Book contents
- The Changing Flow of Energy through the Climate System
- The Changing Flow of Energy through the Climate System
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- 1 Earth and Climate System
- 2 Earth’s Energy Imbalance and Climate Change
- 3 Earth’s Energy Balance
- 4 The Sun–Earth System
- 5 Observations of Temperature, Moisture, Precipitation, and Radiation
- 6 The Climate System
- Flows of Energy
- 7 The Weather Machine
- 8 The Dynamic Ocean
- 9 Poleward Heat Transports by the Atmosphere and Ocean
- 10 The Changing Hydrological Cycle
- 11 Teleconnections and Patterns of Variability
- 12 El Niño
- 13 Feedbacks and Climate Sensitivity
- 14 Earth’s Energy Imbalance Estimates
- 15 Attribution and the Hiatus
- 16 Prediction and Projection
- 17 Emissions and Information
- 18 Climate Change and Environmental Issues
- Glossary
- Acronyms
- Bibliography
- Index
- References
8 - The Dynamic Ocean
from Flows of Energy
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 February 2022
Book contents
- The Changing Flow of Energy through the Climate System
- The Changing Flow of Energy through the Climate System
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- 1 Earth and Climate System
- 2 Earth’s Energy Imbalance and Climate Change
- 3 Earth’s Energy Balance
- 4 The Sun–Earth System
- 5 Observations of Temperature, Moisture, Precipitation, and Radiation
- 6 The Climate System
- Flows of Energy
- 7 The Weather Machine
- 8 The Dynamic Ocean
- 9 Poleward Heat Transports by the Atmosphere and Ocean
- 10 The Changing Hydrological Cycle
- 11 Teleconnections and Patterns of Variability
- 12 El Niño
- 13 Feedbacks and Climate Sensitivity
- 14 Earth’s Energy Imbalance Estimates
- 15 Attribution and the Hiatus
- 16 Prediction and Projection
- 17 Emissions and Information
- 18 Climate Change and Environmental Issues
- Glossary
- Acronyms
- Bibliography
- Index
- References
Summary
The oceans are wet, and play a major role in the hydrological cycle. They also have a high heat capacity. Section 6.2 provided the basic character of sea water and ocean structure. Figures 5.2 and 5.3 presented maps and the annual cycle of the mean surface air temperatures, and Fig. 5.4 gave the sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The latter are closely related to water vapor and precipitation in the atmosphere over the oceans. The SSTs are supported by the upper ocean temperatures and especially the mixed layer, which is the part of the ocean in direct contact with the surface through wind effects and heating from both radiation and temperatures in the atmosphere (see Fig. 8.8).
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Changing Flow of Energy Through the Climate System , pp. 104 - 120Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2022
References
References and Further Reading
Bronseleiaer, B., and Zanna, L., 2020: Heat and carbon coupling reveals ocean warming due to circulation changes. Nature, 584, 227–233. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2573-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, L., Trenberth, K., Fasullo, J., Boyer, T., Abraham, J., and Zhu, J., 2017: Improved estimates of ocean heat content from 1960–2015. Science Advances, 3(3), e1601545. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1601545. http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/3/e1601545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, L., Trenberth, K. E., Gruber, N., et al., 2020: Improved estimates of changes in upper ocean salinity and the hydrological cycle. Journal of Climate, 33. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0366.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornwall, W., 2019: In hot water. Science, 363, 442–445. doi: 10.1126/science.363.6426.442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ezer, T., Atkinson, L. P., Corlett, W. B., and Blanco, J. L., 2013: Gulf Stream’s induced sea level rise and variability along the U.S. mid-Atlantic coast. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118, 685–697. doi: 10.1002/jgrc.20091.Google Scholar
Lumpkin, R., and Johnson, G. C., 2013: Global ocean surface velocities from drifters: mean, variance, El Nino–Southern Oscillation response, and seasonal cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118, 2992–3006, doi: 10.1002/jgrc.20210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trenberth, K. E., Zhang, Y., Fasullo, J. T., and Cheng, L., 2019: Observation-based estimates of global and basin ocean meridional heat transport time series. Journal of Climate, 32, 4567–4583. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0872.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar