014). Low-carbon infrastructure strategies for cities. Nature Climate Change 4, 343–346.Google Scholar

Kennedy, C. A., Stewart, I., Facchini, A., Cersosimo, I., Mele, R., Chen, B., Uda, M., Kansal, A., Chiu, A., Kim, K. -G., Dubeux, C., Lebre La Rovere, E., Cunha, B., Pincetl, S., Keirstead, J., Barles, S., Pusaka, S., Gunawan, J., Adegbile, M., Nazariha, M., Hoque, S., Marcotullio, P. J., Otharán, F. G., Genena, T., Ibrahim, N., Farooqui, R., Cervantes, G., and Duran Sahin, A. (2015). Energy and material flows of megacities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 112, 5985–5990.Google Scholar

Kirshen, P., Ruth, M., and Anderson, W. (2007). Interdependencies of urban climate change impacts and adaptation strategies: A case study of Metropolitan Boston, USA. Climatic Change 86, 105–122.Google Scholar

Knowlton, K., Kulkarni, S., Azhar, G.S, Mavalankar, D., Jaiswal, A., Connolly, M., Nori-Sarma, A., Rajiva, A., Dutta, P., and Deol, B. (2014). Development and implementation of South Asia’s first heat-health action plan in Ahmedabad (Gujarat, India). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, 3473–3492.Google Scholar

Kovacs, K. F., Haight, R. G. Jung, S., Locke, D. H., and O’Neil-Dunne, J. (2013). The marginal cost of carbon abatement from planting street trees in New York City. Ecological Economics 95, 1–10.Google Scholar

Krzyzanowski, M., Apte, J. S., Bonjour, S. P., Brauer, M., Cohen, A. J., and Prüss-Üstün, A. (2014). Air pollution in the megacities. Current Environmental Health Reports 1, 185–191.Google Scholar

Kunchornrat, J., and Phdungsilp, A. (2012). Multi-level governance of low-carbon energy systems in Thailand. Energies 5, 531–544.Google Scholar

Larijani, K. M. (2009). Climate Change Effects on High-Elevation Hydropower System in California. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Davis.Google Scholar

Larsen, P. H., Goldsmith, S., Smith, O., Wilson, M. L., Strzepek, K., Chinowsky, P., and Saylor, B. (2008). Estimating future costs for Alaska public infrastructure at risk from climate change. Global Environmental Change 18, 442–457.Google Scholar

Lehner, B., Czisch, G., and Vassolo, S. (2001). Europe’s hydropower potential today and in the future. University of Kassel, Center for Environmental Systems Research.Google Scholar

Lin, J., Cao, B., Cui, S., Wang, W., and Bai, X. (2010). Evaluating the effectiveness of urban energy conservation and GHG mitigation measures: The case of Xiamen city, China. Energy Policy 38, 5123–5132.Google Scholar

Lo, K. (2014). Urban carbon governance and the transition toward low-carbon urbanism: Review of a global phenomenon. Carbon Management 5, 269–283.Google Scholar

Lovins, A. B., Datta, E. K. Feiler, T., Rábago, K. R., Swisher, J. N., Lehmann, A., and Wicker, K. (2002). Small Is Profitable: The Hidden Economic Benefits of Making Electrical Resources the Right Size. Rocky Mountain Institute.Google Scholar

Maggio, G., and Cacciola, G. (2012). When will oil, natural gas, and coal peak? Fuel 98, 111–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mansanet-Bataller, M., Herve-Mignucci, M., and Leseur, A. (2008). Energy Infrastructures in France: Climate Change Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Possibilities. Mission Climate Working Paper, No. 2008–1. Caisse des Depots.Google Scholar

Marcotullio, P. J., Hughes, S., Sarzynski, A., Pincetl, S., Sanchez-Pena, L., Romero-Lankao, P., Runfola, D., and Seto, K. C. (2014). Urbanization and the carbon cycle: Contributions from social science. Earth’s Future 2, 496–514.Google Scholar

Marcotullio, P. J., Sarzynski, A., Albrecht, J., and Schulz, N. (2012). The geography of urban greenhouse gas emissions in Asia: A regional analysis. Global Environmental Change 22, 944–958.Google Scholar

Marcotullio, P. J., Sarzynski, A., Albrecht, J., Schulz, N., and Garcia, J. (2013). The geography of global urban greenhouse gas emissions: An exploratory analysis. Climatic Change 121, 621–634.Google Scholar

Marcotullio, P. J., Williams, E. W., and Marshall, J. D. (2005). Faster, sooner, and more simultaneously: How recent transportation CO2 emission trends in developing countries differ from historic trends in the United States of America. Journal of Environment and Development 14, 125–148.Google Scholar

Markoff, M. S., and Cullen, A. C. (2008). Impact of climate change on Pacific Northwest hydropower. Climatic Change 87, 451–469.Google Scholar

Marks, G., Hooghe, L., and Blank, K. (1996). European integration from the 1980s: State-centric v. multi-level governance. Journal of Common Market Studies 34, 341–378.Google Scholar

Martinsen, D., Krey, V., and Markewitz, P. (2007). Implications of high energy prices for energy system and emissions—The response from an energy model for Germany. Energy Policy 35, 4504–4515.Google Scholar

McGranahan, G., Balk, D., and Anderson, B. (2007). The rising tide: Assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones. Environment and Urbanization 19(1), 17–37.Google Scholar

McKinley, J. C. (2008). Crews from 31 states in Texas to restore power. New York Times A18.Google Scholar

McMichael, A., Woodward, M., and Leeuwen, R. (1994). The impact of energy use in industrialised countries upon global population health. Medicine & Global Survival 1, 23–32.Google Scholar

Miller, N., Hayhoe, K., Jin, J., and Auffhammer, M. (2008). Climate extreme heat and electricity demand in California. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, 1834–1844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Modi, V., McDade, S., Lallement, D., and Saghir, J. (2005). Energy Servcies for the Millennium Development Goals. World Bank.Google Scholar

Monstadt, J. (2007). Urban governance and the transition of energy systems: Institutional change and shifting energy and climate policies in Berlin. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 31, 326–343.Google Scholar

Monstadt, J., and Wolff, A. (2015). Energy transition or incremental change? Green policy agendas and the adaptability of the urban energy regime in Los Angeles. Energy Policy 78, 213–224.Google Scholar

Morlet, C., and Keirstead, J. (2013). A comparative analysis of urban energy governance in four European cities. Energy Policy 61, 852–863.Google Scholar

Müller, N., Kuttler, W., and Barlag, A. -B. (2014). Counteracting urban climate change: Adaptation measures and their effect on thermal comfort. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 115, 243–257.Google Scholar

Munasinghe, M., and Swart, R. (2000). Climate change and its linkages with development, equity, and sustainability. In Proceedings of the IPCC Expert Meeting Held in Colombo, Sri Lanka. LIFE/RIVM/World Bank.Google Scholar

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). (2015). State & local governments: Renewable portfolio standards. Accessed January 5, 2016: http://www.nrel.gov/tech_deployment/state_local_governments/basics_portfolio_standards.htmlGoogle Scholar

