Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T07:29:07.068Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Richard Topcliffe and the Book Culture of the Elizabethan Catholic Underground

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2019

Mark Rankin
Mark Rankin*
Affiliation:
James Madison University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Richard Topcliffe (1531–1604) was the most infamous torturer of Elizabethan England. He was also a professional reader. Historians of the book are interested in how repressive regimes read the books of their enemies. This essay identifies a number of books that contain Topcliffe's marginalia and have not previously been studied by scholars. It argues that Topcliffe's reading was forensic in nature, and was utilized directly by the Elizabethan regime in its campaign against Catholicism. This investigation reveals the connection between racking and reading, and demonstrates the ways in which Topcliffe's reading legitimated state-authorized violence.

Type
Articles
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 72 , Issue 2 , Summer 2019 , pp. 492 - 536
Copyright
Copyright © Renaissance Society of America 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This project received support from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Huntington Library. I am indebted to the generosity of Steve Hindle, W. M. Keck Foundation Director of Research at the Huntington Library. Frank Brownlow, Jonathan Bush, Katey Castellano, John Craig, David Cressy, John Guy, Earle Havens, Christopher Highley, Arnold Hunt, James Kelly, Gerard Kilroy, John N. King, Glyn Parry, Richard Rex, Alison Shell, Alexandra Walsham, and J. Christopher Warner offered valuable assistance.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Beinecke Library, New Haven, CT, Osborn MS a18. “A Consolatorye l[ett]re to a trator Neare ye Gallowes fownde at Bellamyes at vxenden” and “peers plowghman hys answer to the doctours Interrogatoryes.”Google Scholar
Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, Latin MS 6051. Vita Henry VIII.Google Scholar
Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, MS 6056. Cranmer's recantacyons.Google Scholar
British Library (BL), London, Additional MS 33,737. Harpsfield, Nicholas. Pretended divorce.Google Scholar
BL, Additional MS 48,029.Google Scholar
BL, Additional MS 48,066. Harpsfield, Nicholas. Pretended divorce.Google Scholar
BL, Harley MS 422.Google Scholar
BL, Harley MS 1551.Google Scholar
BL, Harley MS 6998.Google Scholar
BL, Lansdowne MS 33.Google Scholar
BL, Lansdowne MS 35/26.Google Scholar
BL, Lansdowne MS 42.Google Scholar
BL, Lansdowne MS 64.Google Scholar
BL, Sloane MS 2495. “The life of kinge Henrie the 8th.”Google Scholar
Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge, MS 76. Harpsfield, Nicholas. The life and death of Sr Thomas Moore, knight.Google Scholar
Hatfield House (HH), Hatfield, Cecil Papers, 27/106.Google Scholar
HH, Cecil Papers, 32/94.Google Scholar
HH, Cecil Papers, 44/65.Google Scholar
HH, Cecil Papers, 51/107.Google Scholar
HH, Cecil Papers, 62/79.Google Scholar
HH, Cecil Papers, 86/88.Google Scholar
HH, Cecil Papers, 90/2.Google Scholar
Huntington Library, San Marino, CA, MS STT 194.Google Scholar
The National Archives (TNA), Kew, State Papers (SP) 12/152.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/168.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/173.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/178.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/206.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/235.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/244.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/245.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/247.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/249.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/268.Google Scholar
New College, University of Oxford, MS 311A. Harpsfield, Nicholas. Pretended divorce.Google Scholar
New College, University of Oxford, MS 311B. Harpsfield, Nicholas. Pretended divorce.Google Scholar
Stonyhurst College, Stonyhurst, MS Anglia A II/41.Google Scholar
Acts of the Privy Council. Ed. Dasent, J. R.. 32 vols. London: Stationery Office, 1890–1907.Google Scholar
Adams, Thomas R., and Barker, Nicolas. “A New Model for the Study of the Book.” In A Potencie of Life: Books in Society. The Clark Lectures, 1986–87, ed. Barker, Nicolas, 5–43. London: British Library, 1993.Google Scholar
Alfield, Thomas. A true reporte of the death and martyrdome of M. Campion Iesuite and preiste, and M. Sherwin, and M. Bryan preistes, at Tiborne. London: Richard Verstegan, 1582. STC 4537.Google Scholar
Allen, William. A true, sincere, and modest defense of English Catholiques. Rouen: Robert Persons, 1584a. Cambridge University Library, shelf mark F*.15.24.Google Scholar
Allen, William. A true, sincere, and modest defense of English Catholiques. Rouen: Robert Persons, 1584b. Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge, shelf mark S.13.4.47.Google Scholar
Allen, William. A true, sincere, and modest defense of English Catholiques. Rouen: Robert Persons, 1584c. Ushaw College, Durham, shelf mark XVIII.G.7.25.Google Scholar
Allen, William. A true, sincere, and modest defense of English Catholiques. Rouen: Robert Persons, 1584d. Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, shelf mark 8° K 12(3) Th.Google Scholar
Allen, William. A true, sincere, and modest defense of English Catholiques. Rouen: Robert Persons, 1584e. Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, shelf mark Tanner 651.Google Scholar
Allen, William. A true, sincere, and modest defense of English Catholiques. Rouen: Robert Persons, 1584f. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA, shelf mark 60060.Google Scholar
Allison, A. F., and Rogers, D. M., eds. The Contemporary Printed Literature of the English Counter-Reformation. 2 vols. Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1989–94.Google Scholar
Arblaster, Paul. Antwerp and the World: Richard Verstegan and the International Culture of Catholic Reformation. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Askew, Anne. The Examinations of Anne Askew. Ed. Beilin, Elaine V.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Bela, Teresa, Calma, Clarinda, and Rzegocka, Jolanta, eds. Publishing Subversive Texts in Elizabethan England and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Leiden: Brill, 2016.Google Scholar
Bémont, Charles, ed. Le premier divorce de Henri VIII, fragment d'une chronique anonyme en Latin. Paris: Bib. de l’École des Hautes Études, 1917.Google Scholar
Birrell, T. A. “William Carter (c. 1549–84): Recusant Printer, Publisher, Binder, Stationer, Scribe—and Martyr.” Recusant History 28.1 (2006): 22–42.Google Scholar
Black, Joseph L., ed. Private Libraries in Renaissance England: A Collection and Catalogue of Tudor and Early Stuart Book-Lists. Volume VIII: PLRE 167–260. Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2014.Google Scholar
Bristow, Richard. A briefe treatise of diuerse plaine and sure wayes to finde out the truthe in this … time of heresie: conteyning sundry worthy motiues vnto the Catholike faith. Antwerp, 1574.Google Scholar
Brown, Nancy Pollard. “Paperchase: The Dissemination of Catholic Texts in Elizabethan England.” In English Manuscript Studies, 1100–1700, Vol. 1, ed. Beal, Peter and Griffiths, Jeremy, 120–43. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.Google Scholar
Brownlow, Frank. Shakespeare, Harsnett, and the Devils of Denham. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Brownlow, Frank. “Richard Topcliffe: Elizabeth's Enforcer and the Representation of Power in King Lear.” In Theatre and Religion: Lancastrian Shakespeare, ed. Dutton, Richard, Findlay, Alison, and Wilson, Richard, 161–78. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Calendar of Patent Rolls 35 Elizabeth I, part I to part X (C 66/1395–1404). Ed. Leighton, Christine. Kew: List and Index Society, Public Record Office, 2000.Google Scholar
Calendar of Patent Rolls 36 Elizabeth I (1593–1594) C 66/1405–1424. Ed. Neal, Simon R.. Kew: List and Index Society, Public Record Office, 2005.Google Scholar
Calendar of Patent Rolls 37 Elizabeth I (1594–1595), Part 1 (Calendar), C 66/1425–1442. Ed. Neal, Simon R. and Leighton, Christine. Kew: List and Index Society, Public Record Office, 2006.Google Scholar
Campion, Edmund. Rationes Decem. Henley-on-Thames, 1581.Google Scholar
Campion, Edmund. Two Bokes of the Histories of Ireland. Ed. Vossen, A. F.. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1963.Google Scholar
Caraman, Philip, trans. John Gerard: The Autobiography of an Elizabethan. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1951.Google Scholar
Catalogue of Additions to the Manuscripts 1951–1955, Part 1: Descriptions. London: British Library, 1982.Google Scholar
A Catalogue of the Lansdowne Manuscripts in the British Museum. 2 vols. London, 1812–19.Google Scholar
Cavalieri, Giovanni Battista. Ecclesiae Anglicanae Trophaea. Rome, 1584.Google Scholar
Cecil, William. The execution of justice in England. London, 1583. STC 4902.Google Scholar
Charke, William. A treatise against the Defense of the censure. Cambridge, 1586.Google Scholar
Cooper, William Durrant. “The Parish Registers of Harrow on the Hill, with Special Reference to the Families of Bellamy and Page.” Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 1 (1860): 285–98.Google Scholar
Cox, J. Charles. “Richard Topcliffe, the Pursuivant.” Notes and Queries, 5th ser., 7 (28 April 1877): 331–32.Google Scholar
Cross, Clare. “Penry, John (1562/3–1593).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, 2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/21894.Google Scholar
Darnton, Robert. “What Is the History of Books?” Daedalus 111.3 (1982): 65–83.Google Scholar
Dillon, Anne. The Construction of Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community, 1535–1603. Farnham: Ashgate, 2002.Google Scholar
Dodd, Charles. Church History of England, from the Year 1500 to the Year 1688. 3 vols. London, 1737–42.Google Scholar
Doleman, R. [i.e., Persons, Robert et al. ] A conference about the next succession to the crowne of England. Antwerp, 1594.Google Scholar
Domínguez, Freddy Cristóbal. “‘We Must Fight with Paper and Pens’: Spanish Elizabethan Polemics, 1585–1598.” PhD diss., Princeton University, 2011.Google Scholar
Duffy, Eamon. Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Foley, Henry. Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus: Historic Facts Illustrative of the Labours and Sufferings of Its Members in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. 7 vols. in 8. London, 1877–83.Google Scholar
Gibbons, John, and Fenn, John, eds. Concertatio Ecclesiae Catholicae in Anglia. Trier, 1588.Google Scholar
Gibbons, Katy. English Catholic Exiles in Late Sixteenth-Century Paris. Woodbridge: Royal Historical Society; Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Harpsfield, Nicholas. Cranmer's recantacyons. Ed. Gairdner, James. Miscellanies of the Philobiblon Society 15 (1877–84), number 4.Google Scholar
Harpsfield, Nicholas. A Treatise on the Pretended Divorce between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Ed. Pocock, Nicholas. Westminster, 1878.Google Scholar
Harpsfield, Nicholas. The Life and Death of Sr Thomas Moore, Knight. Ed. Hitchcock, Elsie Vaughan and Chambers, R. W.. London: Oxford University Press, for the Early English Text Society, 1932.Google Scholar
Havens, Earle. “Lay Catholic Book Ownership and International Catholicism in Elizabethan England.” In Publishing Subversive Texts in Elizabethan England and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ed. Bela, Teresa, Calma, Clarinda, and Rzegocka, Jolanta, 217–62. Leiden: Brill, 2016.Google Scholar
Havens, Earle, and Patton, Elizabeth. “Underground Networks, Prisons and the Circulation of Counter-Reformation Books in Elizabethan England.” In Early Modern English Catholicism: Identity, Memory and Counter-Reformation, ed. Kelly, James E. and Royal, Susan, 164–88. Leiden: Brill, 2017.Google Scholar
Highley, Christopher. “‘A Pestilent and Seditious Book’: Nicholas Sander's Schismatis Anglicani and Catholic Histories of the Reformation.” Huntington Library Quarterly 68.1–2 (2005): 151–71.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, Elsie Vaughan. “Description of the Harpsfield Manuscripts.” In The Life and Death of Sr Thomas Moore, Knight, ed. Hitchcock, Elsie Vaughan and Chambers, R. W., xiii–xx. London: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, 1932.Google Scholar
Houliston, Victor. “The Missionary Position: Catholics Writing the History of the English Reformation.” English Studies in Africa 54.2 (2011): 16–30.Google Scholar
Hughes, Paul L., and Larkin, James F., eds. Tudor Royal Proclamations. 3 vols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1964–69.Google Scholar
Jardine, Lisa, and Grafton, Anthony. “‘Studied for Action’: How Gabriel Harvey Read His Livy.” Past & Present 129 (1990): 30–78.Google Scholar
Jardine, Lisa, and Sherman, William. “Pragmatic Readers: Knowledge Transactions and Scholarly Services in Late Elizabethan England.” In Religion, Culture, and Society in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Honour of Patrick Collinson, ed. Fletcher, Anthony and Roberts, Peter, 102–24. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Jessopp, Augustus. “Richard Topcliffe, the Pursuivant.” Notes and Queries, 5th ser., 7 (7 April 1877): 270–71.Google Scholar
Jessopp, Augustus. One Generation of a Norfolk House: A Contribution to Elizabethan History. London: Burns and Oates, 1879.Google Scholar
Kermode, Frank. The Age of Shakespeare. New York: Modern Library, 2004.Google Scholar
Kilroy, Gerard. Edmund Campion: A Scholarly Life. Farnham: Ashgate, 2015.Google Scholar
King, John N. English Reformation Literature: The Tudor Origins of the Protestant Tradition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Kingdon, Robert M., ed. The Execution of Justice in England by William Cecil. A True, Sincere, and Modest Defense of English Catholics by William Allen. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Lemon, Robert, ed. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI, Mary and Elizabeth, 1547–80. London, 1856.Google Scholar
Lemon, Robert, ed. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1581–1590. London, 1865.Google Scholar
The life and end of Thomas Awfeeld a seminary preest. London, 1585. STC 997.Google Scholar
Marotti, Arthur F. Religious Ideology and Cultural Fantasy: Catholic and Anti-Catholic Discourses in Early Modern England. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Martin, Gregory. A treatise of schisme. Shewing, that al Catholikes ought in any wise to abstaine altogether from heretical conuenticles. Douai: John Flower [i.e., London: William Carter], 1578. Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, shelf mark 8° C 95(3) Th.Google Scholar
McCoog, Thomas M. SJ. The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1589–1597: Building the Faith of Saint Peter upon the King of Spain's Monarchy. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012.Google Scholar
McCoog, Thomas M. SJ.. The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1598–1606: “Lest Our Lamp Be Entirely Extinguished .” Leiden: Brill, 2017.Google Scholar
McGrath, Patrick. “The Bloody Questions Reconsidered.” Recusant History 20.3 (1991): 305–19.Google Scholar
Milward, Peter. Religious Controversies of the Elizabethan Age: A Survey of Printed Sources. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Morris, J. Allen. Richard Topcliffe: “A Most Humbell Pursuivant of her Majestie.” Charleston, SC: Citadel Monograph Series, 1964.Google Scholar
Morris, John. The Troubles of Our Catholic Forefathers Related by Themselves. 3 vols. London: Burnes and Oates, 1872–77.Google Scholar
Neale, J. E. Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments, 1584–1601. London: Jonathan Cape, 1957.Google Scholar
Persons, Robert. A brief discours contayning certayne reasons why Catholiques refuse to goe to Church. East Ham: Greenstreet House Press, 1580.Google Scholar
Persons, Robert. A defence of the censure gyven upon two bookes of William Charke and Meredith Hanmer. Rouen, 1582.Google Scholar
Persons, Robert. The warn-word to sir Francis Hastinges Wast-word. Antwerp, 1602.Google Scholar
Petti, Anthony G., ed. The Letters and Despatches of Richard Verstegan (c.1550–1640). London: Catholic Record Society, 1959.Google Scholar
Pollen, John Hungerford, ed, SJ. Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs, Vol. 1: 1584–1603. London: Catholic Record Society, 1908.Google Scholar
Preston, Jean F., and Yeandle, Laetitia. English Handwriting 1400–1650: An Introductory Manual. Asheville, NC: Pegasus Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Questier, Michael C. Catholicism and Community in Early Modern England: Politics, Aristocratic Patronage and Religion, c.1550–1640. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Richardson, William. “Topcliffe, Richard (1531–1604).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, 2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/27550.Google Scholar
Rowse, A. L. “The Truth about Topcliffe.” In Court and Country: Studies in Tudor Social History, 181–210. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Sander, Nicholas. De Origine ac Progressu Schismatis Anglicani. Rheims, 1585.Google Scholar
Sander, Nicholas. L'historia ecclesiastica della rivolvzion d'Inghilterra. Ed. and trans. Pollini, Girolamo. Rome, 1594. University of Exeter, shelf mark Rowse/POL.Google Scholar
Shagan, Ethan. “English Catholic History in Context.” In Catholics and the “Protestant Nation”: Religious Politics and Identity in Early Modern England, ed. Shagan, Ethan, 1–21. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Sherman, William H. Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.Google Scholar
A Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of English Books Printed Abroad, 1475–1640. Compiled by Pollard, A. W. and Redgrave, G. R.; 2nd ed., revised and enlarged by Jackson, W. A., Ferguson, F. S., and Pantzer, Katharine F.. 3 vols. London: Bibliographical Society, 1976–91. Cited as STC.Google Scholar
Southern, A. C. Elizabethan Recusant Prose, 1559–1582. London: Sands & Co., 1950.Google Scholar
Staphylus, Fridericus. The apologie of Fridericus Staphylus. Trans. Stapleton, Thomas. Antwerp, 1565. Ushaw College, Durham, Shelf mark XVIII.G.6.7.Google Scholar
Statutes of the Realm. Printed by command of his majesty King George the Third. 11 vols. in 12. London, 1810–28; repr. Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1963.Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, Matthew. A ful and round answer to N. D. alias R. Parsons. London, 1604.Google Scholar
Teramura, Misha. “Richard Topcliffe's Informant: New Light on The Isle of Dogs.” Review of English Studies 68.283 (2017): 44–59.Google Scholar
Underwood, Lucy. “The Reading of Elizabeth I's Torturer-General.” In Treasures of Ushaw College: Durham's Hidden Gem, ed. Kelly, James E., 76–77. London: Scala Arts & Heritage Publishers Ltd., 2015.Google Scholar
Veech, Thomas McNevin. Dr Nicholas Sanders and the English Reformation, 1530–1581. Louvain: Bureaux de Recueil, 1935.Google Scholar
Walker, Claire. “Wiseman [née Vaughan], Jane (d. 1610).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, 2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/69040.Google Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra. Church Papists: Catholicism, Conformity and Confessional Polemic in Early Modern England. London: Royal Historical Society, 1993.Google Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra. “‘Domme Preachers’? Post-Reformation English Catholicism and the Culture of Print.” Past & Present 168 (2000): 72–123.Google Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra. “The Spider and the Bee: The Perils of Printing for Refutation in Tudor England.” In Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning, ed. King, John N., 163–90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra, and Havens, Earle. “Catholic Libraries.” In Private Libraries in Renaissance England: A Collection and Catalogue of Tudor and Early Stuart Book-Lists. Volume VIII: PLRE 167–260, ed. Black, Joseph L., 129–56. Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2014.Google Scholar
Wright, Jonathan. “Langdale, Alban (fl. 1532–1580).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, 2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/16008.Google Scholar
Wright, Thomas. A treatise, shewing the possibilitie, and conueniencie of the reall presence of our Sauiour in the blessed Sacrament. Antwerp [i.e., London], 1596. Ushaw College, Durham, shelf mark XVIII.F.8.14.Google Scholar
Wyatt, Michael. The Italian Encounter with Tudor England: A Cultural Politics of Translation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Yates, Julian. “Parasitic Geographies: Manifesting Catholic Identity in Early Modern England.” In Catholicism and Anti-Catholicism in Early Modern English Texts, ed. Marotti, Arthur, 63–84. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 1999.Google Scholar
Beinecke Library, New Haven, CT, Osborn MS a18. “A Consolatorye l[ett]re to a trator Neare ye Gallowes fownde at Bellamyes at vxenden” and “peers plowghman hys answer to the doctours Interrogatoryes.”Google Scholar
Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, Latin MS 6051. Vita Henry VIII.Google Scholar
Bibliothèque nationale, Paris, MS 6056. Cranmer's recantacyons.Google Scholar
British Library (BL), London, Additional MS 33,737. Harpsfield, Nicholas. Pretended divorce.Google Scholar
BL, Additional MS 48,029.Google Scholar
BL, Additional MS 48,066. Harpsfield, Nicholas. Pretended divorce.Google Scholar
BL, Harley MS 422.Google Scholar
BL, Harley MS 1551.Google Scholar
BL, Harley MS 6998.Google Scholar
BL, Lansdowne MS 33.Google Scholar
BL, Lansdowne MS 35/26.Google Scholar
BL, Lansdowne MS 42.Google Scholar
BL, Lansdowne MS 64.Google Scholar
BL, Sloane MS 2495. “The life of kinge Henrie the 8th.”Google Scholar
Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge, MS 76. Harpsfield, Nicholas. The life and death of Sr Thomas Moore, knight.Google Scholar
Hatfield House (HH), Hatfield, Cecil Papers, 27/106.Google Scholar
HH, Cecil Papers, 32/94.Google Scholar
HH, Cecil Papers, 44/65.Google Scholar
HH, Cecil Papers, 51/107.Google Scholar
HH, Cecil Papers, 62/79.Google Scholar
HH, Cecil Papers, 86/88.Google Scholar
HH, Cecil Papers, 90/2.Google Scholar
Huntington Library, San Marino, CA, MS STT 194.Google Scholar
The National Archives (TNA), Kew, State Papers (SP) 12/152.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/168.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/173.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/178.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/206.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/235.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/244.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/245.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/247.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/249.Google Scholar
TNA, SP 12/268.Google Scholar
New College, University of Oxford, MS 311A. Harpsfield, Nicholas. Pretended divorce.Google Scholar
New College, University of Oxford, MS 311B. Harpsfield, Nicholas. Pretended divorce.Google Scholar
Stonyhurst College, Stonyhurst, MS Anglia A II/41.Google Scholar
Acts of the Privy Council. Ed. Dasent, J. R.. 32 vols. London: Stationery Office, 1890–1907.Google Scholar
Adams, Thomas R., and Barker, Nicolas. “A New Model for the Study of the Book.” In A Potencie of Life: Books in Society. The Clark Lectures, 1986–87, ed. Barker, Nicolas, 5–43. London: British Library, 1993.Google Scholar
Alfield, Thomas. A true reporte of the death and martyrdome of M. Campion Iesuite and preiste, and M. Sherwin, and M. Bryan preistes, at Tiborne. London: Richard Verstegan, 1582. STC 4537.Google Scholar
Allen, William. A true, sincere, and modest defense of English Catholiques. Rouen: Robert Persons, 1584a. Cambridge University Library, shelf mark F*.15.24.Google Scholar
Allen, William. A true, sincere, and modest defense of English Catholiques. Rouen: Robert Persons, 1584b. Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge, shelf mark S.13.4.47.Google Scholar
Allen, William. A true, sincere, and modest defense of English Catholiques. Rouen: Robert Persons, 1584c. Ushaw College, Durham, shelf mark XVIII.G.7.25.Google Scholar
Allen, William. A true, sincere, and modest defense of English Catholiques. Rouen: Robert Persons, 1584d. Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, shelf mark 8° K 12(3) Th.Google Scholar
Allen, William. A true, sincere, and modest defense of English Catholiques. Rouen: Robert Persons, 1584e. Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, shelf mark Tanner 651.Google Scholar
Allen, William. A true, sincere, and modest defense of English Catholiques. Rouen: Robert Persons, 1584f. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA, shelf mark 60060.Google Scholar
Allison, A. F., and Rogers, D. M., eds. The Contemporary Printed Literature of the English Counter-Reformation. 2 vols. Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1989–94.Google Scholar