National Research Academy. (1999). Our Common Journey, A Transition Toward Sustainability. National Academy Press.Google Scholar

Neumayer, E. (2002). Can natural factors explain any cross-country differences in carbon dioxide emissions? Energy Policy, 30, 7–12.Google Scholar

Neves, C. G., and Dopico, Y. B. C. (2013). Análise de Metodologias de Produção de Inventários de Gases de Efeito Estufa de Cidades – Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ/ Escola Politécnica.Google Scholar

Nicholls, R. J., Hanson, S., Herweijer, C., Patmore, N., Hallegatte, S., Corfee-Morlot, , and J., Muir-Wood, R. (2008). Ranking Port Cities with High Exposure and Vulnerability to Climate Extremes: Exposure Estimates. Accessed July 3, 2015: http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aias076737.pdfGoogle Scholar

Noble, I. R., Huq, S., Anokhin, Y. A., Carmin, J., Goudou, D., Lansigan, F. P., Osman-Elasha, B., and Villamizar, A. (2014). Adaptation needs and options. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R., and White, L. L. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (833–868). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

O’Neill, B.C., Ren, X., Jiang, L., and Dalton, M. (2012). The effect of urbanization on energy use in India and China in the iPETS model. Energy Economics 34(Supplement 3), S339–S345.Google Scholar

Olmos, S. (2001). Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change: Concepts, issues, assessment methods. Climate Change Knowledge Network. Accessed November 13, 2015: www.cckn.netGoogle Scholar

Ostertag, K. (2012). No-regret Potentials in Energy Conservation: An Analysis of Their Relevance, Size and Determinants. Springer Science & Business Media.Google Scholar

Pachauri, S. (2004). An analysis of cross-sectional variations in total household energy requirements in India using micro survey data. Energy Policy, 32(15), 1723–1735.Google Scholar

Pachauri, S., and Jiang, L. (2008). The household energy transition in India and China. Energy Policy 36(11), 4022–2035.Google Scholar

Pan, Z., Segal, M., Arritt, R. W., and Takle, E. S. (2004). On the potential change in solar radiation over the U.S. due to increases of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Renewable Energy 29, 1923–1928.Google Scholar

Pandey, K. D., Wheeler, D., Ostro, B., Deichmann, U., Hamilton, K., and Bolt, K. (2006). Ambient particulate matter concentrations in residential and pollution hotspot areas of world cities: New estimates based on the Global Model of Ambient Particulates (GMAPS). Working paper. World Bank.Google Scholar

Pasternak, A. (2000). Global energy futures and human development: A framework for analysis. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy.Google Scholar

Petilla, C. J. L. (2014). Philippine Energy Plan 2012–2030. Department of Energy. Republic of the Philippines. Accessed November 7, 2015: https://www.doe.gov.ph/pep/philippine-energy-plan-2012-2030Google Scholar

Pierce, N. (2015). 19 cities report documented reductions in greenhouse-gas emissions. Citiscope. Accessed April 1, 2016: http://citiscope.org/story/2015/19-cities-report-documented-reductions-greenhouse-gas-emissionsGoogle Scholar

Prasad, N., Ranghieri, F., Shah, F., Trohanis, Z., Kessler, E., and Sinha, R. (2008). Climate Resilient Cities: A Primer on Reducing Vulnerabilities to Climate Change Impacts and Strengthening Disaster Risk, Management in East Asian Cities. The World Bank.Google Scholar

Poumanyvong, P., and Kaneko, S. (2010). Does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower CO₂ emissions? A cross-country analysis. Ecological Economics 70(2), 434–444.Google Scholar

Ramaswami, A., Bernard, M., Chavez, A., Hillman, T., Whitaker, M., Thomas, G., and Marshall, M. (2012). Quantifying carbon mitigation wedges in U.S. cities: Near-term strategy analysis and critical review. Environmental Science & Technology 46, 3629–3642.Google Scholar

Revi, A., Satterthwaite, D., Aragon-Durand, F., Corfee-Morlot, J., Kiunsi, R. B. R., Pelling, M., Roberts, D., Solecki, W., da Silva, J., Dodman, D., Maskrey, A., Gajjar, S. P., and Tuts, R. (2014). Urban areas. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R., and White, L. L. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (535–612). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Rogner, H. -H., Aguilera, R. F., Archer, C. L., Bertani, R., Bhattacharya, S. C., Dusseault, M. B., Gagnon, L., Haberl, H., Hoogwijk, M., Johnson, A., Rogner, M. L., Wagner, H., and Yakushev, V. (2012). Chapter 7 – Energy Resources and Potentials. In Global Energy Assessment – Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 423–512.Google Scholar

Rotmans, J., Kemp, R., and van Asselt, M. (2001). More evolution than revolution: Transition management in public policy. Foresight 3, 15–31.Google Scholar

Royal Academy of Engineering. (2011). Infrastructure, Engineering, and Climate Change Adaptation: Ensuring Services in an Uncertain Future. Published by RAE on behalf of Engineering the Future.Google Scholar

Ruester, S., Schwenen, S., Finger, M., and Glachant, J. -M. (2013). A strategic energy technology policy towards 2050: No-regret strategies for European technology push. International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy 9, 160–174.Google Scholar

Ruth, M. (2010). Economic and social benefits of climate information: Assessing the cost of inaction. Procedia Environmental Sciences 1, 387–394.Google Scholar

Rutter, P., and Keirstead, J. (2012). A brief history and the possible future of urban energy systems. Energy Policy 50, 72–80.Google Scholar

Saatkamp, B., Masera, O., and Kammen, D. (2000). Energy and health transitions in development: Fuel use, stove technology, and morbidity in Jarácuaro, México. Energy for Sustainable Development 4, 7–16.Google Scholar

Salamanca, F., Georgescu, M., Mahalov, A., Moustaoui, M., and Wang, M. (2014). Anthropogenic heating of the urban environment due to air conditioning. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, 5949–5965.Google Scholar

Satterthwaite, D. (2008). Cities’ contribution to global warming: Notes on the allocation of greenhouse gas emissions. Environment and Urbanization 20, 539–549.Google Scholar

Satterthwaite, D. (2009). The implications of population growth and urbanization for climate change. Environment and Urbanization 21, 545–567.Google Scholar

Satterthwaite, D., and Sverdlik, A. (2013). Energy access and housing for low-income groups in urban areas. In Grubler, A., and Fisk, D. (eds.), Energizing Sustainable cities (73–94). Routledge.Google Scholar

Schaper, M. (2002). The essence of ecopreneurship. Greener Management International 38, 26–30.Google Scholar

Schock, R. N., Skimms, R., Bull, S., Larsen, H., Likhachev, V., Nagano, K., Nilsson, H., Vuori, S., Yeager, K., and Zhou, L. (2012). Chapter 15 – Energy Supply Systems. In Global Energy Assessment – Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 1131–1172.Google Scholar

Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J., and Grisevicius, V. (2007). The constructive, destructive, and reconstructive power of social norms. Psychological Science 18(5), 429–434.Google Scholar

Schulz, N. (2010a). Delving into the carbon footprint of Singapore: Comparing direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions of a small and open economic system. Energy Policy 38(9), 4848–4855.Google Scholar

Schulz, N. (2010b). Urban energy consumption database and estimations of urban energy intensities. Working paper. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. Accessed March 26, 2017: http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/Flagship-Projects/Global-Energy-Assessment/KM18_City_energy_DB.pdfGoogle Scholar

Schwartz, B., Parker, C., Hess, J. J., and Frumkin, H. (2011). Public health and medicine in an age of energy scarcity: The case of petroleum. American Journal of Public Health 101, 1560–1567.Google Scholar

Semenza, J., Hall, D., Wilson, D., Bontempo, B., Sailor, D., and George, L. (2008). Public perception of climate change: Voluntary mitigation and barriers to behavior change. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35, 479–487.Google Scholar

Seto, K. C., Dhakal, S., Bigio, A., Blanco, H., Delgado, G. C., Dewar, D., Huang, L., Inaba, A., Kansal, A., Lwasa, S., McMahon, J., Mueller, D., Murakami, J., Nagendra, H., and Ramaswami, A. (2014). Human settlements, infrastructure and spatial planning. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, 5th Assessment Report (923–1000). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Seto, K. C., Guneralp, B., and Hutyra, L. (2012). Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, 552–563.Google Scholar

Simonoff, J. S., Restrepo, C. E., and Zimmerman, R. (2007). Risk management and risk analysis-based decision tools for attacks on electric power. Risk Analysis 27, 547–570.Google Scholar

Smil, V. (2010). Energy Transitions: History, Requirements, Prospects. Praeger.Google Scholar

Smit, B., and Wandel, J. (2006). Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Global Environmental Change 16, 282–292.Google Scholar

Smith, A. (2007). Emerging in between: The multi-level governance of renewable energy in the English regions. Energy Policy 35, 6266–6280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, J. B., and Tirpak, D. (1989). The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-230–05–89–050).Google Scholar

Smith, K. R. (2010). What’s cooking? A brief update. Energy for Sustainable Development 14, 251–252.Google Scholar

Sperling, J. (2014). Exploring the nexus of infrastructures, environment and health in Indian cities: Integrating multiple infrastructures and social factors with health risks. Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado, Denver.Google Scholar

Sperling, J., and Ramaswami, A. (2013). Exploring health outcomes as a motivator for low-carbon city development: Implications for infrastructure interventions in Asian cities. Habitat International 37, 113–123.Google Scholar

Steinberger, J., and Roberts, J. (2009). Across a Moving Threshold: Energy, Carbon and the Efficiency of Meeting Global Human Development Needs. Institute of Social Ecology.Google Scholar

Stern, P. C., et al. (2016). Opportunities and insights for reducing fossil fuel consumption by households and organizations. Nature Energy 1, 16043.Google Scholar

Stern, P., Aronson, E., Darley, J., Hill, D., Hirst, E., Kempton, W., and Wilbanks, T. (1985). The effectiveness of incentives for residential energy conservation. Evaluation Review 10, 147–176.Google Scholar

Thøgersen, J., and Olander, F. (2002). Human values and the emergence of a sustainable consumption pattern: A panel study. Journal of Economic Psychology 23(5), 605–630.Google Scholar

Tyler, S., and Moench, M. (2012). A framework for urban climate resilience. Climate and Development 4, 311–326.Google Scholar

UN. (2014). World Urbanization Prospects, 2014 Revisions. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations.Google Scholar

UN. (2015). Open working group proposal for sustainable development goals. Accessed February 14, 2016: http://undocs.org/A/68/970Google Scholar

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2011). ECCO Metropolitan District of Quito. Accessed April 9, 2015: http://www.unep.org/Google Scholar

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2016). Global trends in renewable energy investment 2016. Frankfurt School of Finance and Management. Accessed January 25, 2017: http://fs-unep-centre.org/sites/default/files/publications/globaltrendsinrenewableenergyinvestment2016lowres_0.pdfGoogle Scholar

UNEP, UN-HABITAT, and World Bank. (2010). International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities (Version 2.1). Accessed October 28, 2014: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTUWM/Resources/340232-1205330656272/4768406-1291309208465/Annexes.pdfGoogle Scholar

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR). (2009). Terminology on disaster risk reduction. UNISDR.Google Scholar

U.S. Department of Energy. (2013). U.S. energy sector vulnerabilities to climate change and extreme weather. USDOE.Google Scholar

U.S. Department of Energy. (2014). Evaluating electric vehicle charging impacts and customer charging behaviors – experiences from six smart grid investment grant projects. USDOE.Google Scholar

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). State climate and energy program. Accessed October 28, 2014: http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/Google Scholar

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). Guide to the Clean Air Act. Accessed April 27, 2015: http://www.epa.gov/airquality/peg_caa/acidrain.html.Google Scholar

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2015). Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990–2013. U.S. EPA, Accessed April 12, 2016: https://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/U.S.-GHG-Inventory-2015-Main-Text.pdf.Google Scholar

Verbong, G., and Geels, F. (2007). The ongoing energy transition: Lessons from a socio-technical, multi-level analysis of the Dutch electricity system (1960–2004). Energy Policy 35, 1025–1037.Google Scholar

Vine, E. (2012). Adaptation of California’s electricity sector to climate change. Climatic Change 111, 75–99.Google Scholar

Wallston, S., Clarke, G., Haggarty, L., Keneshiro, R., Noll, R., Shirley, M., and Xu, L. C. (2004). New tools for studying network industry reforms in developing countries: the telecommunications and electricity regulation database. Policy Research Working Paper No. 3286. World Bank.Google Scholar

Weisz, H., and Steinberger, J. K. (2010). Reducing energy and material flows in cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2(3), 185–192.Google Scholar

Wenzel, F., Bendimerad, F., and Sinha, R. (2007). Megacities – megarisks. Natural Hazards 42, 481–491.Google Scholar

Wilbanks, T. J., Bhatt, V., Bilello, D. E., Bull, S. R., Ekmann, J., Horak, W. D., Huang, Y. J., Levine, M. D., Sale, M. J., Schmalzer, D. K., and Scott, M. J. (2007). Effects of climate change on energy production and use in the United States. Report for the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research by the U.S. Department of Energy; Office of Biological and Environmental Research.Google Scholar

Wilkinson, P., Smith, K. R., Joffe, M., and Haines, A. (2007). Energy and health 1 – A global perspective on energy: Health effects and injustices. The Lancet 370, 965–978.Google Scholar

Williamson, L. E., Connor, H., and Moezzi, M. (2009). Climate-proofing Energy Systems. HELIO International.Google Scholar

World Bank. (2011). Guide to climate change adaptation in cities. Accessed October 10, 2014: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387–1318995974398/GuideClimChangeAdaptCities.pdfGoogle Scholar

World Bank. (2013). Applying abatement cost curve methodology for low-carbon strategy in Changning District, Shanghai (No. 84068 v1). World Bank.Google Scholar