Arblaster, Paul. Antwerp and the World: Richard Verstegan and the International Culture of Catholic Reformation. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Askew, Anne. The Examinations of Anne Askew. Ed. Beilin, Elaine V.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Bela, Teresa, Calma, Clarinda, and Rzegocka, Jolanta, eds. Publishing Subversive Texts in Elizabethan England and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Leiden: Brill, 2016.Google Scholar
Bémont, Charles, ed. Le premier divorce de Henri VIII, fragment d'une chronique anonyme en Latin. Paris: Bib. de l’École des Hautes Études, 1917.Google Scholar
Birrell, T. A. “William Carter (c. 1549–84): Recusant Printer, Publisher, Binder, Stationer, Scribe—and Martyr.” Recusant History 28.1 (2006): 22–42.Google Scholar
Black, Joseph L., ed. Private Libraries in Renaissance England: A Collection and Catalogue of Tudor and Early Stuart Book-Lists. Volume VIII: PLRE 167–260. Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2014.Google Scholar
Bristow, Richard. A briefe treatise of diuerse plaine and sure wayes to finde out the truthe in this … time of heresie: conteyning sundry worthy motiues vnto the Catholike faith. Antwerp, 1574.Google Scholar
Brown, Nancy Pollard. “Paperchase: The Dissemination of Catholic Texts in Elizabethan England.” In English Manuscript Studies, 1100–1700, Vol. 1, ed. Beal, Peter and Griffiths, Jeremy, 120–43. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.Google Scholar
Brownlow, Frank. Shakespeare, Harsnett, and the Devils of Denham. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Brownlow, Frank. “Richard Topcliffe: Elizabeth's Enforcer and the Representation of Power in King Lear.” In Theatre and Religion: Lancastrian Shakespeare, ed. Dutton, Richard, Findlay, Alison, and Wilson, Richard, 161–78. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Calendar of Patent Rolls 35 Elizabeth I, part I to part X (C 66/1395–1404). Ed. Leighton, Christine. Kew: List and Index Society, Public Record Office, 2000.Google Scholar
Calendar of Patent Rolls 36 Elizabeth I (1593–1594) C 66/1405–1424. Ed. Neal, Simon R.. Kew: List and Index Society, Public Record Office, 2005.Google Scholar
Calendar of Patent Rolls 37 Elizabeth I (1594–1595), Part 1 (Calendar), C 66/1425–1442. Ed. Neal, Simon R. and Leighton, Christine. Kew: List and Index Society, Public Record Office, 2006.Google Scholar
Campion, Edmund. Rationes Decem. Henley-on-Thames, 1581.Google Scholar
Campion, Edmund. Two Bokes of the Histories of Ireland. Ed. Vossen, A. F.. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1963.Google Scholar
Caraman, Philip, trans. John Gerard: The Autobiography of an Elizabethan. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1951.Google Scholar
Catalogue of Additions to the Manuscripts 1951–1955, Part 1: Descriptions. London: British Library, 1982.Google Scholar
A Catalogue of the Lansdowne Manuscripts in the British Museum. 2 vols. London, 1812–19.Google Scholar
Cavalieri, Giovanni Battista. Ecclesiae Anglicanae Trophaea. Rome, 1584.Google Scholar
Cecil, William. The execution of justice in England. London, 1583. STC 4902.Google Scholar
Charke, William. A treatise against the Defense of the censure. Cambridge, 1586.Google Scholar
Cooper, William Durrant. “The Parish Registers of Harrow on the Hill, with Special Reference to the Families of Bellamy and Page.” Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 1 (1860): 285–98.Google Scholar
Cox, J. Charles. “Richard Topcliffe, the Pursuivant.” Notes and Queries, 5th ser., 7 (28 April 1877): 331–32.Google Scholar
Cross, Clare. “Penry, John (1562/3–1593).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, 2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/21894.Google Scholar
Darnton, Robert. “What Is the History of Books?” Daedalus 111.3 (1982): 65–83.Google Scholar
Dillon, Anne. The Construction of Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community, 1535–1603. Farnham: Ashgate, 2002.Google Scholar
Dodd, Charles. Church History of England, from the Year 1500 to the Year 1688. 3 vols. London, 1737–42.Google Scholar
Doleman, R. [i.e., Persons, Robert et al. ] A conference about the next succession to the crowne of England. Antwerp, 1594.Google Scholar
Domínguez, Freddy Cristóbal. “‘We Must Fight with Paper and Pens’: Spanish Elizabethan Polemics, 1585–1598.” PhD diss., Princeton University, 2011.Google Scholar
Duffy, Eamon. Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Foley, Henry. Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus: Historic Facts Illustrative of the Labours and Sufferings of Its Members in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. 7 vols. in 8. London, 1877–83.Google Scholar
Gibbons, John, and Fenn, John, eds. Concertatio Ecclesiae Catholicae in Anglia. Trier, 1588.Google Scholar
Gibbons, Katy. English Catholic Exiles in Late Sixteenth-Century Paris. Woodbridge: Royal Historical Society; Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Harpsfield, Nicholas. Cranmer's recantacyons. Ed. Gairdner, James. Miscellanies of the Philobiblon Society 15 (1877–84), number 4.Google Scholar