World Bank. (2015). World Bank indicators: Climate change, CO₂ emissions (kt). Accessed January 31, 2016: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.KT/countries?display=defaultGoogle Scholar

World Coal Association. (2012). Coal Matters: Coal in the Global Energy Supply. World Coal AssociationGoogle Scholar

World Energy Council (WEC). (2010). Energy and Urban Innovation. WEC.Google Scholar

World Energy Council (WEC). (2013). World Energy Resources 2013 Survey. WEC.Google Scholar

Yang, J., McBride, J., Zhou, J., and Sun, Z. (2005). The urban forest in Beijing and its role in air pollution reduction. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 3, 65–78.Google Scholar

Zhao, J. (2010). Climate change mitigation in Beijing, China. Accessed December 13, 2014: http://unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/GRHS2011CaseStudyChapter05Beijing.pdfGoogle Scholar

Zimmerman, R. (2012). Transport, the Environment and Security. Making the Connection. Edward Elgar Publishing, Ltd.Google Scholar

Zimmerman, R. (2014). Planning restoration of vital infrastructure services following Hurricane Sandy: Lessons learned for energy and transportation. Journal of Extreme Events 1. Accessed September 25, 2015: http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/S2345737614500043Google Scholar

Zimmerman, R., and Faris, C. (2011). Climate change mitigation and adaptation in North American cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3, 181–187.Google Scholar

Zulu, L. C. (2010). The forbidden fuel: Charcoal, urban woodfuel demand and supply dynamics, community forest management and woodfuel policy in Malawi. Energy Policy 38, 3717–3730.Google Scholar

Zwaan, B. (2013). The role of nuclear power in mitigating emissions from electricity generation. Energy Strategy Reviews 1(4), 296–301.Google Scholar

Aneel (National Electric Energy Agency). (2008). Program for R&D and Electric Energy Innovation: Manual and Guidelines. Aneel.Google Scholar

Cities, C. (2014). CDP Cities 2014 Information Request. Accessed November 6, 2015: https://www.cdp.net/sites/2014/76/31176/CDP%20Cities%202014/Pages/DisclosureView.aspxGoogle Scholar

CGEE (Centre for Management and Strategic Research). (2012). Smart grids: National context. CGEE.Google Scholar

City of Rio de Janeiro (2011). Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Emissions Scenario of Rio de Janeiro City – Brazil. Accessed March 23, 2014: http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/dlstatic/10112/1712030/DLFE-23(7703).pdf/Inventarioapresentacao.pdfGoogle Scholar

CDP Cities. (2014). Information Request Prefeitura do Rio de JaneiroGoogle Scholar

Coelho, J. S. (2010). Regulation for NonTechnical Losses. Rio de Janeiro: ANEEL National Electric Energy Agency.Google Scholar

COPPE, U. (2011). Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Emissions Scenario of Rio de Janeiro City. Rio de Janeiro: Official Gazette of Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar

ENEL Foundation Research Project (2014). Energy Transitions in Cities. Lifestyle, experimentation and change. Fifth case study. Aleteia Communication.Google Scholar

Geller, H., Shaeffer, R., Szklo, A., and Tolmasquim, M. (2004). Geller, H., Schaeffer, R., Szklo, A., and Tolmasquim, M. (2004). Policies for advancing energy efficiency and renewable energy use in Brazil. Energy Policy, 32(12), 1437–1450.Google Scholar

IBGE. (2015). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica. Table 3.2. Accessed January 19, 2016: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/sinopse/sinopse_tab_rm_zip.shtm.Google Scholar

Light. (2013). Presentation, Smart Cities & Smart Grids in the electric sector, International Seminar Portugal-Brazil, October 25, 2013, GESEL, UFRJ – Rio de Janeiro Federal University.Google Scholar

Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar

World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar

City of Seattle. (2013). Seattle Climate Action Plan. Seattle. Accessed May 29, 2014: http://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/OSE/2013_CAP_2013 (0612).pdfGoogle Scholar

Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar

Ribeiro, D., Hewitt, V., Mackres, E., Cluett, R., Ross, L. M., Vaidyanathan, S., and Zerbonne, S. (2015). The 2015 city energy efficiency scorecard. Accessed January 19, 2016: http://aceee.org/research-report/u1502Google Scholar

Seattle City Light. (2014). Seattle City Light integrated resource plan update and progress report. Accessed May 14, 2014: http://www.seattle.gov/light/news/issues/irp/docs/SeattleCityLight2014_IRPUpdateandProgressReport.pdfGoogle Scholar

United Nations Development Programme. (2014). Human Development Index (HDI). Accessed June 11, 2015: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14_statisticaltables.xlsGoogle Scholar

U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Decennial census, summary file 1. Accessed February 7, 2014: http://www.census.gov/population/metro/files/CBSA%20Report%20Chapter%203%20Data.xlsGoogle Scholar

World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar

AECOM. (2014). Awarded contract for Newtown Creek renewable natural gas project. Accessed February 2, 2015: http://www.aecom.com/News/Press±Releases/_carousel/Google Scholar

Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). The benefits of anaerobic digestion of food waste at wastewater treatment facilities. Accessed October 29, 2015: http://www.epa.gov/region9/organics/ad/Why-Anaerobic-Digestion.pdfGoogle Scholar

Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). Waste, resource conservation, food waste: Anaerobic digestion. Accessed November 19, 2015: http://www.epa.gov/foodrecovery/fd-anaerobic.htmGoogle Scholar

Gardiner, B. (2014). Biogas, a low-tech fuel with a big payoff. New York Times.Google Scholar

National Grid. (2014). Renewable gas: A vision for a sustainable gas network. Accessed July 8, 2015: http://www.nationalgridus.com/non_html/ng_renewable_wp.pdfGoogle Scholar

National Grid. (2014). Role of renewable natural gas in closing the carbon cycle. Accessed March 5, 2015: http://energy.columbia.edu/files/2014/02/3-Cavanagh-Role-of-RNG-in-Closing-Carbon-Cycle.pdfGoogle Scholar

National Grid. (2014). News Release: National Grid in partnership with NYC EPA begins design and construction of the Newtown Creek renewable natural gas project. Accessed February 20, 2015: http://www.nationalgridus.com/aboutus/a3–1_news2.asp?document=8765Google Scholar

New York City Department of Environmental Protection. (2013). City announces innovative new partnerships that will reduce the amount of organic waste sent to landfills, produce a reliable source of clean energy and improve air quality. Accessed May 7, 2014: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/press_releases/13–121pr.shtml–.VInZxN6DTwwGoogle Scholar

Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar

Rulkens, W. H. (2009). Opportunities to improve energy recovery from sewage sludge. Water 21, 24.Google Scholar

U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Decennial census, summary file 1. Accessed November 15, 2014: http://www.census.gov/population/metro/files/CBSA%20Report%20Chapter%203%20Data.xlsGoogle Scholar

U.S Census Bureau. (2016). Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 – Metropolitan Statistical Area; – 2016 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 28, 2017. Accessed February 20, 2017: https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=PEP_2016_PEPANNRES&prodType=tableGoogle Scholar

Waste Management of New York. (2014). WM Varick I CORe – Newtown Creek Co-Digestion Project. Converting NYC food waste into clean renewable energy source. Accessed July 1, 2015: http://www.wm.com/NYCMA/WMCORe%20varick-factsheet%20073114.pdfGoogle Scholar

World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar

ACTCCC. (2015). ACT Climate Change Council. Accessed February 27, 2016: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/cc/climate%5Fchange%5FcouncilGoogle Scholar

ACT Government. (2012). AP2: A new climate change strategy and action plan for the Australian Capital Territory. Accessed December 18, 2015: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/581136/AP2_Sept12_PRINT_NO_CROPS_SML.pdfGoogle Scholar

ACT Government. (2014a). Adapting to a changing climate: Directions for the ACT. Accessed April 16, 2015: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/597653/Adaptation-Framework-Directions.pdfGoogle Scholar

ACT Government. (2014b). Renewable energy local investment framework. Accessed March 29, 2015: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/581700/Renewable-Energy-Local-Investment-Framework-v2.pdfGoogle Scholar

ACT Government. (2015a). Australian demographic statistics – September quarter 2014. Accessed February 27, 2016: http://apps.treasury.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/644813/ERP.pdfGoogle Scholar

ACT Government. (2015b). Review of AP2. Accessed March 30, 2016: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/cc/what-government-is-doing/emissions-and-mitigationGoogle Scholar

ACT Government. (2015c). How wind will power Canberra homes. Accessed January 24, 2016: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/energy/wind_FpowerGoogle Scholar

ACT Government (2016) 100% Renewable Energy Target. Accessed January 12, 2017: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/energy/cleaner-energy.Google Scholar

AEMO. (2014). AEMO annual report 2014. Accessed September 28, 2015: http://www.aemo.com.au/About-AEMO/Corporate-Publications/AEMO-Annual-ReportGoogle Scholar

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2015). Unincorporated ACT. Accessed April 14, 2016: http://stat.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=89399&dataset=ABS_NRP9_LGA&geoconcept=REGION&maplayeridLGA2012&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_NRP9_ASGS&datasetLGA=ABS_NRP9_LGA&regionLGA=REGION&regionASGS=REGIONGoogle Scholar

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2007). 1307.8 Australian capital territory in focus. Accessed July 30, 2014: http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/(1307).8Main±Features12007?OpenDocumentGoogle Scholar

Buckman, G., Sibley, J., and Bourne, R. (2014). The large-scale solar feed-in tariff reverse auction in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Energy Policy 72, 14–22.Google Scholar

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2015). Australian Capital Territory economic indicators. Accessed January 1, 2016: http://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/resources/Documents/act.pdfGoogle Scholar

Garnaut, R. (2008). The Garnaut climate change review. Accessed July 6, 2014: http://www.garnautreview.org.au/2008-review.htmlGoogle Scholar

Independent Competition and Regulatory Commission. (2014). ACT greenhouse gas inventory report 2011–12. Accessed September 28, 2015: http://www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/644326/ACT-GHG-Inventory-Report-2011–12.pdfGoogle Scholar

Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar

United Nations Development Programme. (2014). Human Development Index (HDI). Accessed August 8, 2015: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14%5Fstatisticaltables.xlsGoogle Scholar

World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar

Department of Statistics Singapore. (2015). Singapore in figures 2015. Accessed March 16, 2016: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/reference/sif2015.pdfGoogle Scholar

Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar

World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar

Census of India. (2011). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Accessed August 2, 2014: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/PCA_Data_highlight.htmlGoogle Scholar

Cohen, E. (2014). The water footprint of urban energy systems: concepts, methods and applications for assessing electricity supply risk factors. Master’s thesis, University of Colorado, Denver.Google Scholar

IndiaStat. (2015). Datanet India Pvt. Accessed March 16, 2016: http://www.indiastat.com/default.aspxGoogle Scholar

Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar

Prakash, S. (2014). Energy conservation through standby power reduction. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 19(7), 990–994. Accessed August 8, 2015: www.idosi.org/mejsr/mejsr19(7)14/19.pdfGoogle Scholar

Sperling, J. B., and Ramaswami, A. (2012). Exploring health outcomes as a motivator for low-carbon city development: Implications for infrastructure interventions in Asian cities. Habitat International. doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2011.12.013Google Scholar

World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar

Berndtsson, J. C. (2010). Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and quality: A review. Ecological Engineering 36(4), 351–360.Google Scholar

Brandt, A. R., Heath, G. A., Kort, E. A., O’Sullivan, F., Pétron, G., Jordaan, S. M., and Harriss, R. (2014). Methane leaks from North American natural gas systems. Science 343(6172), 733–735.Google Scholar

Constante, S. (2014). Ecuador prepara el terreno para eliminar el subsidio de gas. El Pais. Accessed February 2, 2015: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2014/08/20/actualidad/1408569837_695217.htmlGoogle Scholar

EEQ (Empresa Electrica de Quito). (2012). Plan estrategico 2012–2015. Pichincha, Ecuador.Google Scholar

EEQ. (2014a). Programa de eficiencia energetica para cocción pr inducción y calentamiento de agua con electricidad. Pichincha, Ecuador.Google Scholar

EEQ (2014b). La Generación de electricidad en la EEQ: Gerencia de generación y subtransmisión. Pichincha, Ecuador.Google Scholar

Kawajiri, K., Oozeki, T., and Genchi, Y. (2011). Effect of temperature on PV potential in the world. Environmental Science & Technology 45(20), 9030–9035.Google Scholar

Ludeña, C. E., and Wilk, D. (2013). Ecuador: Mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar

Ministerio del Ambiente de Ecuador (MAE). (2000). National communication: Republic of Ecuador to the United Framework Convention on Climate Change. Accessed July 8, 2014: http://www.ambiente.gob.ec/Google Scholar

Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (MDMQ), Secretaria de Ambiente. (2009). Estrategia Quitena al cambio climatico. Accessed March 27, 2015: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec/Google Scholar

Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (MDMQ), Secretaria de Ambiente. (2010). 10 Acciones de Quito frente al cambio climático. Accessed June 9, 2015: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec/Google Scholar

Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (MDMQ), Secretaria de Ambiente. (2011). Invetario de emisiones de gases del efecto de invernadero en el districto metropolitano de Quito. Año 2017. Accessed April 21, 2014: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec/Google Scholar

Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (MDMQ), Secretaria de Ambiente. (2014). Invetario de emisiones de gases del efecto de invernadero en el districto metropolitano de Quito. Año 2011. Accessed January 4, 2015: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec/Google Scholar

Municipio del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (MDMQ), Secretaria de Ambiente. (2012). Plan de acción climático de Quito 2012–2016. Accessed March 27, 2015: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ecGoogle Scholar

Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4(2), 462.Google Scholar

Secretario Metropolitano de Territorio, Habitat y Vivienda (STHV). (2010). Poblacion eGoogle Scholar

indicadores del distrito metropolitano de Quito. Accessed September 13, 2014: http://sthv.quito.gob.ec/images/indicadores/parroquia/Demografia.htmGoogle Scholar

Seto, K. C., Dhakal, S., Bigio, A., Blanco, H., Delgado, G. C., Dewar, D., Huang, L., Inaba, A., Kansal, A., Lwasa, S., McMahon, J. E., Müller, D. B., Murakami, J., Nagendra, H., and Ramaswami, A. (2014). Human settlements, infrastructure and spatial planning. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (932–1000). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

UNEP. (2011). ECCO metropolitan district of Quito. Accessed May 22, 2014: http://www.unep.org/Google Scholar

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2015). Clean development mechanism. Accessed January 23, 2016: http://cdm.unfccc.int/index.htmlGoogle Scholar

Vasilakopoulou, K., Kolokotsa, D., and Santamouris, M. (2014). Cities for smart environmental and energy futures: Urban heat island mitigation techniques for sustainable cities. In Cities for Smart Environmental and Energy Futures (215–233). Springer.Google Scholar

World Bank. (2017). 2016 GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). Accessed August 9, 2017: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CDGoogle Scholar

Zambrano-Barragan, C. (2010). Quito’s climate change strategy: Policies for planned adaptation and reducing vulnerability. Accessed April 26, 2014: http://www.quitoambiente.gob.ec/Google Scholar

AEA Consulting. (2011). Reduction and testing of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from heavy duty vehicles—Lot 1: Strategy. European Commission—DG Climate Action. Accessed September 13, 2014: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/docs/ec_hdv_ghg_strategy_en.pdfGoogle Scholar

Allen, H. (2011). Africa’s first full rapid bus system: The Rea Vaya Bus System in Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa. Accessed April 26, 2014: http://unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/GRHS.2013.Case.Study.Johannesburg.South.Africa.pdfGoogle Scholar

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). (2013). Report card for America’s infrastructure. American Society of Civil Engineers. Accessed October 1, 2014: http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/wp-content/uploads/2013ReportCardforAmericasInfrastructure.pdfGoogle Scholar

Ardila-Gomez, A., Ortegón, A., and Rubiano, L. C. (2016). Sustainable Urban Transport Financing from the Sidewalk to the Subway: Capital, Operations, and Maintenance Financing. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. World Bank. Accessed April 27, 2017: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/23521Google Scholar

Baeumler, A., Ijjasz-Vasquez, E., and Mehndiratta, S. (2012). Sustainable low-carbon city development in China. World Bank. Accessed October 8, 2014: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNEWSCHINESE/Resources/3196537-1202098669693/4635541-1335945747603/low_carbon_city_full_en.pdfGoogle Scholar

Bertaud, A. (2004). The perfect storm: The four factors restricting the construction of new floor space in Mumbai. Accessed July 9, 2014: http://alain-bertaud.com/AB_Files/AB_Mumbai_FSI_FAR_conundrum.pdfGoogle Scholar

Bertaud, A. (2015). The Spatial Distribution of Land Prices and Densities: The Models Developed by Economists. Working paper number 23. Marron Institute of Urban Management. Accessed January 10, 2016: http://marroninstitute.nyu.edu/uploads/content/Bertaud_-_The_Spatial_Distribution_of_Land_Prices_and_Densities.pdfGoogle Scholar

Börjesson, M., Eliasson, J., Hugosson, M. B., and Brundell-Freij, K. (2012). The Stockholm congestion charges—5 years on. Effects, acceptability and lessons learnt. Transport Policy 20, 1–12.Google Scholar

Bolen, E., Brown, K., Kierman, D., and Konshnik, K. (2002). Smart growth: State by state. Accessed March 22, 2014: http://gov.uchastings.edu/public-law/docs/smartgrowth.pdfGoogle Scholar

Brandon, C., and Hommann, K. (1995). The Cost of Inaction: Valuing the Economy-Wide Cost of Environmental Degradation in India. The World Bank.Google Scholar

Carrigan, A., Duduta, N., King, R., Raifman, M., and Velasquez, J. (2013). Social, environmental, and economic impacts of BRT systems: Bus rapid transit case studies from around the world. EMBARQ. Accessed September 7, 2015: http://www.embarq.org/sites/default/files/Social-Environmental-Economic-Impacts-BRT-Bus-Rapid-Transit-EMBARQ.pdfGoogle Scholar

Centre for Science and Environment. (1998) Leap frog factor Delhi. Accessed August 1, 2014: http://cseindia.org/challenge_balance/readings/LeapfrogFactor_Delhistory.pdf Accessed August 1, 2014: http://www.cseindia.org/taxonomy/term/1/menuGoogle Scholar

Cervero, R., and Murakami, J. (2009). Rail + property development in Hong Kong: Experiences and extensions. Urban Studies 46(10), 2019–2043.Google Scholar

Chandler, K., Eberts, E., and Eudy, L. (2006). New York City transit hybrid and CNG transit buses: Interim evaluation results. Accessed February 16, 2014: www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/38843.pdfGoogle Scholar

Changnon, S. (1999). Record flood-producing rainstorms of 17–18 July 1996 in the Chicago metropolitan area. Part III: Impacts and responses to the flash flooding. Journal of Applied Meteorology 38, 273–280.Google Scholar

Chavez-Baeza, C., and Sheinbaum-Pardo, C. (2014). Sustainable passenger road transport scenarios to reduce fuel consumption, air pollutants and GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Energy 66 (2014): 624–634.Google Scholar

Chen, Y., and Whalley, A. (2010). Green machines: The effects of urban mass transit on air quality. Accessed May 21, 2015: http://www.psrc.org/assets/10670/Green_Machines.pdfGoogle Scholar

Chicago Transit Authority (n.d.). CTA Bus Tracker. Accessed February 10, 2017: http://www.ctabustracker.com/bustime/home.jspGoogle Scholar

City of Johannesburg. (2013). Strategic integrated transport plan framework for the City of Joburg. Accessed February 12, 2015: http://www.joburg.org.za/images/stories/2013/May/CoJ percent20SITPF percent20Draft percent2013 percent20May percent202013.pdfGoogle Scholar

Coady, D., Parry, I., Sears, L., and Shang, B. (2015). How Large Are Global Energy Subsidies? International Monetary Fund, Fiscal Affairs Department working paper WP/15/105. International Monetary Fund. Accessed January 8, 2016: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2015/wp15105.pdf http://www.c40cities.org/Google Scholar

Creutzig, F., Mühlhoff, R., and Römer, J. (2012). Decarbonizing urban transport in European cities: Four cases show possibly high co-benefits. Environmental Research Letters 7(4), 044042.Google Scholar

Dalkmann, H., and Brannigan, C. (2007). Transport and Climate Change: Module 5e, Sustainable Transportation Sourcebook: A Sourcebook for Policy-Makers in Developing Countries. GIZ. Accessed September 30, 2015: http://www.sutp.org/en-dn-th5Google Scholar