Harpsfield, Nicholas. A Treatise on the Pretended Divorce between Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Ed. Pocock, Nicholas. Westminster, 1878.Google Scholar
Harpsfield, Nicholas. The Life and Death of Sr Thomas Moore, Knight. Ed. Hitchcock, Elsie Vaughan and Chambers, R. W.. London: Oxford University Press, for the Early English Text Society, 1932.Google Scholar
Havens, Earle. “Lay Catholic Book Ownership and International Catholicism in Elizabethan England.” In Publishing Subversive Texts in Elizabethan England and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ed. Bela, Teresa, Calma, Clarinda, and Rzegocka, Jolanta, 217–62. Leiden: Brill, 2016.Google Scholar
Havens, Earle, and Patton, Elizabeth. “Underground Networks, Prisons and the Circulation of Counter-Reformation Books in Elizabethan England.” In Early Modern English Catholicism: Identity, Memory and Counter-Reformation, ed. Kelly, James E. and Royal, Susan, 164–88. Leiden: Brill, 2017.Google Scholar
Highley, Christopher. “‘A Pestilent and Seditious Book’: Nicholas Sander's Schismatis Anglicani and Catholic Histories of the Reformation.” Huntington Library Quarterly 68.1–2 (2005): 151–71.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, Elsie Vaughan. “Description of the Harpsfield Manuscripts.” In The Life and Death of Sr Thomas Moore, Knight, ed. Hitchcock, Elsie Vaughan and Chambers, R. W., xiii–xx. London: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, 1932.Google Scholar
Houliston, Victor. “The Missionary Position: Catholics Writing the History of the English Reformation.” English Studies in Africa 54.2 (2011): 16–30.Google Scholar
Hughes, Paul L., and Larkin, James F., eds. Tudor Royal Proclamations. 3 vols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1964–69.Google Scholar
Jardine, Lisa, and Grafton, Anthony. “‘Studied for Action’: How Gabriel Harvey Read His Livy.” Past & Present 129 (1990): 30–78.Google Scholar
Jardine, Lisa, and Sherman, William. “Pragmatic Readers: Knowledge Transactions and Scholarly Services in Late Elizabethan England.” In Religion, Culture, and Society in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Honour of Patrick Collinson, ed. Fletcher, Anthony and Roberts, Peter, 102–24. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Jessopp, Augustus. “Richard Topcliffe, the Pursuivant.” Notes and Queries, 5th ser., 7 (7 April 1877): 270–71.Google Scholar
Jessopp, Augustus. One Generation of a Norfolk House: A Contribution to Elizabethan History. London: Burns and Oates, 1879.Google Scholar
Kermode, Frank. The Age of Shakespeare. New York: Modern Library, 2004.Google Scholar
Kilroy, Gerard. Edmund Campion: A Scholarly Life. Farnham: Ashgate, 2015.Google Scholar
King, John N. English Reformation Literature: The Tudor Origins of the Protestant Tradition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Kingdon, Robert M., ed. The Execution of Justice in England by William Cecil. A True, Sincere, and Modest Defense of English Catholics by William Allen. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Lemon, Robert, ed. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI, Mary and Elizabeth, 1547–80. London, 1856.Google Scholar
Lemon, Robert, ed. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Elizabeth, 1581–1590. London, 1865.Google Scholar
The life and end of Thomas Awfeeld a seminary preest. London, 1585. STC 997.Google Scholar
Marotti, Arthur F. Religious Ideology and Cultural Fantasy: Catholic and Anti-Catholic Discourses in Early Modern England. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Martin, Gregory. A treatise of schisme. Shewing, that al Catholikes ought in any wise to abstaine altogether from heretical conuenticles. Douai: John Flower [i.e., London: William Carter], 1578. Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, shelf mark 8° C 95(3) Th.Google Scholar
McCoog, Thomas M. SJ. The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1589–1597: Building the Faith of Saint Peter upon the King of Spain's Monarchy. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012.Google Scholar
McCoog, Thomas M. SJ.. The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1598–1606: “Lest Our Lamp Be Entirely Extinguished .” Leiden: Brill, 2017.Google Scholar
McGrath, Patrick. “The Bloody Questions Reconsidered.” Recusant History 20.3 (1991): 305–19.Google Scholar
Milward, Peter. Religious Controversies of the Elizabethan Age: A Survey of Printed Sources. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Morris, J. Allen. Richard Topcliffe: “A Most Humbell Pursuivant of her Majestie.” Charleston, SC: Citadel Monograph Series, 1964.Google Scholar
Morris, John. The Troubles of Our Catholic Forefathers Related by Themselves. 3 vols. London: Burnes and Oates, 1872–77.Google Scholar
Neale, J. E. Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments, 1584–1601. London: Jonathan Cape, 1957.Google Scholar
Persons, Robert. A brief discours contayning certayne reasons why Catholiques refuse to goe to Church. East Ham: Greenstreet House Press, 1580.Google Scholar