De Jong, M., Ma, Y., Mu, R., Stead, D., and Xi, B. (2010). Introducing public–private partnerships for metropolitan subways in China: What is the evidence? Journal of Transport Geography 18(2), 301–313.Google Scholar

Diaz, R., and Bongardt, D. (2013). Financing sustainable urban transport. International review of national urban transport policies and programmes. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit and EMBARQ. Accessed September 30, 2015: http://sustainabletransport.org/?wpdmact=processanddid=MzMuaG90bGluaw==Google Scholar

EMBARQ Brazil. (2013). Panorama of BRT and bus corridors in the world. Accessed January 12, 2015: http://www.brtdata.org/ – /info/aboutGoogle Scholar

European Commission (EC). (2013). Adapting infrastructure to climate change. Accessed April 8, 2015: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/adaptation/what/docs/swd_2013_137_en.pdfGoogle Scholar

European Cyclists’ Federation. (2011). Quantifying CO2 savings of cycling. Accessed September 21, 2014: http://www.ecf.com/wp-content/uploads/ECF_BROCHURE_EN_planche.pdfGoogle Scholar

Fargione, J., Hawthorne, P., Hill, J., Polasky, S., and Tilman, D. (2008). Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science 319(5867), 1235–1238.Google Scholar

Filosa, G. A. (2015). International Practices on Climate Adaptation in Transportation: Findings from a Virtual Review. U.S. Department of Transportation, John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center. Accessed March 31, 2016: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/adaptation/publications_and_tools/international_practices/fhwahep15011.pdfGoogle Scholar

Fulton, L. (2013). How Vehicle Fuel Economy Improvements Can Save $2 Trillion and Help Fund a Long-Term Transition to Plug-In Vehicles. Working paper 9. Accessed September 21, 2014: http://www.fiafoundation.org/media/44075/wp9-fuel-economy-improvements.pdfGoogle Scholar

Fulton, L., and Cazzola, P. (2008). Transport, energy, and CO₂ in Asia: Where are we going and how do we change it? Accessed November 10, 2014: http://www.slideshare.net/EMBARQNetwork/transport-energy-and-co2-in-asia-where-are-we-going-and-how-do-we-change-it-presentationGoogle Scholar

Greene, D. L., Kahn, J. R., and Gibson, R. C. (1999). Fuel economy rebound effect for U.S. household vehicles. The Energy Journal 20, 1–31.Google Scholar

Grenzeback, L., and Lukmann, A. (2007). Case study of the transportation sector’s response to and recovery from hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Accessed December 7, 2014: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr290GrenzenbackLukmann.pdfGoogle Scholar

Givoni, M. (2012). Re-assessing the results of the London congestion charging scheme. Urban Studies 49(5), 1089–1105.Google Scholar

Hidalgo, D. (2012). BRT around the world: Update 2012 and future evolution. Accessed July 16, 2014: http://www.slideshare.net/EMBARQNetwork/brt-status-webinar-113012-by-dario-hidalgoGoogle Scholar

Hodges, T. (2011). Flooded bus barns and buckled rails: Public transportation and climate change adaptation. Accessed October 10, 2015: http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/FTA_0001_-_Flooded_Bus_Barns_and_Buckled_Rails.pdfGoogle Scholar

Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP). (2014). Cycling and walking. Accessed July 11, 2015: https://www.itdp.org/what-we-do/cycling-and-walking/Google Scholar

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2014). Summary for policymakers. In Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eickemeier, P., Kriemann, B., Savolainen, J., Schlömer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., and Minx, J. C. (eds.), Climate Change 2014, Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge University Press. Accessed January 27, 2015: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_summary-for-policymakers.pdfGoogle Scholar

International Energy Agency (IEA). (2012). World energy outlook 2012. Accessed December 30, 2014: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/publications/weo-2012/Google Scholar

International Energy Agency (IEA). (2013). Policy pathways: A tale of renewed cities. Accessed March 12, 2014: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Renewed_Cities_WEB.pdfGoogle Scholar

International Energy Agency (IEA). (2014). CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion: Highlights, 2014 edition. Accessed January 14, 2015: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CO2EmissionsFromFuelCombustionHighlights2014.pdfGoogle Scholar

International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2014). Is it time for an infrastructure push? The macroeconomic effects of public investment. In World Economic Outlook 2014: Legacies, Clouds, Uncertainties. Accessed March 11, 2015: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/Google Scholar

Jacob, K., Deodatis, G., Atlas, J., Whitcomb, M., Lopeman, M., Markogiannaki, O., Kennett, Z., Morla, A., Leichenko, R., and Vancura, P. (2011). Responding to climate change in New York State (ClimAID). In Transportation. In Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W., DeGaetano, A., O’Grady, M., Hassol, S., and Grabhorn, P. (eds.), Responding to Climate Change in New York State. New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. Accessed December 11, 2014: file:///C:/Users/SY/Desktop/temp/ClimAID-Transportation.pdfGoogle Scholar

Jacob, K., Rosenzweig, C., Horton, R., Major, D., and Gornitz, V. (2008). MTA adaptation to climate change: A categorical imperative. Accessed March 11, 2015: http://web.mta.info/sustainability/pdf/Jacob_et%20al_MTA_Adaptation_Final_0309.pdfGoogle Scholar

Jaeger, A., Nugroho, S. B., Zusman, E., Nakano, R., and Daggy, R. (2015). Governing sustainable low-carbon transport in Indonesia: An assessment of provincial transport plans. Natural Resources Forum 39(1), 27–40.Google Scholar

Kaufman, S., Quing, C., Levenson, N., and Hansen, M. (2012). Transportation during and after Hurricane Sandy. Rudin Center for Transportation, NYU Wagner Graduate School of Public Services, Nov. 2012. Accessed June 1, 2014: http://wagner.nyu.edu/files/rudincenter/sandytransportation.pdfGoogle Scholar

Kennedy, C., Steinberger, J., Gasson, B., Hansen, Y., Hillman, T., Havránek, M., Pataki, D., Phdungsilp, A., Ramaswami, A., and Mendez, G. A. (2009). Greenhouse gas emissions from global cities. Environmental Science & Technology 43, 7297–7302.Google Scholar

Kiunsi, R. (2013). The constraints on climate change adaptation in a city with a large development deficit: The case of Dar es Salaam. Environment and Urbanization 25(2), 321–337.Google Scholar

Koetse, M., and Rietveld, P. (2009). The impact of climate change and weather on transport: An overview of empirical findings. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 14(3), 205–221.Google Scholar

Kostro, S., Bertman, L., and Pickens, B. (2013). Super typhoon Haiyan: With so many still suffering, why keep our eyes on recovery? Accessed May 12, 2015: http://csis.org/publication/super-typhoon-haiyan-so-many-still-suffering-why-keep-our-eyes-recoveryGoogle Scholar

Litman, T. (2012). Distance-based vehicle insurance as a TDM strategy. Accessed August 15, 2014: http://www.islandnet.com/~litman/dbvi.pdfGoogle Scholar

Mahendra, A., Dalkmann, H., and Raifman, M. (2013). Financing needs for sustainable transport systems for the 21st century. Accessed November 17, 2015: http://www.wricities.org/sites/default/files/Financing-Needs-for-Sustainable-Transport-Systems-21st-Century.pdfGoogle Scholar

Marsden, G. (2006). The evidence base for parking policies – a review. Transport Policy 13(6), 447–457.Google Scholar

Marsden, G., and Rye, T. (2010). The governance of transport and climate change. Journal of Transport Geography 18, 669–678.Google Scholar

Mehrotra, S. (2012a). Reinventing Infrastructure Economics: Theory and Empirics. Doctoral dissertation, Academic Commons, Columbia University.Google Scholar

Mehrotra, S. (2012b). Cities: Smart, healthy, and productive—solutions for a global urban future. Making a case for an urban sustainable development goal. United Nations’ Sustainable Development Solutions Networks (UNSDSN). Accessed August 26, 2015: http://urbansdg.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/nov_2012_sustainable_cities_presentation.pdfGoogle Scholar

Mehrotra, S., Lefevre, B., Zimmerman, R., Gercek, H., Jacob, K., and Srinivasan, S. (2011). Climate change and urban transportation systems. In Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W. D., Hammer, S. A., and Mehrotra, S. (eds.), Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network (145–177), Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mehrotra, S., Natenzon, C. E., Omojola, A., Folorunsho, R., Gilbride, J., and Rosenweig, C. (2009). Framework for City Climate Risk Assessment. World Bank. Accessed July 7, 2015: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387–1256566800920/6505269–1268260567624/Rosenzweig.pdfGoogle Scholar

Melillo, J. M., Richmond, T., and Yohe, G. W. (eds.). (2014). Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar

Metrobits. (2012). World metro database. Accessed May 12, 2015: http://mic-ro.com/metro/table.htmlGoogle Scholar

Metropolitan Transportation Authority. (2009). Greening mass transit and metro regions: The final report of the Blue Ribbon Commission on Sustainability and the MTA. Accessed December 10, 2015: http://web.mta.info/sustainability/pdf/SustRptFinal.pdfGoogle Scholar

Metropolitan Transportation Authority. (2013). Timeline of the storm. Accessed December 12, 2014: http://web.mta.info/sandy/timeline.htmGoogle Scholar

Metropolitan Transportation Authority. (2014). MTA bus time. Accessed September 14, 2015: http://bustime.mta.info/Google Scholar

Meyer, M. (2008). Design standards for U.S. transport infrastructure – The implications of climate change. Accessed June 1, 2014: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr290Meyer.pdf.Google Scholar

Murakami, J. (2012). Transit value capture: New town co-development models and land market updates in Tokyo and Hong Kong. In Ingram, G. K., and Hong, Y. -H. (eds.), Value Capture and Land Policies (285–320). Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.Google Scholar

Naess, E., and Smith, T. (2009). Environmentally related taxes in Norway: Totals and divided by industry. Accessed February 18, 2014: http://www.cbd.int/financial/fiscalenviron/norway-envtaxes.pdfGoogle Scholar

Newman, P., and Kenworthy, J. (2006). Urban design to reduce auto dependency. Opolis 2(1). Accessed August 30, 2014: http://www.naturaledgeproject.net/documents/newmankenworthyurbandesign.pdfGoogle Scholar

New York (NYC). (2013). NYC Hurricane Sandy after action: Report and recommendations to Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg. Accessed September 3, 2014: http://www.nyc.gov/html/recovery/downloads/pf/sandy_aar_5.2.13.pdfGoogle Scholar

Pascal, M., Corso, M., Chanel, O., Declercq, C., Badaloni, C., Cesaroni, G., and Medina, S. (2012). Assessing the public health impacts of urban air pollution in 25 European cities: Results of the Aphekom project. Science of the Total Environment 449, 390–400.Google Scholar

PlaNYC. (2013). A stronger, more resilient New York City. Accessed May 28, 2014: http://www.nyc.gov/html/sirr/html/report/report.shtmlGoogle Scholar

Pourbaix, J. (2012). Towards a smart future for cities. Journeys May, 7–13. Accessed December 22, 2015: http://www.lta.gov.sg/ltaacademy/doc/J12 May-p07Jerome_Towards a Smart Future for Cities.pdfGoogle Scholar

Pucher, J., Peng, Z., Mittal, N., Zhu, Y., and Korattyswaroopam, N. (2007). Urban transport trends and policies in China and India: Impacts of rapid economic growth. Transport Reviews 27(4), 379–410. Accessed November 21, 2015: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01441640601089988#.VOzZ2nzF-1UGoogle Scholar

Replogle, M., and Huizenga, C. (2015). Two years in—How are the world’s multilateral development banks doing in delivering on their $175 billion pledge for more sustainable transport? Accessed February 23, 2016: https://www.itdp.org/two-years-in-how-are-the-worlds-multilateral-development-banks-doing-in-delivering-on-their-175-billion-pledge-for-more-sustainable-transport/Google Scholar

Revi, A., Rosenzweig, C., Mehrotra, S., Solecki, W., et al. (2013). The Urban Opportunity: Enabling Transformative and Sustainable Development. Background paper for the United Nations secretary-general’s high-level panel of eminent persons on the post- 2015 development agenda. Accessed September 30, 2015: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2579Final-052013-SDSN-TG09-The-Urban-Opportunity.pdfGoogle Scholar

Revi, A., Satterthwaite, D. E., Aragón-Durand, F., Corfee-Morlot, J., Kiunsi, R. B. R., Pelling, M., Roberts, D. C., and Solecki, W. (2014). Urban areas. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R., and White, L. L. (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (535–612). Cambridge University Press. Accessed April 10, 2015: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-Chap8_FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar

Ribeiro, S., and de Abreu, A. (2008). Brazilian transport initiatives with GHG reductions as a co-benefit. Climate Policy 8(2), 220–240.Google Scholar

Rickwood, P., Glazebrook, G., and Searle, G. (2011). Urban structure and energy – A review. Urban Policy and Research 26, 57–81. doi: 10.1080/08111140701629886, ISSN: 0811–1146Google Scholar

Schaller, B. (2010). New York City’s congestion pricing experience and implications for road pricing acceptance in the United States. Transport Policy 17, 266–273.Google Scholar

Schipper, L., Marie-Lilliu, C., and Gorham, R. (2000). Flexing the Link between Transport and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Path for the World Bank. International Energy Agency. Accessed November 28, 2014: http://www.ocs.polito.it/biblioteca/mobilita/FlexingLink1.pdfGoogle Scholar

Schrank, D., Eisele, B., and Lomax, T. (2012). Texas A&M Transportation Institute 2012 urban mobility report. Accessed October 10, 2014: http://d2dtl5nnlpfr0r.cloudfront.net/tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility-report-2012.pdfGoogle Scholar

Seik, F. (1998). A unique demand management instrument in urban transport: The vehicle quota system in Singapore. Cities 15(1), 27–39.Google Scholar