Persons, Robert. A defence of the censure gyven upon two bookes of William Charke and Meredith Hanmer. Rouen, 1582.Google Scholar
Persons, Robert. The warn-word to sir Francis Hastinges Wast-word. Antwerp, 1602.Google Scholar
Petti, Anthony G., ed. The Letters and Despatches of Richard Verstegan (c.1550–1640). London: Catholic Record Society, 1959.Google Scholar
Pollen, John Hungerford, ed, SJ. Unpublished Documents Relating to the English Martyrs, Vol. 1: 1584–1603. London: Catholic Record Society, 1908.Google Scholar
Preston, Jean F., and Yeandle, Laetitia. English Handwriting 1400–1650: An Introductory Manual. Asheville, NC: Pegasus Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Questier, Michael C. Catholicism and Community in Early Modern England: Politics, Aristocratic Patronage and Religion, c.1550–1640. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Richardson, William. “Topcliffe, Richard (1531–1604).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, 2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/27550.Google Scholar
Rowse, A. L. “The Truth about Topcliffe.” In Court and Country: Studies in Tudor Social History, 181–210. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Sander, Nicholas. De Origine ac Progressu Schismatis Anglicani. Rheims, 1585.Google Scholar
Sander, Nicholas. L'historia ecclesiastica della rivolvzion d'Inghilterra. Ed. and trans. Pollini, Girolamo. Rome, 1594. University of Exeter, shelf mark Rowse/POL.Google Scholar
Shagan, Ethan. “English Catholic History in Context.” In Catholics and the “Protestant Nation”: Religious Politics and Identity in Early Modern England, ed. Shagan, Ethan, 1–21. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Sherman, William H. Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.Google Scholar
A Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of English Books Printed Abroad, 1475–1640. Compiled by Pollard, A. W. and Redgrave, G. R.; 2nd ed., revised and enlarged by Jackson, W. A., Ferguson, F. S., and Pantzer, Katharine F.. 3 vols. London: Bibliographical Society, 1976–91. Cited as STC.Google Scholar
Southern, A. C. Elizabethan Recusant Prose, 1559–1582. London: Sands & Co., 1950.Google Scholar
Staphylus, Fridericus. The apologie of Fridericus Staphylus. Trans. Stapleton, Thomas. Antwerp, 1565. Ushaw College, Durham, Shelf mark XVIII.G.6.7.Google Scholar
Statutes of the Realm. Printed by command of his majesty King George the Third. 11 vols. in 12. London, 1810–28; repr. Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1963.Google Scholar
Sutcliffe, Matthew. A ful and round answer to N. D. alias R. Parsons. London, 1604.Google Scholar
Teramura, Misha. “Richard Topcliffe's Informant: New Light on The Isle of Dogs.” Review of English Studies 68.283 (2017): 44–59.Google Scholar
Underwood, Lucy. “The Reading of Elizabeth I's Torturer-General.” In Treasures of Ushaw College: Durham's Hidden Gem, ed. Kelly, James E., 76–77. London: Scala Arts & Heritage Publishers Ltd., 2015.Google Scholar
Veech, Thomas McNevin. Dr Nicholas Sanders and the English Reformation, 1530–1581. Louvain: Bureaux de Recueil, 1935.Google Scholar
Walker, Claire. “Wiseman [née Vaughan], Jane (d. 1610).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, 2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/69040.Google Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra. Church Papists: Catholicism, Conformity and Confessional Polemic in Early Modern England. London: Royal Historical Society, 1993.Google Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra. “‘Domme Preachers’? Post-Reformation English Catholicism and the Culture of Print.” Past & Present 168 (2000): 72–123.Google Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra. “The Spider and the Bee: The Perils of Printing for Refutation in Tudor England.” In Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning, ed. King, John N., 163–90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra, and Havens, Earle. “Catholic Libraries.” In Private Libraries in Renaissance England: A Collection and Catalogue of Tudor and Early Stuart Book-Lists. Volume VIII: PLRE 167–260, ed. Black, Joseph L., 129–56. Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2014.Google Scholar
Wright, Jonathan. “Langdale, Alban (fl. 1532–1580).” In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford, 2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/16008.Google Scholar
Wright, Thomas. A treatise, shewing the possibilitie, and conueniencie of the reall presence of our Sauiour in the blessed Sacrament. Antwerp [i.e., London], 1596. Ushaw College, Durham, shelf mark XVIII.F.8.14.Google Scholar
Wyatt, Michael. The Italian Encounter with Tudor England: A Cultural Politics of Translation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Yates, Julian. “Parasitic Geographies: Manifesting Catholic Identity in Early Modern England.” In Catholicism and Anti-Catholicism in Early Modern English Texts, ed. Marotti, Arthur, 63–84. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 1999.Google Scholar